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dy undertaken during 2002 2005 and funded by the nordic cultural fund swedish speakers in stockholm and danish speakers in copenhagen have the greatest difficulty in understanding other nordic languages 29 the study which focused mainly on native speakers under the age of 25 showed that the lowest ability to comprehend another language is demonstrated by youth in stockholm in regard to danish producing the lowest ability score in the survey 32 the greatest variation in results between participants within the same country was also demonstrated by the swedish speakers in the study participants from malmö located in the southernmost swedish province of scania skåne demonstrated a better understanding of danish than swedish speakers to the north 30 access to danish television and radio direct trains to copenhagen over the øresund bridge and a larger number of cross border commuters in the øresund region contribute to a better knowledge of spoken danish and a better knowledge of the unique danish words among the region s inhabitants according to the study youth in this region were able to understand the danish language slightly better than the norwegian language but they still could not understand danish as well as the norwegians could demonstrating once again the relative distance of swedish from danish youth in copenhagen had a very poor command of swedish showing that the øresund connection was mostly one way 30 the results from the study of how well native youth in different scandinavian cities did when tested on their knowledge of the other continental scandinavian languages are summarized in table format 30 reproduced below the maximum score was 10 0 city comprehension of danish comprehension of swedish comprehension of norwegian average århus denmark n a 3 74 4 68 4 21 copenhagen denmark n a 3 60 4 13 3 87 malmö sweden 5 08 n a 4 97 5 02 stockholm sweden 3 46 n a 5 56 4 51 bergen norway 6 50 6 15 n a 6 32 oslo norway 6 57 7 12 n a 6 85 faroese speakers of the insular scandinavian languages group are even better than the norwegians at comprehending two or more languages within the continental scandinavian languages group scoring high in both danish which they study at school and norwegian and having the highest score on a scandinavian language other than their native language as well as the highest average score icelandic speakers in contrast have a poor command of norwegian and swedish they do somewhat better with danish as they are taught danish in school icelandic is not mutually intelligible with scandinavian languages nor any language not even faroese which is thought closest when speakers of faroese and icelandic were tested on how well they understood the three continental scandinavian languages the test results were as follows maximum score 10 0 30 area country comprehension of danish comprehension of swedish comprehension of norwegian average faroe islands 8 28 5 75 7 00 7 01 iceland 5 36 3 34 3 40 4 19 vocabulary edit the north germanic languages share many lexical grammatical phonological and morphological similarities to a more significant extent than the west germanic languages do these lexical grammatical and morphological similarities can be outlined in the table below language sentence english it was a humid grey summer day at the end of june west frisian it wie in stribbelige fochtige graue simmerdei oan de ein fan juny low saxon dat weer was een vuchtige griese summerdag an t enn vun juni afrikaans dit was n vogtige grou somer dag aan die einde van junie dutch het was een vochtige grauwe zomerdag eind juni aan het einde van juni german es war ein feuchter grauer sommertag ende juni im späten juni swedish det var en fuktig grå sommardag i slutet av juni danish det var en fugtig grå sommerdag i slutningen af juni sidst i juni norwegian bokmål det var en fuktig grå sommerdag i slutten av juni norwegian nynorsk det var ein fuktig grå sommardag sumardag i slutten av juni icelandic það var rakur grár sumardagur í lok júní faroese tað var ein rakur gráur summardagur síðst í juni elfdalian eð war ien fuktun grå såmårdag i slutę åv juni gutnish de var en fuktur graar summadag ei släutait av jauni language boundaries edit given the aforementioned homogeneity there exists some discussion on whether the continental group should be considered one or several languages 33 the continental scandinavian languages are often cited as proof of the aphorism a language is a dialect with an army and navy the differences in dialects within the countries of norway sweden and denmark can often be greater than the differences across the borders but the political independence of these countries leads continental scandinavian to be classified into norwegian swedish and danish in the popular mind as well as among most linguists the generally agreed upon language border is in other words politically shaped this is also because of the strong influence of the standard languages particularly in denmark