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eader of the former soviet union mikhail gorbachev introduced glasnost openness and perestroika restructuring hoping to stimulate the failing soviet economy and encourage productivity particularly in the areas of consumer goods the liberalization of cooperative businesses and growing the service economy glasnost rescinded limitations on political freedoms in the soviet union which led to problems for the soviet central government in retaining control over non russian areas including the occupied baltic countries citation needed hitherto unrecognized issues previously kept secret by the soviet central government in moscow were admitted to in public causing further popular dissatisfaction with the soviet regime in estonia latvia and lithuania combined with the war in afghanistan and the nuclear fallout in chernobyl grievances were aired in a publicly explosive and politically decisive manner estonians were concerned about the demographic threat to their national identity posed by the influx of individuals from foreign ethnic groups to work on such large soviet development projects as phosphate mining 8 description edit the singing revolution a is the name given to the series of events from 1987 to 1991 that led to the restoration of independence of the three soviet occupied baltic countries of estonia latvia and lithuania at the end of the cold war 9 10 the term was coined by an estonian activist and artist heinz valk in an article published a week after the 10 11 june 1988 spontaneous mass evening singing demonstrations at the estonian tallinn song festival grounds 11 massive demonstrations against the soviet regime began after widespread liberalization of the regime failed to take into account national sensitivities moscow hoped that the non russian nations would remain within the ussr despite the removal of restrictions on freedom of speech and national icons such as the local pre 1940 flags 4 however the situation deteriorated to such an extent that by 1989 there were campaigns aimed at freeing the nations from the soviet union altogether the baltic peoples staged mass demonstrations against soviet rule most notably the baltic way of 1989 on the 50th anniversary of the nazi soviet pact in 1988 89 the three countries proclaimed sovereignty within the soviet union the first republics to do so citation needed lithuania declared independence in march 1990 followed by latvia and estonia in may the soviet government attempted to crack down on this through economic pressure and then armed crackdowns in lithuania and latvia in january 1991 but failed following the failed august coup by communist hardliners various countries began to recognize baltic independence the soviet union recognized the three baltic states in september 1991 over two months before its final dissolution later all three countries joined the eu and nato in 2004 citation needed religion edit soviet control and limitation of religion played a major role in the singing revolution the soviet union s attacks on churches began in 1929 with the legislation that introduced the nationalization of church property prohibited religious schools and eliminated religious holidays among other things by 1985 churches in the three countries faced dire circumstances many churches shut down and the ones that survived experienced limited clergy resources and a national attitude that moved toward atheism 2 after nearly 50 years of soviet restrictions and attacks on the churches their positions as cornerstones of their communities had been severely weakened the soviet union s plans to weaken the churches in estonia latvia and lithuania had come to a head the previously rudimentary attempts by the soviets to push atheism had turned sophisticated and many people saw themselves brought away from the struggling churches 2 in 1985 clergy members in these churches began using new methods to draw people back parish priests began implementing rock music summer camps and an emphasis on nationalism these changes ushered more people back to the church and the countries began to see a rise in religious participation once again these changes contributed to the revitalization of the chronicle of the catholic church in lithuania and the founding of the society for protection of national heritage in estonia in 1987 2 through this renewed sense of national pride the churches with the help of religious organizations began organizing public singing events both as an act of protest and a way to draw their community together 12 by synchronizing the message of their churches with an anti soviet union message of national pride the churches propped themselves up to bolster the revolution while centering themselves back into their communities the singing events included a mix of religious songs folk songs and songs of national pride 13 the religious aspect of the singing revolution had a massive impact in its unification of the people and the platform churches gave for various organizing events 2 eastern bloc republics of the ussr armenia azerbaijan byelorussia estonia georgia kazakhstan kirghizia latvia lithuania moldova russia tajikistan turkmenistan ukraine uzbekistan allied and satellite states afghanistan 1978 1989 albania until 1961 angola benin bulgaria china until 1961 congo cuba czechoslovakia until 1989 east germany until 1989 ethiopia derg grenada 1979 1983 hungary until 1989 kampuchea state of cambodia laos mongolia mozambique north korea poland until 1989 romania until 1989 somalia until 1977 south yemen vietnam north vietnam prg yugoslavia 1945 1948 related organizations warsaw pact comecon cominform world federation of trade unions world federation of democratic youth opposition anti soviet partisans albania bulgaria croatia poland romania serbia ukraine guerrilla war in the baltic states soviet occupation estonia latvia lithuania operation jungle protests and uprisings poland 1944 1989 poznań 1956 1980 89 plzeň 1953 east germany 1953 georgia 1956 hungary 1956 quỳnh lưu 1956 novocherkassk 1962 prague 1968 invasion moscow czechoslovakia 1976 1990 romania 1977 kazakhstan 1986 brașov 1987 tbilisi 1989 ukraine 1989 1991 baku 1990 lithuania 1991 riga 1991 dissent soviet poland east germany to hong kong north korea cuba cold war events marshall plan czechoslovak coup tito stalin split berlin blockade korean war vietnam war secret speech sino soviet split albanian soviet split de satellization of the socialist republic of romania berlin wall cuban missile crisis cuban intervention in angola afghan war 1980 moscow olympics 1984 los angeles olympics gulf war fall singing revolution polish round table agreement revolutions of 1989 fall of the berlin wall january events barricades in latvia breakup of yugoslavia yugoslav wars dissolution of the soviet union post soviet conflicts fall of communism in albania dissolution of czechoslovakia v t e nonviolent strategies edit the singing revolution is one of the most prominent examples of nonviolent collective action of the late twentieth century 1 unlike many other struggles for national self determination during the cold war the movements of estonia latvia and lithuania deliberately adopted strategies of civil resistance rather than armed confrontation the use of song public gatherings and symbolic acts enabled widespread participation while limiting the potential for violent escalation 1 in each republic cultural and civic organizations provided the initial frameworks for coordinated activism