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spraying processes are achieved it has the advantage of minimizing hand labor it requires more equipment and larger quantities of preservative and is not adequate for treating small lots of timber usually the dipping process is useful in the treatment of window sashes and doors except for copper naphthenate treatment with copper salt preservative is no longer allowed with this method steeping edit in this process the wood is submerged in a tank of water preservative mix and allowed to soak for a longer period of time several days to weeks this process was developed in the 19th century by john kyan the depth and retention achieved depends on factors such as species wood moisture preservative and soak duration the majority of the absorption takes place during the first two or three days but will continue at a slower pace for an indefinite period as a result the longer the wood can be left in the solution the better treatment it will receive when treating seasoned timber both the water and the preservative salt soak into the wood making it necessary to season the wood a second time posts and poles can be treated directly on endangered areas but should be treated at least 30 cm 0 98 ft above the future ground level the depth obtained during regular steeping periods varies from 5 to 10 mm 0 20 to 0 39 in up to 30 mm 1 2 in by sap pine due to the low absorption solution strength should be somewhat stronger than that in pressure processes around 5 for seasoned timber and 10 for green timber because the concentration slowly decreases as the chemicals diffuse into the wood the solution strength should be controlled continually and if necessary be corrected with the salt additive after the timber is removed from the treatment tank the chemical will continue to spread within the wood if it has sufficient moisture content the wood should be weighed down and piled so that the solution can reach all surfaces sawed materials stickers should be placed between every board layer this process finds minimal use despite its former popularity in continental europe and great britain kyanizing edit named after john howard kyan who patented this process in england in 1833 kyanizing consists of steeping wood in a 0 67 mercuric chloride preservative solution it is no longer used gedrian s bath edit patented by charles a seely this process achieves treatment by immersing seasoned wood in successive baths of hot and cold preservatives during the hot baths the air expands in the timbers when the timbers are changed to the cold bath the preservative can also be changed a partial vacuum is created within the lumen of the cells causing the preservative to be drawn into the wood some penetration occurs during the hot baths but most of it takes place during the cold baths this cycle is repeated with a significant time reduction compared to other steeping processes each bath may last 4 to 8 hours or in some cases longer the temperature of the preservative in the hot bath should be between 60 to 110 c 140 to 230 f and 30 to 40 c 86 to 104 f in the cold bath depending on preservative and tree species the average penetration depths achieved with this process ranges from 30 to 50 mm 1 2 to 2 0 in both preservative oils and water soluble salts can be used with this treatment due to the longer treatment periods this method finds little use in the commercial wood preservation industry today preservative precipitation edit as explained in uhlig s corrosion handbook this process involves two or more chemical baths that undergo a reaction with the cells of the wood and result in the precipitation of preservative into the wood cells two chemicals commonly employed in this process are copper ethanolamine and sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate which reacts to precipitate copper dimetyldithiocarbamate the precipitated preservative is very resistant to leeching since its use in the mid 1990s it has been discontinued in the united states of america but it never saw commercialization in canada 50 pressure processes edit late 19th century pressure treatment pressure processes are the most permanent method around today in preserving timber life pressure processes are those in which the treatment is carried out in closed cylinders with applied pressure or vacuum these processes have a number of advantages over the non pressure methods in most cases a deeper and more uniform penetration and a higher absorption of preservative is achieved further the treating conditions can be controlled so that retention and penetration can be varied these pressure processes can be adapted to large scale production the high initial costs for equipment and the energy costs are the biggest disadvantages these treatment methods are used to protect ties poles and structural timbers and find use throughout the world today the various pressure processes that are used today differ in details but the general method is in all cases the same the treatment is carried out in cylinders the timbers are loaded onto special tram cars so called buggies or bogies and into the cylinder these cylinders are then set under pressure often with the addition of higher temperature as final treatment a vacuum is frequently used to extract excess preservatives these cycles can be repeated to achieve better penetration light organic solvent preservative losp treatments often use a vacuum impregnation process this is possible because of the lower viscosity of the white spirit carrier used full cell process edit in the full cell process the intent is to keep as much of the liquid absorbed into the wood during the pressure period as possible thus leaving the maximum concentration of preservatives in the treated area usually water solutions of preservative salts are employed with this process but it is also possible to impregnate wood with oil the desired retention is achieved by changing the strength of the solution william burnett patented this development in 1838 of full cell impregnation with water solutions the patent