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a letter from castro what is now known as the armageddon letter dated the day before which urged the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on cuba 156 i believe the imperialists aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading cuba in violation of international law and morality that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense however harsh and terrible the solution would be castro wrote 157 averted nuclear launch further information list of nuclear close calls 27 october 1962 later that same day what the white house later called black saturday the us navy dropped a series of signalling depth charges practice depth charges the size of hand grenades 158 on a soviet submarine b 59 at the blockade line unaware that it was armed with a nuclear tipped torpedo that could be launched if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire 159 the submarine was too deep to monitor radio traffic 160 161 and the captain of the b 59 valentin grigoryevich savitsky assuming after live ammunition fire at his submarine that a war had started proposed to launch the nuclear torpedo at the us ships 162 the decision to launch the special weapon normally only required the agreement of the ship s commanding officer and political officer but the commander of the submarine flotilla vasily arkhipov was aboard b 59 and he also had to agree arkhipov did not give his consent and the nuclear torpedo was not launched these events only became publicly known in 2002 see submarine close call on the same day a u 2 spy plane made an accidental and unauthorised 90 minute overflight of the soviet union s far eastern coast 163 the soviets responded by scrambling mig fighters from wrangel island in turn the americans launched f 102 fighters armed with nuclear air to air missiles over the bering sea 164 resolution on saturday 27 october after much deliberation between the soviet union and kennedy s cabinet kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles in turkey on the border of the soviet union and possibly those in southern italy in exchange for khrushchev removing all missiles in cuba 165 166 167 168 169 there is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from italy was part of the secret agreement khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was and when the crisis had ended mcnamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both italy and turkey 170 at this point khrushchev knew things the us did not first that the shooting down of the u 2 by a soviet missile violated direct orders from moscow and cuban anti aircraft fire against other us reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from khrushchev to castro 171 second the soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on cuba that the us did not know were there 172 third the soviets and cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using them even though castro believed that everyone in cuba would die as a result 173 khrushchev also knew but may not have considered that he had submarines nearby armed with nuclear weapons of which the us navy may not have been aware khrushchev knew he was losing control president kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would probably kill a third of humanity with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the us the ussr europe and china 174 and khrushchev may have received a similar estimate with this background when khrushchev heard of kennedy s threats as relayed by robert kennedy to soviet ambassador dobrynin he immediately drafted his acceptance of kennedy s latest terms from his dacha without involving the politburo as he had previously and had them immediately broadcast over radio moscow which he believed the us would hear in that broadcast at 9 00 am est on 28 october 1962 khrushchev stated that the soviet government in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as offensive and their crating and return to the soviet union 175 176 177 at 10 00 am on 28 october kennedy first learned of khrushchev s solution to the crisis the us would remove the 15 jupiters in turkey and the soviets would remove the missiles from cuba khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers kennedy accepted the soviet offer this is a pretty good play of his kennedy said according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the cabinet room meeting kennedy had deployed the jupiters in march 1962 causing a stream of angry outbursts from khrushchev most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it kennedy said vice president lyndon johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose it finally kennedy ended the debate we can t very well invade cuba with all its toil and blood kennedy said when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on turkey if that s part of the record then you don t have a very good war 178 kennedy immediately responded to khrushchev s letter issuing a statement calling it an important and constructive contribution to peace 177 he continued this with a formal letter i consider my letter to you of october twenty seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out the us will make a statement in the framework of the security council in reference to cuba as follows it will declare that the united states of america will respect the inviolability of cuban borders its sovereignty that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of cuba and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against cuba either from us territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to cuba 177 179 103 kennedy s planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser arthur schlesinger jr in a memorandum for the president describing the post mortem on cuba 180 on 28 october kennedy participated in telephone conversations with eisenhower 181 and fellow former us president harry truman 182 in these calls kennedy revealed that he thought the crisis would result in the two superpowers being toe to toe 181 in berlin by the end of the following month and expressed concern that the soviet setback in cuba would make things tougher 182 there he also informed his predecessors that he had rejected the public soviet offer to withdraw from cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of us missiles from turkey 181 182 removal of missiles in cuba 11 november 1962 nara 193868 the us continued the blockade of cuba in the following days aerial reconnaissance showed that the soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems the 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight soviet ships on 2 november 1962 kennedy addressed the us via radio and television broadcasts concerning the dismantling of the soviet r 12 missile bases located in the caribbean 183 the ships left cuba on november 5 to 9 the us made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the soviet il 28 bombers and they were loaded on three soviet ships on 5 and 6 december concurrent with the soviet commitment on the il 28s the us government announced the end of the blockade from 6 45 pm est on 20 november 1962 citation needed at the time when the