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and knowledge about reproductive health and contraceptive options in kenyan society 17 women who choose clandestine abortions may find services from doctors at private clinics midwives herbalists or terminate their pregnancy on their own 18 a 2014 study reveals various methods kenyan women claim to use to induce abortions independently of a medical clinic or medical provider 19 among some of the most prevalent answers included tea leaves quinine detergent and bleach undiluted fruit juice traditional herbs a metal rod wire or stick inserted into the uterus and overdoses of paracetamol and malaria pills 19 6 post abortion complications and delays in care seeking are also underlying causes for mortality rates in kenya 20 post abortion admissions have seen over 75 of patients with moderate to severe ailments 20 studies have revealed that the largest delays in seeking post abortion care are from adolescents and young adults aged 10 19 and that higher incidents of abortion complications occur within these ages 16 while dangerous abortion practices can result in moderate to severe complications such as localized peritonitis and sepsis maternal deaths have been revealed as a paramount consequence of unsafe abortions 20 article 26 of the 2010 constitution and its allowance of abortions taking into consideration the health of the mother has prompted public sectors to offer a higher degree of access to abortions 19 in this regard many providers have not been trained properly or are equipped to provide safe services due to the lack of specificities in the constitution and safe practices 20 while the constitution allows for abortion under specific circumstances not all abortions are being administered safely and due to other cultural implications such as stigmatization women are still seeking and utilizing life threatening methods of procuring abortions 13 safe abortions provided by trained professionals in hygienic settings correlate with fewer health risks than unsafe abortion practices 21 due to the restrictive laws on abortion in kenya there continues to be limited access to safe options for women 17 as a result many organizations have called for scaling up the number of safe abortion providers 21 family planning and post abortion care edit because the delay in seeking care following safe or unsafe abortion is a cause for higher complications post abortion there have been pushes to establish more access to family planning and post abortion care in kenya 16 post abortion care tends to refer to emergency medical treatment but also incorporates family planning for the patient 13 in combination these services include counseling education about reproductive health and distribution of contraceptives 13 a suggested increase in family planning in kenya may also curb repeat abortions for some women 22 the 2008 2009 kenya demographic and health survey uncovered that 43 of women in kenya who gave birth in the previous five years from when the report was documented communicated the births as unwanted or mistimed this statistic reflects the usage or lack thereof of contraceptives in kenya 23 according to a guttmacher institution report 12 17 of poor and uneducated married women use modern contraceptives in kenya while 48 52 of wealthy and educated married women in kenya use and have access to modern birth control methods 18 an organization that has addressed these shortages and needs relating to reproductive health is marie stopes international since its opening in kenya in 1985 marie stopes has served as the largest reproductive health services and family planning clinic in kenya 13 as reported by marie stopes kenya in 2019 the health center prevented 180 000 unsafe abortions through post abortion care and family planning 24 other organizations and activist groups including the center for reproductive rights and fida use their resources and legal platforms to fight for more accessible and equitable care for women seeking reproductive health services and abortions in kenya 25 26 socio cultural opinions and impacts on abortion edit reasoning for abortion often varies on a case to case basis but for both married and unmarried kenyan women economic objectives are frequently a primary concern 27 for single women common reasons also include their single status unemployment and economic dependence on a family member that may hinder their desire to bear a child 27 stigmatization edit there are many cultural stigmas that are associated with women and terminating a pregnancy in kenya both women seeking abortions and abortion providers are met with socio cultural disgrace and discrimination and abortion remains a taboo topic across the country 28 a combination of traditional cultural expectations and religious beliefs formulate stigmas against abortions 29 many stigmas are based on the belief that a woman s purpose is to bear children and her role in society is to be a mother 29 in regards to young girls and adolescents there are social