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alry 34 path of the third crusade 1189 1192 emperor frederick barbarossa s path in red isaac ii panicked and issued contradictory orders to the governor of the city of philippopolis one of the strongest fortresses in thrace fearing that the germans were to use the city as a base of operations its governor niketas choniates later a major historian of these events was first ordered to strengthen the city s walls and hold the fortress at all costs but later to abandon the city and destroy its fortifications isaac ii seems to have been unsure of how to deal with barbarossa barbarossa meanwhile wrote to the main byzantine commander manuel kamytzes that resistance was in vain but also made clear that he had absolutely no intention to harm the byzantine empire on 21 august a letter from isaac ii reached barbarossa who was encamped outside philippopolis in the letter which caused great offense isaac ii explicitly called himself the emperor of the romans in opposition to barbarossa s title and the germans also misinterpreted the byzantine emperor as calling himself an angel on account of his last name angelos furthermore isaac ii demanded half of any territory to be conquered from the muslims during the crusade and justified his actions by claiming that he had heard from the governor of branitchevo that barbarossa had plans to conquer the byzantine empire and place his son frederick of swabia on its throne at the same time barbarossa learnt of the imprisonment of his earlier embassy 35 several of barbarossa s barons suggested that they take immediate military action against the byzantines but barbarossa preferred a diplomatic solution 36 in the letters exchanged between isaac ii and barbarossa neither side titled the other in the way they considered to be appropriate in his first letter isaac ii referred to barbarossa simply as the king of germany the byzantines eventually realized that the wrong title hardly improved the tense situation and in the second letter barbarossa was called the most high born emperor of germany refusing to recognize barbarossa as the roman emperor the byzantines eventually relented with calling him the most noble emperor of elder rome as opposed to the new rome constantinople the germans always referred to isaac ii as the greek emperor or the emperor of constantinople 37 emperor frederick barbarossa depicted during the third crusade the byzantines continued to harass the germans the wine left behind in the abandoned city of philippopolis had been poisoned and a second embassy sent from the city to constantinople by barbarossa was also imprisoned though shortly thereafter isaac ii relented and released both embassies when the embassies reunited with barbarossa at philippopolis they told the holy roman emperor of isaac ii s alliance with saladin and claimed that the byzantine emperor intended to destroy the german army while it was crossing the bosporus in retaliation for spotting anti crusader propaganda in the surrounding region the crusaders devastated the immediate area around philippopolis slaughtering the locals after barbarossa was addressed as the king of germany he flew into a fit of rage demanding hostages from the byzantines including isaac ii s son and family asserting that he was the one true emperor of the romans and made it clear that he intended to winter in thrace despite the byzantine emperor s offer of assisting the german army to cross the bosporus 38 by this point barbarossa had become convinced that constantinople needed to be conquered in order for the crusade to be successful on 18 november he sent a letter to his son henry in which he explained to difficulties he had encountered and ordered his son to prepare for an attack against constantinople ordering the assembling of a large fleet to meet him in the bosporus once spring came furthermore henry was instructed to ensure papal support for such a campaign organizing a great western crusade against the byzantines as enemies of god isaac ii replied to barbarossa s threats by claiming that thrace would be barbarossa s deathtrap and that it was too late for the german emperor to escape his nets as barbarossa s army reinforced with serbian and vlach allies approached constantinople isaac ii s resolve faded and he began to favor peace instead 39 barbarossa had continued to send offers of peace and reconciliation since he had seized philippopolis and once barbarossa officially sent a declaration of war in late 1189 isaac ii at last relented realizing he wouldn t be able to destroy the german army and was at risk of losing constantinople itself the peace saw the germans being allowed to pass freely through the empire transportation across the bosporus and the opening of markets as well as compensation for the damage done to barbarossa s expedition by the byzantines 40 frederick then continued on towards the holy land without any further major incidents with the byzantines with the exception of