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e worked on objectivism since rand s death several authors have developed and applied rand s ideas in their own work rand described peikoff s the ominous parallels 1982 as the first book by an objectivist philosopher other than myself 118 during 1991 peikoff published objectivism the philosophy of ayn rand a comprehensive exposition of rand s philosophy 119 chris matthew sciabarra discusses rand s ideas and theorizes about their intellectual origins in ayn rand the russian radical 1995 surveys such as on ayn rand by allan gotthelf 1999 ayn rand by tibor r machan 2000 and objectivism in one lesson by andrew bernstein 2009 provide briefer introductions to rand s ideas some scholars have emphasized applying objectivism to more specific areas machan has developed rand s contextual conception of human knowledge while also drawing on the insights of j l austin and gilbert harman in works such as objectivity 2004 and david kelley has explicated rand s epistemological ideas in works such as the evidence of the senses 1986 and a theory of abstraction 2001 regarding the topic of ethics kelley has argued in works such as unrugged individualism 1996 and the contested legacy of ayn rand 2000 that objectivists should pay more attention to the virtue of benevolence and place less emphasis on issues of moral sanction kelley s claims have been controversial and critics peikoff and peter schwartz have argued that he contradicts important principles of objectivism 5 120 kelley has used the term open objectivism for a version of objectivism that involves a commitment to reasoned non dogmatic discussion and debate the recognition that objectivism is open to expansion refinement and revision and a policy of benevolence toward others including fellow travelers and critics 121 arguing against kelley peikoff characterized objectivism as a closed system that is not subject to change 5 an author who emphasizes rand s ethics tara smith retains more of rand s original ideas in such works as moral rights and political freedom 1995 viable values 2000 and ayn rand s normative ethics 2006 122 in collaboration with peikoff david harriman has developed a theory of scientific induction based upon rand s theory of concepts in the logical leap induction in physics 2010 123 the political aspects of rand s philosophy are discussed by bernstein in the capitalist manifesto 2005 in capitalism a treatise on economics 1996 george reisman attempts to integrate objectivist methodology and insights with both classical and austrian economics in psychology professor edwin a locke and ellen kenner have explored rand s ideas in the publication the selfish path to romance how to love with passion reason 124 other writers have explored the application of objectivism to fields ranging from art as in what art is 2000 by louis torres and michelle marder kamhi to teleology as in the biological basis of teleological concepts 1990 by harry binswanger impact edit one rand biographer says most people who read rand s works for the first time do it in their formative years 125 rand s former protégé nathaniel branden referred to rand s especially powerful appeal to the young 126 while onkar ghate eo sq of the ayn rand institute said rand appeals to the idealism of youth 127 new archival link needed this appeal has alarmed a number of critics of the philosophy 128 many of these young people later abandon their positive opinion of rand and are often said to have outgrown her ideas 129 endorsers of rand s work recognize the phenomenon but attribute it to the loss of youthful idealism and inability to resist social pressures for intellectual conformity 127 129 in contrast historian jennifer burns writing in goddess of the market 2009 writes some critics dismiss rand as a shallow thinker appealing only to adolescents although she thinks the critics miss her significance as a gateway drug to right wing politics 130 academic philosophers have generally dismissed objectivism since rand first presented it 6 objectivism has been termed fiercely anti academic because of rand s criticism of contemporary intellectuals 4 david sidorsky a professor of moral and political philosophy at columbia university writes that rand s work is outside the mainstream and is more of an ideology than a comprehensive philosophy 131 british philosopher ted honderich notes that he deliberately excluded an article on rand from the oxford companion to philosophy rand is however mentioned in the article on popular philosophy by anthony quinton 132 rand is the subject of entries in the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy 2 the dictionary of modern american philosophers 133 the internet encyclopedia of philosophy 134 the routledge dictionary of twentieth century political thinkers 135 and the penguin dictionary of philosophy 136 chandran kukathas writes in an entry about rand in the routledge encyclopedia of philosophy the influence of rand s ideas was strongest among