and cultural expectations that young people should refrain from sexual activity and maintain innocence 28 research has revealed that young unmarried women from lower socioeconomic classes feel a higher burden from these cultural stigmas 29 the same research has also revealed that stigma is a root cause for reluctance and untimeliness of seeking post abortion care 29 statistics edit on the continent of africa as a whole 97 of abortions are unsafely performed 30 unsafe abortion is predicted to account for 35 of maternal deaths in kenya whereas in east africa as a whole unsafe abortions account for 18 31 a survey of 2012 by the kenyan ministry of health african population and health research center and ipsas found that there were 464 000 abortions induced that year which translates to an abortion rate of 48 per 1 000 women aged 15 49 and an abortion ratio of 30 per 100 live births a study analyzing this survey reveals of the reported abortions in 2012 116 000 of them nearly 25 were treated for complications 31 within the women who faced complications from abortions 87 000 of cases were moderate to severe complications and 40 000 of the complications were experienced by women who were 19 years old and younger 31 hospital based data reveals that between 2004 and 2012 the estimated number of induced abortions increased in kenya 32 about half 49 of all pregnancies in kenya were unintended and 41 of unintended pregnancies ended in an abortion 5 marie stopes international estimates that 2 600 women die from unsafe abortions annually an average seven deaths a day 4 nearly 120 000 women are hospitalized each year due to abortion related complications 5 the publication of the 2012 survey in 2018 33 and the death of activist caroline mwatha in february 2019 following an unsafe abortion 34 brought the debate on abortion to the forefront in 2019 see also edit health in kenya women in kenya references edit 1 2 constitution of kenya article 26 4 kenya law 2010 archived from the original on 17 february 2015 retrieved 13 march 2020 1 2 bhalla nita 12 july 2018 kenya s high court to decide on safe abortion as teenager dies reuters retrieved 9 march 2019 1 2 3 high court rules abortion remains illegal in kenya capital news 13 june 2019 retrieved 21 august 2019 1 2 ratcliffe rebecca 21 december 2018 kenya lifts ban on marie stopes abortion services after warning lives are at risk the guardian retrieved 1 march 2019 1 2 3 mohamed sf izugbara c moore am mutua m kimani murage ew ziraba ak bankole a singh sd egesa c august 2015 the estimated incidence of induced abortion in kenya a cross sectional study bmc pregnancy childbirth 15 185 doi 10 1186 s12884 015 0621 1 pmc 4546129 pmid 26294220 1 2 3 in harm s way the impact of kenya s restrictive abortion law pdf center for reproductive rights 2010 1 2 mohamed deeqa diamond smith nadia njunguru jesse 2018 stigma and agency exploring young kenyan women s experiences with abortion stigma and individual agency reproductive health matters 26 52 128 137 doi 10 1080 09688080 2018 1492285 issn 0968 8080 jstor 26605073 pmid 30058955 s2cid 51863361 tripp aili mari 2016 women s movements and constitution making after civil unrest and conflict in africa the cases of kenya and somalia politics gender 12 1 78 106 doi 10 1017 s1743923x16000015 issn 1743 923x s2cid 146937386 richard allen greene 4 august 2010 kenya s churches unite against draft constitution cnn retrieved 9 march 2019 1 2 tripp aili mari 2016 women s movements and constitution making after civil unrest and conflict in africa the cases of kenya and somalia politics gender 12 1 78 106 doi 10 1017 s1743923x16000015 issn 1743 923x s2cid 146937386 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 penal code laws of kenya pdf 2012 2010 1 2 ministry of public health sanitation ministry of medical services 2009 national guidelines on management of sexual violence in kenya pdf 1 2 3 4 5 mohamed deeqa diamond smith nadia njunguru jesse 2018 stigma and agency exploring young kenyan women s experiences with abortion stigma and individual agency reproductive health matters 26 52 128 137 doi 10 1080 09688080 2018 1492285 issn 0968 8080 jstor 26605073 pmid 30058955 s2cid 51863361 brookman amissah eunice moyo josephine banda 2004 abortion law reform in sub saharan africa no turning back reproductive health matters 12 sup24 227 234 doi 10 1016 s0968 8080 04 24026 5 issn 0968 8080 pmid 15938178 s2cid 30640187 1 2 3 4 oronje rose n 2013 the kenyan national response to internationally agreed sexual and reproductive health and rights goals a case study of three policies reproductive health matters 21 42 151 160 doi 10 1016 s0968 8080 13 42749 0 issn 0968 8080 jstor 43288317 pmid 24315071 s2cid 206113153 1 2 3 mutua michael m maina beatrice w achia thomas o izugbara chimaraoke o 2015 factors associated with delays in seeking post abortion care among women in kenya bmc pregnancy and childbirth 15 1 241 doi 10 1186 s12884 015 0660 7 issn 1471 2393 pmc 4597436 pmid 26445973 1 2 jayaweera ruvani t ngui