the german army almost sacking the city of philadelphia after its governor refused to open up the markets to the crusaders 41 the incidents during the third crusade heightened animosity between the byzantine empire and the west to the byzantines the devastation of thrace and efficiency of the german soldiers had illustrated the threat they represented while in the west the mistreatment of the emperor and the imprisonment of the embassies would be long remembered 42 threats of henry vi edit emperor henry vi nearly succeeded in uniting christendom under his own sway ruling all of germany and italy as holy roman emperor and king of sicily formally vassalizing the kingdoms of cyprus and cilician armenia and receiving recognitions of suzerainty by the kingdoms of england france the crown of aragon and the crusader states in the levant he also extracted tribute from the byzantine empire which he might have aspired to eventually conquer frederick barbarossa died before reaching the holy land and his son and successor henry vi pursued a foreign policy in which he aimed to force the byzantine court to accept him as the superior and sole legitimate emperor 43 by 1194 henry had successfully consolidated italy under his own rule after being crowned as king of sicily in addition to already being the holy roman emperor and the king of italy and he turned his gaze east the muslim world had fractured after saladin s death and barbarossa s crusade had revealed the byzantine empire to be weak and also given a useful casus belli for attack furthermore leo ii the ruler of cilician armenia offered to swear fealty to henry vi in exchange for being accorded a royal crown 44 henry bolstered his efforts against the eastern empire by marrying a captive daughter of isaac ii irene angelina to his brother philip of swabia in 1195 giving his brother a dynastic claim that could prove useful in the future 45 in 1195 henry vi also dispatched an embassy to the byzantine empire demanding from isaac ii that he transfer a stretch of land stretching from durazzo to thessalonica previously conquered by the sicilian king william ii and also wished the byzantine emperor to promise naval support in preparation for a new crusade according to byzantine historians the german ambassadors spoke as if henry vi was the emperor of emperors and lord of lords henry vi intended to force the byzantines to pay him to ensure peace essentially extracting tribute and his envoys put forward the grievances that the byzantines had caused throughout barbarossa s reign not in a position to resist isaac ii succeeded to modify the terms so that they were purely monetary shortly after agreeing to these terms isaac ii was overthrown and replaced as emperor by his older brother alexios iii angelos 46 henry vi successfully compelled alexios iii as well to pay tribute to him under the threat of otherwise conquering constantinople on his way to the holy land 47 henry vi had grand plans of becoming the leader of the entire christian world although he would only directly rule his traditional domains germany and italy his plans were that no other empire would claim ecumenical power and that all europe was to recognize his suzerainty his attempt to subordinate the byzantine empire to himself was just one step in his partially successful plan of extending his feudal overlordship from his own domains to france england aragon cilician armenia cyprus and the holy land 48 based on the establishment of bases in the levant and the submission of cilician armenia and cyprus it is possible that henry vi really considered invading and conquering the byzantine empire thus uniting the rivalling empires under his rule this plan just as henry s plan of making the position of emperor hereditary rather than elective ultimately never transpired as he was kept busy by internal affairs in sicily and germany 49 the threat of henry vi caused some concern in the byzantine empire and alexios iii slightly altered his imperial title to en christoi to theo pistos basileus theostephes anax krataios huspelos augoustos kai autokrator romaion in greek and in christo deo fidelis imperator divinitus coronatus sublimis potens excelsus semper augustus moderator romanorum in latin though previous byzantine emperors had used basileus kai autokrator romaion emperor and autocrat of the romans alexios iii s title separated basileus from the rest and replaced its position with augoustos augustus the old roman imperial title creating the possible interpretation that alexios iii was simply an emperor basileus and besides that also the moderator romanorum autocrat of the romans but not explicitly the roman emperor so that he was no longer in direct competition with his rival in germany and that his title was less provocative to the west in general alexios iii s successor alexios iv angelos continued with this practice and went even further inverting the order of moderator romanorum and rendering it as romanorum moderator 43 the latin empire edit