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tion 1955 constitutional assembly election 1957 permesta rebellion 1959 presidential decree part of a series on the history of indonesia timeline prehistory paleolithic java man 1 000 000 bp flores man 94 000 12 000 bp neolithic toba catastrophe 75 000 bp buni culture 400 bce 500 ce hindu buddhist kingdoms kutai kingdom 350 1605 taruma kingdom 400s 500s kantoli kingdom 400s 500s kalingga kingdom 500s 600s melayu kingdom 600s 1347 srivijaya empire 600s 1025 shailendra dynasty 600s 900s bima kingdom 709 1621 mataram kingdom 716 1016 bali kingdom 914 1908 sunda kingdom 932 1579 kahuripan kingdom 1019 1045 kediri kingdom 1045 1221 dharmasraya kingdom 1183 1347 pannai kingdom 1000s 1300s singhasari empire 1222 1292 majapahit empire 1293 1527 kingdom of luwu c 1300 1954 islamic sultanates spread of islam 800 1600 peureulak sultanate 840 1292 aru kingdom 1225 1613 ternate sultanate 1257 1914 samudera pasai sultanate 1267 1521 sultanate of gowa 1320 1957 pagaruyung kingdom 1347 1833 bruneian empire 1368 1888 malacca sultanate 1400 1511 sultanate of sulu 1405 1851 sultanate of cirebon 1445 1677 demak sultanate 1475 1554 aceh sultanate 1496 1903 sultanate of ternate 1486 1914 sultanate of bacan 1515 1946 sultanate of tidore 1500s 1967 sultanate of jailolo 1496 1903 banten sultanate 1526 1813 banjar sultanate 1526 1863 kalinyamat sultanate 1527 1599 mataram sultanate 1586 1755 johor sultanate 1528s 1877 kingdom of kaimana 1600s 1926 jambi sultanate 1604s 1904 bima sultanate 1621s 1958 palembang sultanate 1659 1823 siak sultanate 1725 1946 surakarta sunanate 1745 present yogyakarta sultanate 1755 present deli sultanate 1814 1946 riau lingga sultanate 1824 1911 christian kingdoms kingdom of siau 1510 1956 kingdom of larantuka 1515 1962 kingdom of sikka 1607 1959 sonbai kecil 1658 1917 kingdom of bolaang mongondow 1670 1950 lore kingdom 1903 1959 chinese kongsi federations heshun confederation 1776 1854 lanfang republic 1777 1884 santiaogou republic 1777 1853 european colonization portuguese insulindia 1512 1850 spanish east indies 1521 1677 dutch east india company rule 1602 1800 british bencoolen 1685 1824 french and british interregnum 1806 1816 dutch east indies 1800 1942 1945 1949 emergence of indonesia national awakening 1908 1942 japanese occupation 1942 1945 national revolution 1945 1949 united states of indonesia 1949 1950 republic of indonesia liberal democracy 1950 1959 guided democracy 1959 1966 transition 1966 1967 new order 1967 1998 reformasi 1998 present regions jakarta bali bogor bandung by topic agriculture archaeology currency economy education javanese historical texts religion buddhism christianity hinduism islam judaism mass media military sport women indonesia portal v t e the liberal democracy era indonesian era demokrasi liberal was a period in indonesian political history when the country was under a liberal democratic system during this period indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999 but also saw continual political instability the period began on 17 august 1950 following the dissolution of the federal united states of indonesia less than a year after its formation and ended with the imposition of martial law and president sukarno s decree which resulted in the introduction of guided democracy on 5 july 1959 on 17 august 1950 the republic of the united states of indonesia ris which was a state created as a result of the round table conference and the recognition of indonesian sovereignty by the netherlands was officially dissolved the system of government was also changed to a parliamentary democracy based on the provisional constitution of 1950 the period of liberal democracy was marked by the growth of political parties and the enactment of a parliamentary system of government but also by a long period of political instability with governments falling one after another the 1955 legislative elections saw the first free and fair elections in indonesian history as well as the only free and fair election until the 1999 legislative elections which were held at the end of the new order regime 1 history edit founding edit further information provisional constitution of 1950 see also united states of indonesia dissolution following more than 4 years of brutal fighting and violence the indonesian national revolution was over with the dutch indonesian round table conference resulting in the transference of sovereignty to the united states of indonesia ris however the ris government lacked cohesion inside and was opposed by many republicans these factors among many others resulted in the dissolution of all the constituents of the ris which were later merged again as part of the unitary republic of indonesia by 17 august 1950 the fifth anniversary of the declaration of independence 2 however divisions in indonesian society began to appear regional differences in customs morals tradition religion the impact of christianity and marxism and fears of javanese political