felistah mbithe hall kelli stidham gerdts caitlin 2018 01 25 dangal ganesh ed women s experiences with unplanned pregnancy and abortion in kenya a qualitative study plos one 13 1 e0191412 bibcode 2018ploso 1391412j doi 10 1371 journal pone 0191412 issn 1932 6203 pmc 5784933 pmid 29370220 1 2 hussain rubina 2012 abortion and unintended pregnancy in kenya pdf issues in brief alan guttmacher institute 2 1 4 pmid 22734165 1 2 3 marlow heather m wamugi sylvia yegon erick fetters tamara wanaswa leah msipa ndebele sinikiwe 2014 women s perceptions about abortion in their communities perspectives from western kenya reproductive health matters 22 43 149 158 doi 10 1016 s0968 8080 14 43758 3 issn 0968 8080 jstor 43288343 pmid 24908466 s2cid 14166131 1 2 3 4 ziraba abdhalah kasiira izugbara chimaraoke levandowski brooke a gebreselassie hailemichael mutua michael mohamed shukri f egesa caroline kimani murage elizabeth w 2015 02 15 unsafe abortion in kenya a cross sectional study of abortion complication severity and associated factors bmc pregnancy and childbirth 15 34 doi 10 1186 s12884 015 0459 6 issn 1471 2393 pmc 4338617 pmid 25884662 1 2 chimaraoke o izugbara carolyne p egesa caroline w kabiru and estelle m sidze december 2017 providers unmarried young women and post abortion care in kenya studies in family planning 48 1 doi 10 1111 sifp 2017 48 issue 1 issn 0039 3665 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link obare francis liambila wilson birungi harriet 2014 09 22 family planning counselling and use among clients seeking abortion services in private health facilities in kenya african population studies 28 3 1274 doi 10 11564 0 0 615 issn 0850 5780 chimaraoke izugbara kimani elizabeth mutua michael mohamed shukri adbalah ziraba egesa caroline hailemichael gebreselassie levandowski brooke susheela singh akinrinola bankole moore ann 2013 incidence and complications of unsafe abortion in kenya key findings of a national study republic of kenya ministry of health doi 10 13140 rg 2 1 3117 2328 the challenge marie stopes international retrieved 2020 11 06 kenya center for reproductive rights retrieved 2020 11 06 the law trials and imprisonment for abortion in kenya international campaign for women s right to safe abortion sawr 28 april 2017 retrieved 2020 11 06 1 2 baker jean khasiani shanyisa 1992 induced abortion in kenya case histories studies in family planning 23 1 34 44 doi 10 2307 1966826 issn 0039 3665 jstor 1966826 pmid 1557793 1 2 chimaraoke o izugbara carolyne p egesa caroline w kabiru estelle m sidze december 2017 providers unmarried young women and post abortion care in kenya studies in family planning 48 1 doi 10 1111 sifp 2017 48 issue 1 issn 0039 3665 1 2 3 4 mohamed deeqa diamond smith nadia njunguru jesse 2018 stigma and agency exploring young kenyan women s experiences with abortion stigma and individual agency reproductive health matters 26 52 128 137 doi 10 1080 09688080 2018 1492285 issn 0968 8080 jstor 26605073 pmid 30058955 s2cid 51863361 mutua michael m maina beatrice w achia thomas o izugbara chimaraoke o 2015 factors associated with delays in seeking post abortion care among women in kenya bmc pregnancy and childbirth 15 1 241 doi 10 1186 s12884 015 0660 7 issn 1471 2393 pmc 4597436 pmid 26445973 1 2 3 mohamed deeqa diamond smith nadia njunguru jesse 2018 stigma and agency exploring young kenyan women s experiences with abortion stigma and individual agency reproductive health matters 26 52 128 137 doi 10 1080 09688080 2018 1492285 issn 0968 8080 jstor 26605073 pmid 30058955 s2cid 51863361 marlow heather m wamugi sylvia yegon erick fetters tamara wanaswa leah msipa ndebele sinikiwe 2014 women s perceptions about abortion in their communities perspectives from western kenya reproductive health matters 22 43 149 158 doi 10 1016 s0968 8080 14 43758 3 issn 0968 8080 jstor 43288343 pmid 24908466 s2cid 14166131 ombuor rael 7 february 2019 kenya debate ignites over issue of unsafe abortions voa retrieved 14 april 2019 mboga jael 27 february 2019 post abortion care in a land where it is illegal the standard retrieved 14 april 2019 v t e abortion main topics definitions history methods abortion debate philosophical aspects abortion law movements abortion rights movements anti abortion movements issues abortion and mental health beginning of human personhood beginning of pregnancy controversy abortion breast cancer hypothesis anti abortion violence abortion under communism birth control crisis pregnancy center ethical aspects of abortion eugenics forced abortion genetics and abortion late term abortion legal protection of access legalized abortion and crime effect libertarian perspectives on abortion limit of viability live births following abortion attempts malthusianism men s rights minors and abortion misinformation related to abortion natalism one child policy paternal rights and abortion post abortion care prenatal development prenatal rights reproductive rights self induced ab...
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