college students in the usa but attracted little attention from academic philosophers kukathas also writes that her defenses of capitalism and selfishness kept her out of the intellectual mainstream 109 during the 1990s rand s works were more likely to be encountered in american classrooms 4 the ayn rand society dedicated to fostering the scholarly study of objectivism is affiliated with the american philosophical association s eastern division 137 aristotle scholar and objectivist allan gotthelf late chairman of the society and his colleagues argued for more academic study of objectivism considering the philosophy as a unique and intellectually interesting defense of classical liberalism that is worth debating 138 in 1999 a refereed journal of ayn rand studies began 139 programs and fellowships for the study of objectivism have been supported at the university of pittsburgh university of texas at austin and university of north carolina at chapel hill 140 see also edit libertarianism portal bibliography of ayn rand and objectivism objectivism and homosexuality objectivism and libertarianism objectivist periodicals philosophical fiction economic subjectivism references edit 1 2 about the author in rand 1992 pp 1170 1171 1 2 badhwar long 2020 contemporary authors online s v leonard peikoff accessed march 2 2008 1 2 3 mclemee scott september 1999 the heirs of ayn rand has objectivism gone subjective lingua franca 9 6 45 55 1 2 3 peikoff 1989b 1 2 sciabarra 2013 p 1 badhwar long 2020 gotthelf 2000 p 1 machan 2000 p 9 heyl 1995 p 223 burns 2020 p 259 cocks 2020 p 11 burns 2009 p 4 gladstein 2009 pp 107 108 124 sciabarra 1995 pp 1 2 1 2 rubin harriet september 15 2007 ayn rand s literature of capitalism the new york times retrieved september 18 2007 rand 1967 p 23 peikoff 1991 p 36 peikoff 1991 pp 4 11 rand 1992 p 1040 peikoff 1991 p 11 rand ayn 1996 1961 for the new intellectual the philosophy of ayn rand new york signet isbn 0 451 16308 7 rand 1992 p 1016 peikoff 1991 pp 31 33 peikoff 1991 p 5 gotthelf 2000 rand 1990 rand 1982 pp 24 28 rand 1992 p 1037 peikoff 1991 p 14 peikoff 1991 pp 116 121 rand 1961 p 124 rand 1964 p 22 rand 1990 p 36 rand 1990 p 5 branden nathaniel january 1963 the stolen concept the objectivist newsletter 2 1 2 4 rand 1990 p 3 1 2 kelley 1986 kelley 1986 peikoff 1991 pp 44 48 rand 1990 p 81 peikoff leonard the analytic synthetic dichotomy in rand 1990 pp 97 98 the quotes within this passage are of rand s material elsewhere in the same book rand 1990 p 12 for more on rand s theory of concepts see also kelley david a theory of abstraction and the psychology of abstraction cognition and brain theory vol vii no 3 and 4 summer fall 1984 and rasmussen douglas b quine and aristotelian essentialism the new scholasticism 58 summer 1984 rand 1990 pp 15 28 peikoff leonard the analytic synthetic dichotomy in rand 1990 p 94 peikoff leonard the analytic synthetic dichotomy in rand 1990 pp 116 118 rand 1961 p 64 rand 1982 pp 62 63 rand 1961 p 223 peikoff 1991 pp 182 185 lecture by leonard peikoff cited in sciabarra 1995 peikoff 1991 pp 171 181 branden 1987 p 323 for example machan 2000 pp 134 151 rand 1990 p 289 campbell r l fall 1999 ayn rand and the cognitive revolution in psychology journal of ayn rand studies 1 1 107 134 dipert randall r spring 1987 review essay david kelley s evidence of the senses a realist theory of perception pdf reason papers 12 57 70 long roderick t 2000 reason and value rand versus aristotle objectivist studies monographs poughkeepsie ny the objectivist center isbn 978 1 57724 045 7 oclc 49875339 rand 1964 p 13 rand 1964 p 18 for more on rand s metaethics see binswanger 1990 pp 58 66 smith 2000 and gotthelf lennox 2010 rand 1964 p 22 for more on rand s theory of volition see binswanger 1991 branden 1969 and peikoff 1991 pp 55 72 rand 1992 p 1013 rand 1992 p 1012 rand 1964 p 25 smith 2006 p 7 peikoff 1989a rand 1982 pp 118 119 smith 2006 pp 23 24 peikoff 1991 p 230 altruism n online etymology dictionary douglas harper retrieved may 27 2021 rand 1964 p 18 see also smith 2006 rand 1992 p 731 o neil patrick m spring 1983 ayn rand and the is ought problem pdf journal of libertarian studies 7 1 81 99 den uyl douglas rasmussen douglas april 1978 nozick on the randian argument the personalist 59 184 205 reprinted along with nozick s article in reading nozick j paul ed 1981 rowman littlefield king j charles life and the theory of value the randian argument reconsidered in den uyl rasmussen 1984 st f blair paul spring 1985 the randian argument reconsidered a reply to charles king pdf reason papers 10 retrieved september 14 2011 peikoff 1991 p 354 sciabarra 1995 p 274 bernstein 2009 pp 25 31 rand 1967 p 141 peikoff 1991 pp 310 313 rand 1982 p 66 rand 1964 p 36 peikoff 1991 p 310 smith 1997 pp 143 147 smith 1997 pp 150 155 peikoff 1991 pp 319 rand 1964 pp 129 130 rand 1964 p 126 peikoff 1991 p 320 peikoff 1991 pp 351 352 the objectivist understanding of rights is explored at length in smith 1997 rand 1964 p 110 peikoff 1991 