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er 1957 of a draft version by the state council l to its final form being approved by the state council in september 1978 m to being accepted in 1982 by the international organization for standardization as the standard for transcribing chinese 36 john defrancis has described mao zedong s belief that pinyin would eventually replace chinese characters but this has not come to pass and in fact such a plan had already ceased together with the end of latinxua sinwenz movement 37 jyutping edit this paragraph is an excerpt from jyutping edit the linguistic society of hong kong cantonese romanization scheme n also known as jyutping is a romanisation system for cantonese developed in 1993 by the linguistic society of hong kong lshk tongyong pinyin edit main article tongyong pinyin tongyong pinyin is a system with some usage in taiwan it was introduced by the linguist yu bor chuan in 1998 and was the official romanization of mandarin in taiwan between 2002 and 2008 the system was developed in part to make the taiwanese identity more distinct from china s the latter of which uses hanyu pinyin whether to use this system is considered a political issue in taiwan 38 39 variations in pronunciation edit the chinese and japanese repository stated that romanization would standardize the different pronunciations chinese often had for one word which was common for all mostly unwritten languages contributor rev james summers wrote in 1863 those who know anything of the rude and unwritten languages of the other parts of the world will have no difficulty in imagining the state of the spoken dialects of china the most various shades of pronunciation are common arising from the want of the analytic process of writing by means of an alphabet a chinaman has no conception of the number or character of the sounds which he utters when he says mau ping indeed one man will call it maw mor bing and another mo piang without the first man perceiving the difference by the people themselves these changes are considered to be simple variations which are of no consequence and if we look into the english of chaucer s or of wickliffe s time or the french of marco polo s age we shall find a similar looseness and inattention to correct spelling because these languages were written by few and when the orthography was unsettled times are changed every poor man may now learn to read and write his own language in less than a month and with a little pains he may do it correctly with practice the consequence is that a higher degree of comfort and happiness is reached by many who could never have risen above the level of the serf and the slave without this intellectual lever the poor may read the gospel as well as hear it preached and the cottage library becomes a never failing treasury of profit to the labouring classes 40 see also edit comparison of standard chinese transcription systems transliteration of chinese transcription into chinese characters romanization of japanese notes edit chao 1968 p 172 calls them split reading characters but compare the grand scribe s records by ssu ma chʻien william h nienhauser jr editor tsai fa cheng et al translators bloomington 1994 present indiana university press which uses wade giles for all historic names including the author wade s system introduced in 1859 was used by the british consular service for example it avoids the orthographic alternations between y and i w and u wei and ui o and uo etc that are part of the pinyin and wade giles systems such as for example lin 1972 and simon 1975 seybolt and chiang 1979 believe that a second reason was that subsequent to the promulgation of the gwoyeu romatzyh system in 1928 the increasingly conservative national government led by the kuomintang lost interest in and later suppressed efforts to alter the traditional script 15 norman 1988 in the final analysis gwoyeu romatzy failed not because of defects in the system itself but because it never received the official support it would have required to succeed perhaps more importantly it was viewed by many as the product of a group of elitist enthusiasts and lacked any real popular base of support 16 the soviet experiment with latinized chinese came to an end in 1936 when most of the chinese immigrant workers were repatriated to china norman 1988 p 261 defrancis 1950 reports that despite the end of latinxua in the u s s r it is the opinion of the soviet scholars who worked on the system that it was an unqualified success p 108 two different translations of the speech are at zhou 1958 and zhou 1979 if intended to supersede the chinese written characters then the ease of writing the pronunciation including tones in a cursive script would be critical mao zedong and the red guards were strongly opposed to the use of the latin alphabet 29 for example an american delegation that visited china in 1974 reported that the principal uses of pinyin at present are to facilitate the learning of chinese characters and to facilitate the speed of