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en b c and the state of washington 17 as irving told his friends he was licensed by the american bishop as well as our own so that i can pray for the president now and then when i ve a foot across the line 17 john strachan after the conquest of quebec and the american revolution many leading anglicans argued for the church of england to become the established church in the canadian colonies the constitutional act of 1791 was promulgated and interpreted to mean that the church of england was the established church in the canadas the church of england was established by law in nova scotia new brunswick and prince edward island in lower canada the presence of a roman catholic majority made establishment in that province politically unwise 15 bishop john strachan of toronto was a particular champion of the prerogatives of the church of england the secular history of canada depicts bishop strachan as an ally of the landed gentry of the so called family compact of upper canada opposed to the political aspirations of farmers and bourgeoisie for responsible government nonetheless strachan played considerable part in promoting education as founder of kings college now the university of toronto and trinity college the clergy reserves land which had been reserved for use by the non roman catholic clergy became a major issue in the mid 19th century anglicans argued that the land was meant for their exclusive use while other denominations demanded that it be divided among them in upper canada leading dissenters such as methodist minister egerton ryerson in due course a minister of education in the government of upper canada agitated against establishment following the upper canada rebellion the creation of the united province of canada and the implementation of responsible government in the 1840s the unpopularity of the anglican dominated family compact made establishment a moot point the church was disestablished in nova scotia in 1850 and upper canada in 1854 by the time of canadian confederation in 1867 the church of england was disestablished throughout british north america 18 19 autonomy and interdependence edit until the 1830s the anglican church in canada was synonymous with the church of england bishops were appointed and priests supplied by the church in england and funding for the church came from the british parliament the first canadian synods were established in the 1850s giving the canadian church a degree of self government as a result of the uk privy council decision of long v gray in 1861 all anglican churches in colonies of the british empire became self governing even so the first general synod for all of canada was not held until 1893 that first synod made the solemn declaration 1893 which declares that the church of england in the dominion of canada is in full communion with the church of england throughout the world and in fellowship of the one holy catholic and apostolic church 20 21 robert machray was chosen as the canadian church s first primate expansion edit as the new canadian nation expanded after confederation in 1867 so too did the anglican church 22 after the establishment of the first ecclesiastical province that of canada in 1860 others followed the first was the ecclesiastical province of rupert s land created in 1875 to encompass anglican dioceses outside what were then the boundaries of canada present day northern ontario and northern quebec the western provinces and the territories in the forty years between self government in 1861 and 1900 sixteen of the currently existing dioceses were created as numbers blossomed with accelerating immigration from england scotland and ireland the far flung nature of settlement in the north west together with a shortage of resources to pay stipendiary clergy early led to a significant reliance on women lay workers deemed deaconesses for missionary outreach 23 a phenomenon which made the first ordination of women to the priesthood in 1976 relatively uncontroversial at small churches and in indigenous communities by 2016 over 35 of acc clergy were women though some parishes would not accept female priests 24 st peter s pro cathedral qu appelle assiniboia north west territories during this time the anglican church assumed de facto administrative responsibility in the far flung wilderness of canada and british north america the church contracted with colonial officials and later the federal crown to administer residential schools for the indigenous peoples of the first nations such schools removed children from their home communities in an attempt to forcibly assimilate them into the dominant european culture and language and adapt them as a menial labour workforce emotional physical and sexual abuse of the children was rife in these schools as well as sickness and malnutrition 25 at the same time anglican missionaries were involved in advocating for first nations rights and land claims on behalf of those people to whom they were ministering for example the nisga a of northern british columbia one of the earliest first nations students to be educated at red river in the 1830s was henry budd 13 he was ordained in 1850 as the first first nations priest and became the missionary at fort cumberland on the saskatchewan river and then to the post of the pas 13 the anglican church of canada s prayer book commemorates henry budd on 2 april despite this growth in both the size and role of the church progress was intermittently undermined by internal conflict over churchmanship this was manifested in the creation of competing theological schools trinity versus wycliffe colleges in the university of toronto for example a refusal by bishops of one ecclesiastical party to ordain those of the other and in the most extreme cases schism this latter phenomenon was famously and acrimoniously borne out in the high profile defection of edward cridge the dean of the diocese of british columbia in victoria b c together with much of his cathedral congregation to the reformed episcopal church in 1874 although the movement was ultimately confined to that one congregation in a then remote town together with a second parish in new westminster the then capital of the originally separate mainland colony of british columbia overseas mission edit in 1888 the church began its missionary activities in central japan 26 which would later result in the formation of the diocese of chubu in the anglican church in japan 27 a church of england conference held in winnipeg in august 1890 established the union of all synods 28 missionaries from canada to japan included archdeacon alexander croft shaw minister to the british legation in tokyo j g waller in nagano and margaret young in nagoya later in 1902 the missionary society of the church of england in canada mscc was created to support overseas mission by combining the domestic and foreign missionary society dfms 1883 1902 the canadian church missionary society ccms 1894 1903 and the woman s auxiliary 1885 1966 to dfms 29 twentieth century edit anglican archbishops and bishops of canada c 1924 the church in hay river northwest territories expansion evolved into a general complacency as the 20th century progressed during the early part of this period the acc reinforced its traditional role as the establishment church although influences from the autochthonous protestant social gospel movement and the christian socialism of elements in the church of england increasingly were