p 355 smith 1997 pp 165 182 touchstone 2006 p 108 peikoff 1991 pp 356 358 rand 1964 pp 120 rand 1967 p 19 rand 1964 p 37 peikoff 1991 pp 392 395 sciabarra 1995 p 284 rand 1964 p 103 peikoff 1991 p 364 rand 1964 pp 125 128 rand 1964 p 112 rand 1964 p 131 rand 1964 p 129 rand 1964 p 128 peikoff 1991 pp 364 365 rand 1964 pp 173 84 cf wortham anne 1981 the other side of racism columbus ohio state university press isbn 978 0 8142 0318 7 rand ayn 1989 of living death in leonard peikoff ed the voice of reason new york new american library isbn 978 0 453 00634 7 rand 2005 pp 45 46 rand 1967 pp 226 28 rand 1982 pp 173 84 free speech ayn rand lexicon greenspan alan antitrust in rand 1967 pp 63 71 branden nathaniel common fallacies about capitalism in rand 1967 pp 89 92 hessen robert the effects of the industrial revolution on women and children in rand 1967 pp 110 113 epstein alex february 4 2003 faith based initiatives are an assault on secular government ayn rand institute archived from the original on march 24 2012 retrieved june 19 2009 binswanger harry march 3 2005 the ten commandments vs america ayn rand institute archived from the original on march 24 2012 retrieved june 19 2009 lockitch keith december 11 2005 intelligent design is about religion versus reason orange county register archived from the original on march 24 2012 retrieved june 19 2009 peikoff 1991 p 368 rand 1964 pp 135 137 childs roy 1969 objectivism and the state an open letter to ayn rand barry 1987 pp 128 129 1 2 kukathas 1998 burns 2009 pp 250 251 rothbard murray n 1974 anatomy of the state what the state is not egalitarianism as a revolt against nature and other essays peikoff 1991 p 417 peikoff 1991 p 422 peikoff 1991 p 426 barr 2012 what is romanticism in rand 1971 torres kamhi 2000 pp 31 32 holzer 2005 pp 115 125 rand ayn introduction in peikoff 1982 p vii peikoff 1991 p iv schwartz 1989 kelley david october 17 2008 a note to our members about open objectivism atlas society khawaja irfan december 2000 comments on tara smith s viable values retrieved may 29 2009 hsieh diana spring 2007 egoism explained a review of tara smith s ayn rand s normative ethics the virtuous egoist the objective standard 2 1 archived from the original on march 28 2014 retrieved may 29 2009 harriman david the logical leap 2010 new american library locke edwin and kenner ellen platform 2011 heller anne c 2009 ayn rand and the world she made new york doubleday p xii isbn 978 0 385 51399 9 branden nathaniel fall 1984 the benefits and hazards of the philosophy of ayn rand a personal statement journal of humanistic psychology 24 4 29 64 doi 10 1177 0022167884244004 s2cid 144772216 archived from the original on july 17 2011 1 2 ghate onkar february 2 2008 the appeal of ayn rand capitalism magazine retrieved april 22 2014 gladstein 1999 p 111 1 2 doherty brian 2007 radicals for capitalism a freewheeling history of the modern american libertarian movement new york public affairs p 544 isbn 978 1 58648 350 0 burns 2009 p 4 harvey benjamin may 15 2005 ayn rand at 100 an ism struts its stuff rutland herald archived from the original on december 26 2007 retrieved july 20 2007 honderich 2005 pp x 740 salmieri gotthelf 2005 hicks 2005 stevens 1998 mautner thomas the penguin dictionary of philosophy penguin books 2000 p 469 sciabarra 1995 p 386n 7 den uyl douglas j 1998 on rand as philosopher pdf reason papers 23 70 71 retrieved august 8 2011 sharlet jeff april 9 1999 ayn rand has finally caught the attention of scholars new books and research projects involve philosophy political theory literary criticism and feminism the chronicle of higher education 45 31 17 18 gladstein 2009 pp 116 117 burns 2009 p 297 works cited edit badhwar neera long roderick t fall 2020 zalta edward n ed ayn rand stanford encyclopedia of philosophy retrieved may 20 2021 barr emily j december 2012 sex and the egoist measuring ayn rand s fiction against her philosophy the journal of ayn rand studies 12 2 193 206 doi 10 2307 41717247 jstor 41717247 barry norman p 1987 on classical liberalism and libertarianism new york st martin s press isbn 978 0 312 00243 5 oclc 14134854 bernstein andrew 2009 objectivism in one lesson an introduction to the philosophy of ayn rand lanham md hamilton books isbn 978 0 7618 4359 7 binswanger harry december 1991 volition as cognitive self regulation organizational behavior and human decision processes 50 2 154 178 doi 10 1016 0749 5978 91 90019 p binswanger harry 1990 the biological basis of teleological concepts los angeles ayn rand institute press isbn 978 0 9625336 0 0 branden barbara 1987 the passion of ayn rand new york anchor books isbn 978 0 385 24388 9 branden nathaniel 1969 man a being of volitional consciousness the psychology of self esteem los angeles nash publishing isbn 978 0 8402 1109 5 burns eric 2020 1957 the year that launched the american future lanham maryland rowman littlefield isbn 978 1 5381 3995 0 burns jennifer 2009 goddess of the 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