putonghua popularization primarily for chinese speakers but also for minorities and foreigners 30 it was adopted and promulgated by the fifth session of the first national people s congress on 11 february 1958 34 the 1957 draft was titled first draft of phonetic writing system of chinese in latin alphabet while the 1958 version was titled phonetic scheme of chinese 35 the crucial difference was the removal of the term wenzi writing system this explicitly indicated that the system was no longer intended to eventually replace chinese written characters but only to act as an auxiliary to assist pronunciation as a consequence of this approval pinyin began to be used in all foreign language publications for chinese proper names as well as by foreign affairs and the xinhua news agency from 1 january 1979 33 chinese 香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案 jyutping hoeng1 gong2 jyu5 jin4 hok6 hok6 wui2 jyut6 jyu5 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3 references edit kane daniel 2006 the chinese language its history and usage north clarendon vt tuttle p 22 isbn 978 0 8048 3853 5 1 2 yves camus jesuits journeys in chinese studies archived 24 september 2015 at the wayback machine dicionário português chinês pu han ci dian portuguese chinese dictionary by michele ruggieri matteo ricci edited by john w witek published 2001 biblioteca nacional isbn 972 565 298 3 partial preview available on google books mungello david e 1989 curious land jesuit accommodation and the origins of sinology university of hawaiʻi press p 171 isbn 0 8248 1219 0 the transcription of the nestorian stele can be found in pp 13 28 of china illustrata which is available online on google books the same book also has a catechism in romanized chinese using apparently the same transcription with tone marks pp 121 127 nienhauser william h 1986 the indiana companion to traditional chinese literature indiana university press p 170 isbn 978 0 253 33456 5 varo francisco 2000 coblin w south levi joseph a eds francisco varo s grammar of the mandarin language 1703 an english translation of arte de la lengua mandarina john benjamins p x isbn 978 90 272 4581 6 de francis john 1972 nationalism and language reform in china repr ed new york octagon books isbn 978 0 374 92095 1 chen 1999 p 165 建国前的语文工作 archived 15 october 2010 at the wayback machine 國音與說話 in chinese archived from the original on 4 september 2011 retrieved 21 march 2010 拼音史话 defrancis 1950 p 74 defrancis 1950 pp 72 75 chen 1999 p 183 seybolt and chiang 1979 p 19 norman 1988 pp 259 260 1 2 chen 1999 p 186 hsia 1956 pp 109 110 zhong 2019 pp 67 75 milsky 1973 p 99 chen 1999 p 184 hsia 1956 p 110 milsky 1973 p 103 norman 1988 p 262 zhou minglang sun hongkai 2006 language policy in the people s republic of china boston springer p 39 isbn 978 1 4020 8039 5 milsky 1973 p 102 translated from people s daily of 11 october 1949 father of pinyin china daily 26 march 2009 retrieved 12 july 2009 branigan tania 21 february 2008 sound principles the guardian retrieved 12 july 2009 zhou 1958 p 26 zhou 1958 p 19 milsky 1973 passim lehmann 1975 p 52 all five points paraphrased from hsia 1956 pp 119 121 chappell 1980 p 107 1 2 chappell 1980 p 116 chappell 1980 p 115 chen 1999 pp 188 189 see list of iso standards iso 7098 romanization of chinese defrancis john june 2006 the prospects for chinese writing reform sino platonic papers retrieved 12 april 2009 eryk smith 27 november 2017 opinion hanyu pinyin should not be political kaohsiung retrieved 13 july 2019 liu chien kuo chen ting fei kuan bi ling cheng pao chin 18 january 2017 language a tool for messages or identity taipei times retrieved 29 july 2019 james summers 1863 rev james summers ed the chinese and japanese repository volume 1 issues 1 12 p 114 retrieved 8 december 2011 those who know anything of the rude and unwritten languages of the other parts of the world will have no difficulty in imagining the state of the spoken dialects of china the most various shades of pronunciation are common arising from the want of the analytic process of writing by means of an alphabet a chinaman has no conception of the number or character of the sounds which he utters when he says mau ping indeed one man will call it maw mor bing and another mo piang without the first man perceiving the difference by the people themselves these changes are considered to be simple variations which are of no consequence and if we look into the english of chaucer s or of wickliffe s time or the french of marco polo s age we shall find a similar looseness and inattention to correct spelling because these languages were written by few and when the orthography was unsettled times are changed every poor man may now learn to read and write his own language in less than a month and with a little pains he may do it correctly with practice the consequence is that a higher degree of comfort and happiness is reached by many who could never have risen above the level of the serf and the slave without this intellectual lever the poor may read the