covered the use of zinc chloride on water basis also known as burnettizing a full cell process with oil was patented in 1838 by john bethell his patent described the injection of tar and oils into wood by applying pressure in closed cylinders this process is still used today with some improvements fluctuation pressure process edit contrary to the static full cell and empty cell processes the fluctuation process is a dynamic process by this process the pressure inside the impregnation cylinder changes between pressure and vacuum within a few seconds there have been inconsistent claims that through this process it is possible to reverse the pit closure by spruce however the best results that have been achieved with this process by spruce do not exceed a penetration deeper than 10 mm 0 39 in specialized equipment is necessary and therefore higher investment costs are incurred boucherie process edit developed by dr boucherie of france in 1838 this approach consisted of attaching a bag or container of preservative solution to a standing or a freshly cut tree with bark branches and leaves still attached thereby injecting the liquid into the sap stream through transpiration of moisture from the leaves the preservative is drawn upward through the sapwood of the tree trunk the modified boucherie process consists of placing freshly cut unpeeled timbers onto declining skids with the stump slightly elevated then fastening watertight covering caps or boring a number of holes into the ends and inserting a solution of copper sulfate or other waterborne preservative into the caps or holes from an elevated container preservative oils tend to not penetrate satisfactorily by this method the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid forces the preservative lengthwise into and through the sapwood thus pushing the sap out of the other end of the timber after a few days the sapwood is completely impregnated unfortunately little or no penetration takes place in the heartwood only green wood can be treated in this manner this process has found considerable usage to impregnate poles and also larger trees in europe and north america and has experienced a revival of usage to impregnate bamboo in countries such as costa rica bangladesh india and the state of hawaii high pressure sap displacement system edit developed in the philippines this method abbreviated hpsd consists of a cylinder pressure cap made from a 3 mm thick mild steel plate secured with 8 sets of bolts a 2 hp diesel engine and a pressure regulator with 1 4 14 kg m 2 capacity the cap is placed over the stump of a pole tree or bamboo and the preservative is forced into the wood with pressure from the engine incising edit first tested and patented in 1911 and 1912 this process consists of making shallow slit like holes in the surfaces of material to be treated so that deeper and more uniform penetration of preservative may be obtained incisions made in sawed material usually are parallel with the grain of the wood this process is common in north america since the 1950s where douglas fir products and pole butts of various species are prepared before treatment it is most useful for woods that are resistant to side penetration but allow preservative transport along the grain in the region in which it is produced it is common practice to incise all sawed douglas fir 3 in 76 mm or more in thickness before treatment unfortunately the impregnation of spruce the most important structural timber in large areas in europe has shown that unsatisfactory treatment depths have been achieved with impregnation the maximum penetration of 2 mm 0 079 in is not sufficient to protect wood in weathered positions the present day incising machines consist essentially of four revolving drums fitted with teeth or needles or with lasers that burn the incisions into the wood preservatives can be spread along the grain up to 20 mm 0 79 in in radial and up to 2 mm 0 079 in in tangential and radial direction in north america where smaller timber dimensions are common incision depths of 4 to 6 mm 0 16 to 0 24 in have become standard in europe where larger dimensions are widespread incision depths of 10 to 12 mm 0 39 to 0 47 in are necessary the incisions are visible and often considered to be wood error incisions by laser are significantly smaller than those of spokes or needles the costs for each process type are approximately for spoke conventional all round incising 0 50 m 2 by laser incising 3 60 m 2 and by needle incision 1 00 m 2 figures originate from the year 1998 and may vary from present day prices the process of incising was heavily modernised by walford timber at its manufacturing site in ross on wye in the uk the timber merchant 51 has been trading since 1945 and developed an incising machine which was then adopted by the wider industry microwaving edit an alternative increases the permeability of timber using microwave technology there is some concern that this method may adversely affect the structural performance of the material research in this area has been conducted by the cooperative research centre at the university of melbourne australia charring edit charring of timber results in surfaces which are fire resistant insect resistant and proof against weathering wood surfaces are ignited using a hand held burner or moved slowly across a fire the charred surface is then cleaned using a steel brush to remove loose bits and to expose the grain oil or varnish may be applied if required 52 charring wood with a red hot iron is a traditional method in japan where it is called yakisugi or shō sugi ban literally fire cypress see also edit conservation and restoration of waterlogged wood heavy metals leaky homes crisis in new zealand nanotoxicology impregnation resin saw dust yakisugi references edit richardson b a wood preservation landcaster the construction 1978 questions answers on cca treated wood sealant studies 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2005 quaternary ammonium arylspiroborate esters...
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