felt this influence would eventually result in the creation of what would come to be known as the primate s world relief and development fund in 1958 by the middle of the century pressure to reform the structures of the church were being felt the name of the church was changed in 1955 from the church of england in canada to the anglican church of canada and a major revision of the book of common prayer was undertaken in 1962 the first in over forty years in 1962 the united church of canada and the anglican church of canada jointly published growth in understanding a study guide on union and on 1 june 1965 the principles of union between the united church and the anglican church 28 despite these changes the church was still perceived as complacent and disengaged a view emphasized by the title of pierre berton s best selling commissioned analysis of the denomination the comfortable pew published in 1965 change became more rapid towards the close of the 1960s as mainline churches including the anglicans began to see the first wave of evaporation from the pews on 23 august 1967 the anglican church of canada agreed to permit the remarriage of divorced persons in their churches 30 ecumenical relationships were intensified with a view to full communion while negotiations with the largest canadian protestant denomination the united church of canada faltered in the early 1970s the anglican church achieved full communion with the evangelical lutheran church in canada as the century drew to a close new liturgical resources were introduced which would culminate in the publication of the book of alternative services in 1985 agitation for the ordination of women led to the vote on 18 june 1975 by the anglican church of canada in favour of ordination as priests 28 and eventually bishops social and cultural change led to the church s decision to marry divorced couples to endorse certain forms of contraception and to move towards greater inclusion of homosexual people in the life of the church these changes have been accompanied by a massive decline in numbers with a majority 53 leaving the denomination in the period from 1961 to 2001 according to an independent survey 31 in the 21st century numerical decline has continued in 2016 responding to a peer reviewed study in the journal for anglican studies published by cambridge university press the anglican church of canada reported that the church had 1 447 080 total baptised members including inactive members and 545 957 active members 5 from 2001 to 2022 parish membership declined from 641 845 32 to 294 931 1 a decline of 54 from 2001 to 2011 according to the canadian census self identified anglicans declined from 2 035 500 33 to 1 631 845 34 a decline of 19 8 in absolute terms and a drop in the proportion of the canadian population from 6 9 to 5 the number of self identified anglicans further declined to little more than 1 million in 2021 amounting to 3 1 of canadians 35 twenty first century edit in the twenty first century a division in the anglican communion developed when more conservative churches opposed liberal positions on issues such as same sex marriage and acceptance of homosexuality the anglican realignment was reflected in canada with the development of the anglican essentials canada the anglican network in canada aligned with the anglican church in north america and anglican coalition in canada aligned with the anglican mission in the americas made up of conservative churches and their congregants and which have either separated from or dissent within the anglican church of canada 36 37 38 39 structure edit anglican christians around the world are held together by common forms of worship such as the book of common prayer and its modern alternatives which embody its doctrine other formularies such as the ordinal the thirty nine articles and the first and second book of homilies provide a shared theological tradition other instruments of unity in the anglican communion are locally its bishops and internationally the archbishop of canterbury and in more recent times the lambeth conferences the anglican communion primates meeting and the biennial anglican consultative council these last four instruments of unity have moral but not legislative authority over individual provinces in canada anglican bishops have divested some of their authority to three bodies the general synod the provincial synod there are four in canada and the diocesan synods there are 29 the national church in canada is structured on the typical anglican model of a presiding archbishop the primate and synod in 2007 the church considered rationalizing its increasingly top heavy episcopal structure as its membership waned which could have meant a substantial reduction in the number of dioceses bishops and cathedrals 40 houses of bishops edit diocesan bishops promise to hold and maintain the doctrine sacraments and discipline of christ as the lord hath commanded in his holy word and as the anglican church of canada hath received and set forth the same 41 they work collegially as a house of bishops there is a national house of bishops which meets regularly throughout the year as well as provincial houses of bishops these are chaired respectively by the primate and the individual metropolitans primate edit main article primate of the anglican church of canada the primate of the acc originally the primate of all canada in echo of the titles of the archbishops of canterbury and york in england and to distinguish the national church from the ecclesiastical province of canada the former territory of lower canada the maritimes and newfoundland is elected by general synod from among all the bishops of the anglican church of canada 42 primates hold the ex officio rank of archbishop in 1931 the general synod approved a recommendation that a fixed primatial see as of the archbishop of canterbury be established 2 and in 1955 it was recommended that a small see be created in the vicinity of ottawa to which the dioceses of the arctic moosonee keewatin and yukon would be attached forming a fifth province however general synod rejected the proposal in 1959 and in 1969 the canon on the primacy was amended to require the primate to maintain an office at the national headquarters of the church with a pastoral relationship to the whole church but no fixed primatial see 2 as with presiding bishops of the episcopal church of the usa and unlike primates of england australia and elsewhere in consequence primates of the anglican church of canada are not diocesan bishops and generally do not carry out ordinary episcopal functions the office was originally held office for life but in recent years primates have retired by the age of 70 in recent decades primates of the acc have intermittently held a considerable place in public life in particular archbishop ted scott who was a president of the world council of churches was a member of a commonwealth eminent persons committee in respect of the devolution of power from the white only government of south africa to a multiracial government scott s successor michael peers continued the close association with the anti apartheid movement in south africa and was thrust into a high profile in canadian national life when he insisted that the acc should shoulder its responsibilities for the legacy of the indian residential schools and when he protested at what he described as the downplaying of christian witness in the 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