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p like the 1991 gulf war but many did not see combat and many were withdrawn after the invasion ended this proved to be short sighted however due to the requirement for a much larger force to combat the irregular iraqi forces in the iraqi insurgency general eric shinseki u s army chief of staff recommended several hundred thousand 248 troops be used to maintain post war order but then rumsfeld and especially his deputy civilian paul wolfowitz strongly disagreed general abizaid later said general shinseki had been right 249 the iraqi army armed mainly with older soviet and eastern european built equipment 250 was overall ill equipped in comparison to the american and british forces attacks on u s supply routes by fedayeen militiamen were repulsed the iraqis artillery proved largely ineffective and they were unable to mobilize their air force to attempt a defense the iraqi t 72 tanks the most powerful armored vehicles in the iraqi army were both outdated and ill maintained and when they were mobilized they were rapidly destroyed thanks in part to the coalition air supremacy the u s air force marine corps and naval aviation and raf operated with impunity throughout the country pinpointing heavily defended resistance targets and destroying them before ground troops arrived the main battle tanks of american and british forces the u s m1 abrams and british challenger 2 functioned well in the rapid advance across the country despite the many rpg attacks by irregular iraqi forces few u s and uk tanks were lost and no tank crew members were killed by hostile fire although nearly 40 m1 abrams were damaged in the attacks 251 the only tank loss sustained by the british army was a challenger 2 of the queen s royal lancers that was hit by another challenger 2 killing two crew members the iraqi army suffered from poor morale even among the elite republican guard entire units disbanded into the crowds upon the approach of invading troops or actually sought out american and british forces to surrender to many iraqi commanding officers were bribed by the cia or coerced into surrendering the leadership of the iraqi army was incompetent reports state that qusay hussein charged with the defense of baghdad dramatically shifted the positions of the two main divisions protecting baghdad several times in the days before the arrival of u s forces and as a result the units were confused and further demoralized when american forces attacked the invasion force did not see the entire iraqi military thrown against it american and british units had orders to move to and seize objective target points rather than seek to engage iraqi units this resulted in most regular iraqi military units emerging from the war without having been engaged and fully intact especially in southern iraq it is assumed that most units disintegrated to return to their homes according to a declassified pentagon report the largest contributing factor to the complete defeat of iraq s military forces was the continued interference by saddam the report designed to help american officials understand in hindsight how saddam and his military commanders prepared for and fought the invasion paints a picture of an iraqi government blind to the threat it faced hampered by saddam s inept military leadership and deceived by its own propaganda and inability to believe an invasion was imminent without further iraqi provocation the report portrays saddam hussein as chronically out of touch with reality preoccupied with the prevention of domestic unrest and with the threat posed by iran 252 casualties edit main articles casualties of the iraq war and humanitarian crises of the iraq war death toll edit estimates on the number of casualties during the invasion in iraq vary widely estimates on civilian casualties are more variable than those for military personnel approximately 7 500 civilians were killed during the invasion phase 253 the project on defense alternatives study estimated that 3 200 4 300 civilians died during the invasion 19 war crimes and allegations edit see also international criminal court and the 2003 invasion of iraq fedayeen saddam militia republican guard and iraqi security forces were reported to have executed iraqi soldiers who tried to surrender on multiple occasions as well as threatening the families of those who refused to fight 254 255 256 one such incident was directly observed during the battle of debecka pass 257 many incidents of fedayeen fighters using human shields were reported from various towns in iraq 258 iraqi republican guard units were also reported to be using human shields 259 some reports indicate that the fedayeen used ambulances to deliver messages and transport fighters into combat on 31 march fedayeen in a red crescent marked ambulance attacked american soldiers outside nasiriyah wounding three 259 260 during the battle of basra british forces of the black watch reported that on 28 march fedayeen forces opened fire on thousands of civilian refugees fleeing the city 261 262 after the ambush of the 507th maintenance company during the battle of nasiriyah on 23 march the bodies of several americans soldiers who had been killed in the ambush were shown on iraqi television some of these soldiers had visible gunshot wounds to the head leading to speculation that they had been executed except for sgt donald walters no evidence has since surfaced to support this scenario and it is generally accepted that the soldiers were killed in action five live prisoners of war were also interviewed on the air a violation of the third geneva convention 263 264 sergeant walters was initially reported to have been killed in the ambush after killing several fedayeen before running out of ammunition however an eyewitness later reported that he had seen walters being guarded by several fedayeen in front of a building forensics work later found walters blood in front of the building and blood spatter suggesting he died from two gunshot wounds to the back at close range this led the army to conclude that walters had been executed after being captured and he was posthumously awarded the prisoner of war medal in 2004 265 266 it was alleged in the authorized biography of pfc jessica lynch that she was raped by her captors after her capture based on medical reports and the pattern of her injuries though this is not supported by lynch 267 mohammed odeh al rehaief who later helped american forces rescue lynch stated that he saw an iraqi colonel slap lynch while she was in her hospital bed 268 the staff at the hospital where lynch was held later denied both stories saying that lynch was well cared for 269 while lynch suffers from amnesia due to her injuries she denied any mistreatment while in captivity also on 23 march a british army engineering unit made a wrong turn near the town of az zubayr which was still held by iraqi forces the unit was ambushed and sapper luke allsopp and staff sergeant simon cullingworth became separated from the rest both were captured and executed by iraqi irregular forces in 2006 a video of allsopp lying on the ground surrounded by iraqi irregular forces was discovered 270 during the battle of nasiriyah iraqi irregulars feigned surrender to approach an american unit securing a bridge after getting close to the soldiers the iraqis suddenly opened fire killing 10 soldiers and wounding 40 259 in response american forces reinforced security procedures for dealing with prisoners of war 271 marine