estonia s heritage society latvia s environmental protection club and lithuania s sąjūdis movement emerged from officially sanctioned cultural or ecological associations and soon became central to organized political protest 3 public events historical commentaries and mass singing festivals reframed dissent as expressions of national identity and moral renewal rather than as direct challenges to state authority 1 the nonviolent approach was both cultural and strategic leaders of the baltic independence movements drew on local traditions and international models of civil resistance to situate their actions within a broader discourse of peaceful change 6 this framing enhanced international legitimacy and helped attract support from western governments by aligning the movements with global human rights principles 3 music and collective singing played a distinctive role in maintaining nonviolent discipline researchers have described these performances as a form of emotional disarmament in which shared song helped sustain unity and reduce fear under conditions of repression 14 during major demonstrations including the tartu pop festival the baltic way and the 1991 protests in vilnius and riga participants frequently sang national anthems and traditional songs transforming public spaces into symbols of solidarity and peaceful resistance 15 although instances of provocation and limited soviet military intervention occurred most notably in lithuania in january 1991 the movements largely maintained a commitment to nonviolence disciplined civilian resistance contributed to the erosion of soviet authority and accelerated its decline in the baltic region 16 the singing revolution has been compared to other nonviolent transitions such as those in east germany and czechoslovakia all as primary examples of the use of cultural identity moral conviction and organized political strategy as successful nonviolent tactics 1 estonia edit part of a series on the history of estonia ancient estonia kunda culture narva culture aesti chudes baltic finnic peoples ancient counties medieval estonia oeselians viking age livonian crusade danish estonia old livonia baltic germans swedish estonia livonian war duchy of estonia 1561 1721 polish livonia swedish livonia great northern war russian estonia russian estonia russian livonia national awakening german occupation modern estonia declaration of independence war of independence interwar period era of silence world war ii soviet occupation singing revolution restoration of independence contemporary estonia chronology estonia portal v t e the soviet government s plan to excavate phosphorite in the lääne viru county with potentially catastrophic consequences for the environment and society was revealed in february 1987 that started the phosphorite war a public environmental campaign 17 the mrp aeg group held the hirvepark meeting in the old town of tallinn on the anniversary of the molotov ribbentrop pact on 23 august 1987 demanding to disclose and condemn its secret protocol 1 access to western émigré communities abroad and particularly in estonia informal relations with finland and access to finnish tv showing the western lifestyle also contributed to widespread dissatisfaction with the soviet system and provoked mass demonstrations as repression on dissidents nationalists religious communities and ordinary consumers eased substantially towards the end of the 1980s 18 the five patriotic songs series by alo mattiisen premiered at the tartu pop festival in may 1988 19 in june the old town festival was held in tallinn and after the official part of the festival the participants moved to the song festival grounds and started to sing patriotic songs together spontaneously 20 the baltic way a human chain of two million people spanned from tallinn to vilnius on 23 august 1989 21 mattiisen s five patriotic songs were performed again at the rock summer festival in tallinn held on 26 28 august 1988 22 the song of estonia festival was held at the song festival grounds on 11 september 19 trivimi velliste chairman of the estonian heritage society first voiced the public ambition to regain independence 23 the supreme soviet of estonia issued the estonian sovereignty declaration on 16 november 21 the singing revolution lasted over four years with various protests and acts of defiance the revolution was led by three different groups the heritage society the popular front and the national independence party the heritage society established in 1987 focused on spreading awareness about estonia s history to gather support for estonia s independence from the soviets the popular front founded in 1988 wanted to reform estonia into self government within a loose confederation of the soviet union the national independence party established in 1988 as well was more radical than the other two organizations and demanded complete independence from the soviet union 24 25 in 1991 as the central government in moscow and the soviet armed forces and mvd attempted to stop the estonian progress towards independence the newly elected legislature of estonia together with an elected grassroots parliament congress of estonia proclaimed the restoration of the independent state of estonia and repudiated soviet legislation large groups of unarmed volunteers went to shield the parliament radio and tv buildings from any attacks by soviet troops through these actions estonia regained its independence without any blood shed 26 independence was declared on the late evening of 20 august 1991 after an agreement between different political parties was reached the next morning soviet troops according to estonian tv attempted to storm tallinn tv tower but were unsuccessful 27 the communist hardliners coup attempt failed amidst mass pro democracy demonstrations in moscow led by boris yeltsin 28 on 22 august 1991 iceland independent country since 1944 announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with estonia and iceland thus became the first foreign country to formally recognize the fully restored independence of estonia in 1991 today a plaque commemorating this event is situated on the outside wall of the foreign ministry which is on islandi väljak 1 or iceland square 1 the plaque reads the republic of iceland was the first to recognize on 22 august 1991 the restoration of the independence of the republic of estonia in estonian icelandic and english some other nations did not recognize the annexation of estonia by the soviet union 29 30 latvia edit part of a series on the history of latvia prehistory kunda culture narva culture corded ware culture amber road aesti baltic finns livonians vends balts latgalians curonians selonians semigallians middle ages principality of jersika principality of koknese tālava livonian crusade livonian brothers of the sword livonian order archbishopric of riga bishopric of courland terra mariana baltic germans early modern period livonian war kingdom of livonia duchy of livonia inflanty voivodeship swedish livonia polish swedish wars 1600 1629 second northern war great northern war duchy of courland and semigallia couronian colonization national awakening governorate of livonia courland governorate vitebsk governorate the first latvian national awakening new current modern latvia latvian riflemen german occupation united baltic duchy latvian socialist soviet republic war of independence 1934 latvian coup d état 1940 soviet occupation nazi occupation the ...
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