kennedy administration believed that the cuban missile crisis was resolved nuclear tactical rockets remained in cuba which were not part of the kennedy khrushchev understanding and the americans did not know about them the soviets changed their minds fearing possible future cuban militant steps and on 22 november 1962 deputy premier of the soviet union anastas mikoyan told castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well 46 mikoyan with john f kennedy and state department interpreter natalie kushnir at the oval office november 28 1962 the cuban missile crisis was solved in part by a secret agreement between john f kennedy and nikita khrushchev the kennedy khrushchev pact was known to only nine us officials at the time of its creation in october 1962 and was first officially acknowledged at a conference in moscow in january 1989 by soviet ambassador anatoly dobrynin and kennedy s speechwriter theodore sorensen 184 185 186 in his negotiations with dobrynin robert kennedy informally proposed that the jupiter missiles in turkey would be removed 186 within a short time after this crisis was over 187 under an operation code named operation pot pie 188 166 167 168 169 the removal of the jupiters from italy and turkey began on 1 april and was completed by 24 april 1963 the initial plans were to recycle the missiles for use in other programs but nasa and the usaf were not interested in retaining the missile hardware the missile bodies were destroyed on site while warheads guidance packages and launching equipment worth 14 million were returned to the united states 189 190 the dismantling operations were named pot pie i for italy and pot pie ii for turkey by the united states air force 167 169 the outcome of the kennedy khrushchev pact was that the us would remove their rockets from italy and turkey 191 192 and that the soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out gunned by the us clarification needed failed verification because the withdrawal of the jupiter missiles from nato bases in italy and turkey was not made public at the time 186 khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened the perception was that kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that khrushchev had been humiliated both kennedy and khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments khrushchev held power for another two years 179 102 105 as a direct result of the crisis the united states and the soviet union set up a direct line of communication the hotline between the soviet union and the united states was a way for the president and the premier to have negotiations should a crisis like this ever happen again 193 nuclear forces by the time of the crisis in october 1962 the total number of nuclear weapons in the stockpiles of each country numbered approximately 26 400 for the united states and 3 300 for the soviet union for the us around 3 500 with a combined yield of approximately 6 300 megatons would have been used in attacking the soviet union the soviets had considerably less strategic firepower at their disposal some 300 320 bombs and warheads without submarine based weapons in a position to threaten the us mainland and most of their intercontinental delivery systems based on bombers that would have difficulty penetrating north american air defence systems they had already moved 158 warheads to cuba and between 95 and 100 would have been ready for use if the us had invaded cuba most of them short range the us had approximately 4 375 nuclear weapons deployed in europe most of which were tactical weapons such as nuclear artillery with around 450 of them for ballistic missiles cruise missiles and aircraft the soviets had more than 550 similar weapons in europe 194 195 united states sac icbm 182 at peak alert 121 atlas d e f 53 titan 1 8 minuteman 1a bombers 1 595 880 b 47 639 b 52 76 b 58 1 479 bombers and 1 003 refuelling tankers available at peak alert atlantic command 112 ugm 27 polaris in seven ssbns 16 each five submarines with polaris a1 and two with a2 pacific command 4 8 regulus cruise missiles 16 mace cruise missiles three aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each land based aircraft with some 50 bombs european command irbm 45 jupiter 30 italy 15 turkey 48 90 mace cruise missiles two us sixth fleet aircraft carriers with some 40 bombs each land based aircraft with some 50 bombs soviet union strategic for use against north america icbm 42 four ss 6 r 7a at plesetsk with two in reserve at baikonur 36 ss 7 r 16 with 26 in silos and ten on open launch pads bombers 160 readiness unknown 100 tu 95 bear 60 3m bison b regional mostly targeting europe and others targeting us bases in east asia mrbm 528 ss 4 r 12 492 at soft launch sites and 36 at hard launch sites approximately six to eight r 12s were operational in cuba capable of striking the us mainland at any moment until the crisis was resolved irbm 28 ss 5 r 14 unknown number of tu 16 badger tu 22 blinder and mig 21 aircraft tasked with nuclear strike missions united kingdom bomber command 196 bombers 120 vulcan b 1 b 1a b 2 victor b 1 b 1a b2 valiant b 1 irbm 59 thor missiles operated by the raf with warheads under us supervision aftermath the nuclear armed jupiter intermediate range ballistic missile the us secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from italy and turkey cuban leadership decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by kennedy and khrushchev and cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the soviets castro was especially upset that certain questions of interest to cuba such as the status of the us naval base in guantánamo were not addressed and cuban soviet relations deteriorated 45 278 historian arthur schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn castro was more angry with khrushchev than with kennedy because khrushchev had not consulted him before making the decision note 2 although castro was infuriated by khrushchev he had still planned to strike the us with the remaining missiles if cuba was invaded 45 311 a few weeks after the crisis during an interview with british communist newspaper the daily worker guevara was still fuming over the perceived soviet betrayal and told correspondent sam russell that if the missiles had been under cuban control they would have been launched 197 guevara said later that the cause of socialist liberation from global imperialist aggression would have been worth the possibility of millions of atomic war victims 198 the missile crisis further convinced guevara that the world s two superpowers the united states and the soviet union were using cuba as a pawn in their global strategies and after this he denounced the soviets almost as frequently as he denounced the americans 199 romanian leadership during the crisis gheorghe gheorghiu dej general secretary of romania s communist party sent a letter to president kennedy dissociating romania from soviet actions this convinced the american administration of bucharest s intentions of detaching itself from moscow 200 soviet leadership the realisation that the world had come close to thermonuclear war caused khrushchev to propo...
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