gospel as well as hear it preached and the cottage library becomes a never failing treasury of profit to the labouring classes princeton university london w h allen and co waterloo place paris benj duprat rue du cloltre saint benoit and at the office of the chinese and japanese repository 31 king street cheapside london sources edit anon reform of the chinese written language foreign languages press peking 1958 chao yuen ren 1968 a grammar of spoken chinese 2nd ed university of california press isbn 978 0 520 00219 7 chappell hilary 1980 the romanization debate the australian journal of chinese affairs 4 105 118 doi 10 2307 2158952 issn 0156 7365 jstor 2158952 chen ping 陳平 1999 phonetization of chinese modern chinese history and sociolinguistics 4th ed cambridge university press pp 164 190 isbn 978 0 521 64572 0 defrancis john 1972 1950 nationalism and language reform in china new york octagon isbn 978 0 374 92095 1 hsia tao tai 1956 china s language reforms new haven ct far eastern publications yale university press oclc 11228917 ladefoged peter maddieson ian 1996 the sounds of the world s languages oxford blackwell isbn 978 0 631 19814 7 wu zongji 1984 places of articulation an investigation of pekingese fricatives and affricates journal of phonetics 12 3 267 278 doi 10 1016 s0095 4470 19 30883 6 issn 0095 4470 lehmann winfred p ed 1975 language linguistics in the people s republic of china an account based on the visit of the linguistics delegation october 16 to november 13 1974 austin university of texas press isbn 978 0 292 74615 2 lin y lin yutang s chinese english dictionary of modern usage the chinese university of hong kong 1972 macgillivray donald 1907 a mandarin romanized dictionary of chinese 2 ed printed at the presbyterian mission press retrieved 15 may 2011 milsky constantin 1973 new developments in language reform the china quarterly 53 98 133 doi 10 1017 s0305741000500058 issn 0305 7410 norman jerry 1988 chinese cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 29653 3 ramsey s robert 1987 the languages of china princeton university press isbn 978 0 691 06694 3 duanmu san 2000 the phonology of standard chinese oxford university press isbn 978 0 198 29987 5 seybolt peter j chiang gregory kuei ke eds 1979 language reform in china documents and commentary white plains ny m e sharpe isbn 978 0 873 32081 8 simon w a beginners chinese english dictionary of the national language gwoyeu fourth revised edition lund humphries london 1975 stalin j v concerning marxism in linguistics pravda moscow 20 june 1950 simultaneously published in chinese in renmin ribao english translation stalin j v marxism and problems of linguistics foreign languages press peking 1972 wu y report on the current tasks of reforming the written language and the draft scheme for a chinese phonetic alphabet pp 30 54 in anon reform of the chinese written language foreign languages press peking 1958 zhong yurou 2019 chinese grammatology script revolution and literary modernity 1916 1958 columbia university press doi 10 7312 zhon19262 isbn 978 0 231 54989 9 zhou e 1958 current tasks of reforming the written language reform of the chinese written language foreign languages press pp 7 29 oclc 460945516 1979 seybolt peter j chiang gregory kuei ke eds language reform in china documents and commentary white plains m e sharpe isbn 978 0 873 32081 8 oclc 1277360656 external links edit chinese phonetic conversion tool converts between pinyin zhuyin and other formats v t e romanization by publisher for several languages ala lc bgn pcgn gost iso yale by language or writing system amharic arabic persian urdu uyghur armenian bengali berber burmese chinese in taiwan in singapore cyrillic belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz macedonian russian serbian ukrainian devanagari hindi marathi nepali sanskrit georgian greek hebrew inuktitut japanese khmer korean lao malayalam maldivian syriac tibetan telugu thai v t e chinese language varieties mandarin beijing lingua franca of modern chinese standard forms standard chinese internal differences old national pronunciation regional accents and varieties guangdong zh majie zh liuzhou zh sichuan taiwan central taiwan zh singapore malaysia zh singapore malaysia kluang zh beijing females zh jingcheng beijing huaicheng chaofeng northeastern changchun harbin shenyang taz jilu tianjin jinan jiaoliao dalian qingdao weihai central plains dongping gangou guanzhong xi an luoyang xuzhou dungan southwestern sichuanese chengdu chongqing minjiang leshan renshou fushun zh zigong kunming nanping wuhan gui liu wuming jianghuai nanjing nantong nanping yangzhou zh lanyin lanzhou dialect zh ürümqi dialect zh other junjia yangyu gyami jin zhangjiakou hohhot zhi yan wu taihu northern sujiahu shanghai urban shanghai shadi suzhou kunshan wuxi tiaoxi huzhou piling changzhou jiangyin linshao shaoxing yongjiang ningbo hangzhou jinxiang taizhou taizhou tiantai oujiang wenzhou rui an wencheng wuzhou jinhua yongkang chu qu 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