and sweden 33 even if the language policy of norway has been more tolerant of rural dialectal variation in formal language the prestige dialect often referred to as eastern urban norwegian spoken mainly in and around the oslo region is sometimes considered normative the influence of a standard norwegian is nevertheless less so than in denmark and sweden since the prestige dialect in norway has moved geographically several times over the past 200 years the organised formation of nynorsk out of western norwegian dialects after norway became independent from denmark in 1814 intensified the politico linguistic divisions the nordic council has on several occasions referred to the germanic languages spoken in scandinavia as the scandinavian language singular for instance the official newsletter of the nordic council is written in the scandinavian language 34 clarification needed the creation of one unified written language has been considered as highly unlikely given the failure to agree upon a common standardized language in norway however there is a slight chance of some uniformization of spelling between norway sweden and denmark 35 36 family tree edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2014 learn how and when to remove this message all north germanic languages are descended from old norse divisions between subfamilies of north germanic are rarely precisely defined most form continuous clines with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and the most separated ones not germanic language divisions including west and east scandinavian languages and dialects old norse west scandinavian faroese greenlandic norse extinct icelandic norn extinct norwegian nordnorsk no northern norway bodø dialect no bodø municipality brønnøy dialect brønnøy municipality helgeland dialect no helgeland other dialects trøndersk trøndelag fosen dialect no fosen härjedal dialect sv härjedalen jämtland dialects jämtland province high linguistic similarity with the trøndersk dialects in norway meldal dialect meldal municipality tydal dialect no tydal municipality other dialects vestlandsk western and southern norway west vestlandet bergen dialect bergen municipality haugesund dialect no haugesund municipality jærsk dialect no jæren district karmøy dialect no karmøy municipality nordmøre dialects no nordmøre sunndalsøra dialect no sunndalsøra romsdal dialect no romsdal sandnes dialect sandnes municipality sogn dialect sogn district sunnmøre dialect no sunnmøre stavanger dialect stavanger municipality strilar dialect no midhordland district south sørlandet arendal dialect arendal region valle setesdalsk dialect no upper setesdal valle municipality other dialects østlandsk no eastern norway flatbygd dialects no lowland districts vikværsk dialects viken district andebu dialect no andebu bohuslän dialect sv bohuslän province influenced by swedish in retrospective grenland dialect no grenland district oslo dialect oslo midtøstland dialects no mid east districts ringerike dialects no ringerike district hønefoss dialect no hønefoss ådal dialect no ådal oppland dialect no opplandene district hedmark dialects hedmark solung dialect no solør hadeland dialect no hadeland district østerdal dialect no viken district särna idre dialect särna and idre midland dialects no midland districts gudbrandsdal dialect gudbrandsdalen and upper folldal municipality innlandet hallingdal valdres dialects hallingdal valdres hallingdal dialect no valdris dialect valdres district telemark numedal dialects telemark and numedal bø dialect no other dialects east scandinavian danish insular danish ømål east danish bornholmsk along with former east danish dialects in blekinge halland and skåne scanian dialect as well as the southern parts of småland now generally considered south swedish dialects jutlandic or jutish in jutland northern jutlandic east jutlandic west jutlandic southern jutlandic in southern jutland and southern schleswig urban east norwegian generally considered a norwegian dialect swedish sveamål svealand norrland dialects norrland götamål götaland gotlandic gotland dalecarlian dalarna including elfdalian which is considered a separate language from swedish älvdalen locality 10 swedish dialects in ostrobothnia finland and estonia other dialects old gutnish 8 9 gutnish gotland laumål fårömål classification difficulties edit the jamtlandic dialects share many characteristics with both trøndersk and with norrländska mål due to this ambiguous position it is contested whether jamtlandic belongs to the west scandinavian or the east scandinavian group 37 elfdalian älvdalen speech generally considered a sveamål dialect today has an official orthography and is because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with swedish considered as a separate language by many linguists traditionally regarded as a swedish dialect 38 but by several criteria closer to west scandinavian dialects 10 elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of mutual intelligibility 