sergeant fernando padilla ramirez was reported missing from his supply unit after an ambush north of nasiriyah on 28 march his body was later dragged through the streets of ash shatrah and hung in the town square and later taken down and buried by sympathetic locals the corpse was discovered by u s forces on 10 april 272 273 274 in 2023 amnesty international released a report calling for accountability and reparations for human rights violations perpetrated by the coalition during the invasion and subsequent occupation between 2003 and 2011 they cited violations of international humanitarian law including secret prisons torture and other cruel treatment of detainees indiscriminate attacks that killed and injured civilians and forced disappearances 275 the report stated that both bush 276 and rumsfeld 277 had publicly confessed to involvement in secret detentions and faced no criminal accountability the report also noted that despite the conclusions of the international criminal court in 2020 that british forces had committed war crimes in iraq including deliberate killings rape and torture no senior british officials have been held criminally accountable 275 security looting and war damage edit massive looting took place in the days following the 2003 invasion 278 according to u s officials the reality of the situation on the ground was that hospitals water plants and ministries with vital intelligence needed security more than other sites there were only enough u s troops on the ground to guard a certain number of the many sites that ideally needed protection and so some hard choices were made it was reported that the iraq museum was among the looted sites 279 the director at the time was archaeologist nawala al mutawalli 280 the fbi was soon called into iraq to track down the stolen items it was found that the initial allegations of looting of substantial portions of the collection were heavily exaggerated initial reports asserted a near total looting of the museum estimated at upwards of 170 000 inventory lots or about 501 000 pieces the more recent estimate places the number of stolen pieces at around 15 000 and about 10 000 of them probably were taken in an inside job before u s troops arrived according to bogdanos over 5 000 looted items have since been recovered 279 an assertion that u s forces did not guard the museum because they were guarding the ministry of oil and ministry of interior is disputed by investigator colonel matthew bogdanos in his 2005 book thieves of baghdad bogdanos notes that the ministry of oil building was bombed but the museum complex which took some fire was not bombed he also writes that saddam hussein s troops set up sniper s nests inside and on top of the museum and nevertheless u s marines and soldiers stayed close enough to prevent wholesale looting two great libraries with priceless ancient collections the awqaf library library of the ministry of religious endowments and the national library of iraq and national centre for archives the house of wisdom have been burned the boston globe reported in 2003 adding that the libraries at the university of mosul and university of basra had been looted andrás riedlmayer a specialist in islamic architecture at harvard university 281 said the u s state department had asked him for advice before the invasion and that everybody warned them that the greatest danger was not from tomahawk missiles but from looting keith d waterpaugh a specialist in ottoman history said if we are going to help the iraqi people build a new nation we don t do it by letting their past be destroyed 282 more serious for the post war state of iraq was the looting of cached weaponry and ordnance which fueled the subsequent insurgency as many as 250 000 tons of explosives were unaccounted for by october 2004 283 disputes within the u s defense department led to delays in the post invasion assessment and protection of iraqi nuclear facilities tuwaitha the iraqi site most scrutinized by un inspectors since 1991 was left unguarded and was looted 284 285 ancient history professor zainab bahrani reported that a helicopter landing pad was constructed in the center of the ancient city of babylon and removed layers of archeological earth from the site the daily flights of the helicopters rattle the ancient walls and the winds created by their rotors blast sand against the fragile bricks when my colleague and i asked military personnel in charge that the helipad be shut down the response was that it had to remain open for security reasons for the safety of the troops 286 bahrani also reported that in the summer of 2004 the wall of the temple of nabu and the roof of the temple of ninmah both sixth century bc collapsed as a result of the movement of helicopters 286 electrical power was scarce in post war iraq bahrani reported and some fragile artifacts including the ottoman archive would not survive the loss of refrigeration 286 media coverage edit main article media coverage of the iraq war u s media coverage edit a study found that in the lead up to the iraq war most u s sources were overwhelmingly in favor of the invasion as of 2007 the invasion was the most widely and closely reported war in military history 287 television network coverage was largely pro war and viewers were six times more likely to see a pro war source as one who was anti war 288 the new york times ran a number of articles describing saddam hussein s attempts to build weapons of mass destruction the 8 september 2002 article titled u s says hussein intensifies quest for a bomb parts was later discredited leading the new york times to issue a public statement admitting it was not as rigorous as it should have been 289 at the start of the war as many as 775 reporters and photographers were traveling as embedded journalists 290 these reporters signed contracts with the military that limited what they were allowed to report on 291 when asked why the military decided to embed journalists with the troops lt col rick long of the u s marine corps replied frankly our job is to win the war part of that is information warfare so we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment 292 in 2003 a study released by fairness accuracy in reporting stated the network news disproportionately focused on pro war sources and left out many anti war sources according to the study 64 of total sources supported the war while total anti war sources made up 10 of the media only 3 of u s sources were anti war the study looked only at six american news networks after 20 march for three weeks the study stated that viewers were more than six times as likely to see a pro war source as one who was anti war with u s guests alone the ratio increases to 25 to 1 293 a september 2003 poll revealed that 70 of americans believed saddam was involved in 9 11 294 80 of fox news viewers were found to hold at least one such belief about the invasion compared to 23 of pbs viewers 295 ted turner founder of cnn charged that rupert murdoch was using fox news to advocate an invasion 296 critics argued that this statistic is indicative of misleading coverage by the u s media since viewers in other countries were less likely to have these beliefs 297 a post 2008 election poll by factcheck org found that 48 of americans believed saddam played a role in 9 11 the group concluded that voters once deceived tend to stay that way despite all evidence 298 independent media coverage edit independent ...
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