domination all contributed to disunity the new country was typified by poverty low educational levels and authoritarian traditions 3 various separatist movements also arose to oppose the new republic the militant darul islam islamic domain proclaimed an islamic state of indonesia and waged a guerrilla struggle against the republic in west java from 1948 to 1962 in maluku ambonese formerly of the royal netherlands east indies army proclaimed an independent republic of south maluku permesta and prri rebels fought the central government in sulawesi and west sumatra between 1955 and 1961 the economy was in a disastrous state following three years of japanese occupation and the following four years of war against the dutch in the hands of a young and inexperienced government the economy was unable to boost production of food and other necessities to keep pace with the rapidly increasing population most of the population were illiterate unskilled and suffered from a dearth of management skills inflation was rampant smuggling cost the central government much needed foreign exchange and many of the plantations had been destroyed during the occupation and war 4 natsir cabinet edit see also natsir cabinet prime minister mohammad natsir 1948 the first cabinet of the new nation was the natsir cabinet it was formed by prime minister mohammad natsir with the backing of the masyumi and the indonesian socialist party psi following a failed attempt at a coalition between the masyumi and the indonesian national party pni 5 during this cabinet period there were rebellions in almost all parts of indonesia problems in national security such as the darul islam rebellion makassar uprising apra coup d état and the republic of south maluku independence movement negotiations on the west irian issue were also held during this cabinet though these only resulted in a stalemate on 22 january 1951 the parliament passed a vote of no confidence resulting in prime minister natsir returning his mandate to the president on 21 march 1951 6 soekiman cabinet edit see also soekiman cabinet following the resignation of the natsir cabinet attempts were made by political leaders such as sartono to form a coalition government between masyumi and the pni however this proved to be difficult as disagreements arose including over the turnover tax the regional councils the west irian issue and seat distribution in such a cabinet 7 eventually an agreement was reached with soekiman wirjosandjojo serving as prime minister notably no one from the psi and the natsir faction of the masyumi was a part of the cabinet 8 the soekiman cabinet was notable for its poor relations with the army and its suppression of the indonesian communist party pki following a series of militant strikes between june and august 1951 the first and only crackdown against the communists in indonesia up until the events of the 30 september movement 9 the soekiman cabinet would eventually fall due to a foreign policy crisis which committed indonesia to the free world resulting in the resignation of foreign minister achmad soebardjo and the fall of the whole cabinet in february 1952 10 wilopo cabinet edit see also wilopo cabinet prime minister wilopo after the fall of the soekiman cabinet another masyumi pni cabinet followed this time it was led by the pni under prime minister wilopo during the wilopo cabinet a major political realignment occurred the pni was growing suspicious of the masyumi and was looking to postpone elections fearing it might be won overwhelmingly by the masyumi this coincided with the pki s new national united front strategy which saw the party offer its support to the pni and didn t denounce the current cabinet as it had done with the soekiman cabinet meanwhile the masyumi was experiencing a split as the nahdlatul ulama nu formed their own party following doctrinal disputes 11 under the wilopo cabinet economic conditions began to worsen as the economic boom that occurred during the korean war was over prices of exports began to fall notably rubber which fell by 71 this led to the cabinet cutting expenditures including the budget of the army however the wilopo cabinet s proposals were unpopular with the army the army s high command came into dispute with the parliament in what it saw as excessive civilian meddling within military affairs after a dismissal of a pro government officer in july 1952 the parliament began demanding a significant restructuring of armed forces leadership and after three months tensions culminated in thousands of demonstrators mobilized by the army in jakarta president sukarno managed to temper the demonstrators and assure the army officers but refused to concede to any demands soon after the incident a significant proportion of the army s high command was replaced 12 in march 1953 the cabinet fell after what is now called the tanjung morawa affair where police killed five peasants near medan while removing squatters from foreign owned estate lands before a vote of no