39 40 41 42 traveller danish rodi and swedish romani are varieties of danish norwegian and swedish with romani vocabulary or para romani known collectively as the scandoromani language 43 they are spoken by norwegian and swedish travellers the scando romani varieties in sweden and norway combine elements from the dialects of western sweden eastern norway østlandet and trøndersk written norms of norwegian edit see also norwegian language conflict norwegian has two official written norms bokmål and nynorsk in addition there are some unofficial norms riksmål is more conservative than bokmål that is closer to danish and is used to various extents by numerous people especially in the cities and by the largest newspaper in norway aftenposten on the other hand høgnorsk high norwegian is similar to nynorsk and is used by a very small minority see also edit comparison of danish norwegian and swedish ingvaeonic languages low franconian languages gender in danish and swedish high german languages scanian dialect svorsk east germanic languages west germanic languages south germanic languages pan germanic language references edit gordon raymond g jr ed 2005 language family trees indo european germanic north archived 3 october 2012 at the wayback machine ethnologue languages of the world fifteenth edition dallas texas sil international scandinavian dialect syntax archived 12 january 2012 at the wayback machine network for scandinavian dialect syntax retrieved 11 november 2007 1 2 3 torp arne 2004 nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid sproglighed og sprogforskelle sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab archived 4 november 2011 at the wayback machine moderne nordiske sprog in nordens sprog med rødder og fødder nord 2004 010 isbn 92 893 1041 3 nordic council of ministers secretariat copenhagen 2004 in danish sletten iben stampe 2005 nordens sprog med rødder og fødder nord københavn nordisk ministerråd isbn 978 92 893 1041 3 1 2 3 holmberg anders and christer platzack 2005 the scandinavian languages in the comparative syntax handbook eds guglielmo cinque and richard s kayne oxford and new york oxford university press excerpt at durham university archived 3 december 2007 at the wayback machine sprog og politik i grønland forenede nationers in danish 21 february 2021 archived from the original on 21 february 2022 retrieved 21 february 2022 leinonen therese 2011 aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in swedish dialects oslo studies in language 3 2 aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in swedish dialects oslo studies in language 3 2 dahl östen 2000 språkets enhet och mångfald lund studentlitteratur pp 117 119 lars erik edlund språklig variation i tid och rum in dahl östen edlund lars erik eds 2010 sveriges nationalatlas språken i sverige stockholm kungl vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien p 9 1 2 3 könig ekkehard auwera johan van der 16 december 2013 the germanic languages routledge p 5 isbn 978 1 317 79958 0 the east scandinavian branch is not so much a distinct language as the sum of the innovations that encompassed denmark most of sweden and adjacent parts of norway at the end of the viking age splitting during the middle ages 1050 1340 into old danish old swedish and old gutnish the written language of the island of gotland 1 2 3 bandle oscar braunmüller kurt jahr ernst hakon karker allan naumann hans peter telemann ulf elmevik lennart widmark gun 14 july 2008 the nordic languages volume 2 berlin germany walter de gruyter p 1108 isbn 978 3 11 019706 8 the gutnish a is less back than in the other old east nordic dialects 1 2 3 kroonen guus on the origins of the elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and germanic etymology pdf department of nordic studies and linguistics university of copenhagen archived pdf from the original on 6 february 2016 retrieved 27 january 2016 in many aspects elfdalian takes up a middle position between east and west nordic however it shares some innovations with west nordic but none with east nordic this invalidates the claim that elfdalian split off from old swedish hawkins john a 1987 germanic languages in bernard comrie ed the world s major languages oxford university press pp 68 76 isbn 0 19 520521 9 but see cercignani fausto indo european ē in germanic in zeitschrift für vergleichende sprachforschung 86 1 1972 pp 104 110 kuhn hans 1955 1956 zur gliederung der germanischen sprachen zeitschrift für deutsches altertum und deutsche literatur 86 1 47 bandle oskar ed 2005 the nordic languages an international handbook of the history of the north germanic languages walter de gruyter 2005 isbn 3 11 017149 x 1 2 lund jørn language archived 15 august 2004 at the wayback machine published online by royal danish ministry of foreign affairs version 1 november 2003 retrieved 13 november 2007 lindström fredrik lindström henrik 2012 svitjods undergång och sveriges födelse albert...
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