the path of the fourth crusade 1202 1204 and the political situation within the borders of the former byzantine empire after its victory a series of events and the intervention of venice led to the fourth crusade 1202 1204 sacking constantinople instead of attacking its intended target egypt when the crusaders seized constantinople in 1204 they founded the latin empire and called their new realm the imperium constantinopolitanum the same term used for the byzantine empire in papal correspondence this suggests that although they had placed a new catholic emperor baldwin i on the throne of constantinople and changed the administrative structure of the empire into a feudal network of counties duchies and kingdoms the crusaders viewed themselves as taking over the byzantine empire rather than replacing it with a new entity 50 notably baldwin i was designated as an emperor not a king this is despite the fact that the crusaders as western christians would have recognized the holy roman empire as the true roman empire and its ruler as the sole true emperor and that founding treaties of the latin empire explicitly designate the empire as in the service of the roman catholic church 51 in 1204 thomas morosini was elected first latin patriarch of constantinople 52 while the greek orthodox patriarch fled to bulgaria and after his death a successor was elected in nicaea 53 the rulers of the latin empire although they seem to have called themselves emperors of constantinople imperator constantinopolitanus or emperors of romania imperator romaniae romania being a byzantine term meaning the land of the romans in correspondence with the papacy used the same imperial titles within their own empire as their direct byzantine predecessors with the titles of the latin emperors dei gratia fidelissimus in christo imperator a deo coronatus romanorum moderator et semper augustus being near identical to the latin version of the title of byzantine emperor alexios iv fidelis in christo imperator a deo coronatus romanorum moderator et semper augustus 54 as such the titles of the latin emperors continued the compromise in titulature worked out by alexios iii 43 in his seals baldwin i abbreviated romanorum as rom a convenient and slight adjustment that left it open to interpretation if it truly referred to romanorum or if it meant romaniae 54 seal of baldwin i the first latin emperor the abbreviation rom conveniently leaves it open to interpretation if he refers to romaniae romania or romanorum the romans the latin emperors saw the term romanorum or romani in a new light not seeing it as referring to the western idea of geographic romans inhabitants of the city of rome but not adopting the byzantine idea of the ethnic romans greek speaking citizens of the byzantine empire either instead they saw the term as a political identity encapsulating all subjects of the roman emperor i e all the subjects of their multi national empire whose ethnicities encompassed latins greeks armenians and bulgarians 55 the embracing of the roman nature of the emperorship in constantinople would have brought the latin emperors into conflict with the idea of translatio imperii furthermore the latin emperors claimed the dignity of deo coronatus as the byzantine emperors had claimed before them a dignity the holy roman emperors could not claim being dependent on the pope for their coronation despite the fact that the latin emperors would have recognized the holy roman empire as the roman empire they nonetheless claimed a position that was at least equal to that of the holy roman emperors 56 in 1207 1208 latin emperor henry proposed to marry the daughter of the elected rex romanorum in the holy roman empire henry vi s brother philip of swabia yet to be crowned emperor due to an ongoing struggle with the rival claimant otto of brunswick philip s envoys responded that henry was an advena stranger outsider and solo nomine imperator emperor in name only and that the marriage proposal would only be accepted if henry recognized philip as the imperator romanorum and suus dominus his master as no marriage occurred it is clear that submission to the holy roman emperor was not considered an option 57 the emergence of the latin empire and the submission of constantinople to the catholic church as facilitated by its emperors altered the idea of translatio imperii into what was called divisio imperii division of empire the idea which became accepted by pope innocent iii saw the formal recognition of constantinople as an imperial seat of power and its rulers as legitimate emperors which could rule in tandem with the already recognized emperors in the west the idea resulted in that the latin emperors never attempted to enforce any religious or political authority in the west but attempted to enforce a hegemonic religious and political position similar to that held by the holy roman emperors in the west over the lands in eastern europe and the eastern 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