confidence could be taken in parliament the cabinet returned its mandate to sukarno on 16 march 1953 13 14 sastroamidjojo cabinet i edit see also first ali sastroamidjojo cabinet prime minister ali sastroamidjojo after over six weeks of bargaining and five attempts at various party combinations a new cabinet led by the pni with support by the nu was formed with ali sastroamidjojo serving as prime minister this time the masyumi was excluded along with the psi under the ali sastroamidjojo s first cabinet the bureaucracy was expanded with more pni officials the economy was under a period of indonesianization with the government encouraging indigenous businessmen to open new firms in practice however many new firms were bogus fronts for arrangements between government supporters and chinese which became known as ali baba firms in which an indonesian ali was front man for a chinese baba entrepreneur 15 in april 1955 the bandung conference was held and it represented a triumph for the ali sastroamidjojo government around 29 states attended the conference those present included zhou enlai jawaharlal nehru phạm văn đồng mohammad ali bogra and gammal abdel nasser 16 ali sastroamidjojo also continued the duties of the previous cabinet to carry out elections on 31 may 1954 the central and regional election committees were formed the plan at that time was that elections for the legislative branch would be held on september 29 and for the constitutional assembly would be held on december 15 however again as experienced by the wilopo cabinet the ali sastroamidjojo cabinet dissolved in july 1955 and was replaced by the burhanuddin harahap cabinet the following month after a deteriorating economy which resulted in the nu withdrawing and the collapse of the cabinet 17 burhanuddin harahap cabinet edit see also burhanuddin harahap cabinet prime minister burhanuddin harahap 1952 following the dissolution of the first ali sastroamidjojo cabinet vice president mohammad hatta announced the names of three candidates for the new cabinet formation namely wilopo soekiman and assaat however these three candidates agreed to choose hatta as prime minister and minister of defense however because hatta was still serving as vice president hatta appointed burhanuddin harahap to form a cabinet burhanuddin harahap s cabinet consisted of a coalition of thirteen different parties though in practice the cabinet was dominated by the masyumi with other parties only being added as complementary the pni did not sit in this cabinet but the pni together with the great indonesia party pir led by wongsonegoro the pki led by d n aidit and other parties formed and acted as the opposition 18 the army was not entirely pleased with the newly formed cabinet since it believed many of the new cabinet members to be as corrupt as their predecessors but it was pleased at the opportunity to arrest several pni figures for corruption 19 under the cabinet the long awaited 1955 legislative and constitutional assembly elections took place rather than resolving political issues the elections merely helped to draw the battle lines more precisely 20 under burhanuddin harahap harmonization between the government and the army began as well as the termination of the netherlands indonesia union as a form of protest over the west irian issue the cabinet resigned in early march 21 sastroamidjojo cabinet ii edit see also second ali sastroamidjojo cabinet the next cabinet was again led by ali sastroamidjojo who became prime minister again unlike the other cabinets this cabinet was the only cabinet that governed through elections during the era of liberal democracy the cabinet was notable for the fact that 17 of the 24 new ministers were without previous cabinet experience 22 under the cabinet the round table conference kmb was cancelled unilaterally both formally and materially cooperation continued with asian african countries the decisions of the asian african conference in bandung were implemented and domestic reforms were enacted after a year the cabinet had to return their mandate to the president following a split between the pni and masyumi parties djuanda cabinet edit see also djuanda cabinet prime minister djuanda kartawidjaja following the fall of the second ali sastroamidjojo cabinet president sukarno expressed his desire for a gotong royong mutual assistance cabinet in which all of the four major parties including the pki would work together for the national interest however following vociferous opposition from the other parties and the army sukarno was forced to back down on 15 march he asked pni chairman and former mayor of jakarta suwiryo to form a cabinet but he failed with the result that sukarno himself called a meeting on 14 april of party leaders and military officers at which they were all asked if they were prepared to join the cabinet the masyumi most of whose members refused to serve in the cabinet accused sukarno of acting illegall...
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