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nning and scrolling across a wide range of devices from mobile phones to desktop computer monitors little or no platform specific code is used with this technique testing edit cross platform applications need much more integration testing some web browsers prohibit installation of different versions on the same machine there are several approaches used to target multiple platforms but all of them result in software that requires substantial manual effort for testing and maintenance 11 techniques such as full virtualization are sometimes used as a workaround for this problem tools such as the page object model allow cross platform tests to be scripted so that one test case covers multiple versions of an app if different versions have similar user interfaces all can be tested with one test case traditional applications edit web applications are becoming increasingly popular but many computer users still use traditional application software which does not rely on a client web server architecture the distinction between traditional and web applications is not always clear features installation methods and architectures for web and traditional applications overlap and blur the distinction nevertheless this simplifying distinction is a common and useful generalization binary software edit traditional application software has been distributed as binary files especially executable files executables only support platform they were built for which means that a single cross platform executable could be very bloated with code that never executes on a particular platform instead generally there is a selection of executables each built for one platform for software that is distributed as a binary executable such as that written in c or c there must be a software build for each platform using a toolset that translates transcompiles a single codebase into multiple binary executables for example firefox an open source web browser is available on windows macos both powerpc and x86 through what apple inc calls a universal binary linux and bsd on multiple computer architectures the four platforms in this case windows macos linux and bsd are separate executable distributions although they come largely from the same source code in rare cases executable code built for several platforms is combined into a single executable file called a fat binary the use of different toolsets may not be enough to build a working executables for different platforms in this case programmers must port the source code to the new platform for example an application such as firefox which already runs on windows on the x86 family can be modified and re built to run on linux on the x86 and potentially other architectures as well the multiple versions of the code may be stored as separate codebases or merged into one codebase an alternative to porting is cross platform virtualization where applications compiled for one platform can run on another without modification of the source code or binaries as an example apple s rosetta which is built into intel based macintosh computers runs applications compiled for the previous generation of macs that used powerpc cpus another example is ibm powervm lx86 which allows linux x86 applications to run unmodified on the linux power os example of cross platform binary software the libreoffice office suite is built for microsoft windows macos many linux distributions freebsd nettbsd openbsd android ios ipados chrome os web based collabora online and many others 12 13 many of these are supported on several hardware platforms with processor architectures including ia 32 x86 64 arm armel armhf arm64 mips mipsel powerpc ppc64el and s390x 9 14 scripts and interpreted languages edit a script can be considered to be cross platform if its interpreter is available on multiple platforms and the script only uses the facilities built into the language for example a script written in python for a unix like system will likely run with little or no modification on windows because python also runs on windows indeed there are many implementations e g ironpython for net framework the same goes for many of the open source scripting languages unlike binary executable files the same script can be used on all computers that have software to interpret the script this is because the script is generally stored in plain text in a text file there may be some trivial issues such as the representation of a new line character some popular cross platform scripting languages are bash a unix shell commonly run on linux and other modern unix like systems as well as on windows via the cygwin posix compatibility layer perl first released in 1987 used for cgi programming small system administration tasks and more php mostly used for web applications python a language which focuses on rapid application development and ease of writing instead of run time efficiency ruby an object oriented language which aims to be easy to read can also be used on the web through ruby on rails tcl a dynamic programming language suitable for a wide range of uses including web and desktop applications networking administration testing and many more video games edit cross platform or multi platform is a term that can also apply to video games released on a range of video game consoles examples of cross platform games include miner 2049er tomb raider legend fifa series nhl series and minecraft each has been released across a variety of gaming platforms such as the wii playstation 3 xbox 360 personal computers and mobile devices some platforms are harder to write for than others to offset this a video game may be released on a few platforms first then later on others typically this happens when a new gaming system is released because video game developers need to acquaint themselves with its hardware and software some games may not be cross platform because of licensing agreements between developers and video game console manufacturers that limit development to one particular console as an example disney could create a game with the intention of release on the latest nintendo and sony game consoles should disney license the game with sony first it may be required to release the game solely on sony s console for a short time or indefinitely cross platform play edit main articles cross platform play and list of video games that support cross platform play several developers have implemented ways to play games online while using different platforms psyonix epic games microsoft and valve all possess technology that allows xbox 360 and playstation 3 gamers to play with pc gamers leaving the decision of which platform to use to consumers the first game to allow this level of interactivity between pc and console games was quake 3 15 games that feature cross platform online play include rocket league final fantasy xiv street fighter v killer instinct paragon and fable fortune and minecraft with its better together update on windows 10 vr editions pocket edition and xbox one programming edit cross platform programming is the practice of deliberately writing software to work on more than one platform approaches edit there are different ways to write a cross platform application one approach is to create multiple versions of the same software in different source trees in other words the microsoft windows version of an application might have one set of source code files and the macintosh version another while a foss nix system might have a third while this is straightforward compared to developing for only one platform it can cost much more to pay a larger team or release products more slowly it can also result in more bugs to be tracked and fixed another approach is to use software that hides the differences between the platforms this abstraction layer insulates the application from the platform such applications are platform agnostic applications that run on the jvm are built this way some applications mix various methods of cross platform programming to create the final application an example is the firefox web browser which uses abstraction to build some of the lower level components with separate source subtrees for implementing platform specific features like the gui and the implementation of more than one scripting language to ease software portability firefox implements xul css and javascript for extending the browser in addition to classic netscape style browser plugins much of the browser itself is written in xul css and javascript toolkits and environments edit there are many tools 16 17 available to help the process of cross platform programming 8th a development language which utilizes juce as its gui layer it currently supports android ios windows macos linux and raspberry pi anant computing a mobile application platform that works in all indian languages including their keyboards and also supports appwallet and native performance in all oss appeariq a framework that supports the workflow of app development and deployment in an enterprise environment natively developed containers present hardware features of the mobile devices or tablets through an api to html5 code thus facilitating the development of mobile apps that run on different platforms boden a ui framework written in c cairo a free software library used to provide a vector graphics based device independent api it is designed to provide primitives for 2 dimensional drawing across a number of different backends cairo is written in c and has bindings for many programming languages cocos2d an open source toolkit and game engine for developing 2d and simple 3d cross platform games and applications codename one an open source write once run anywhere wora framework for java and kotlin developers delphi an ide which uses a pascal based language for development it supports android ios windows macos linux ecere sdk a gui and 2d 3d graphics toolkit and ide written in ec and with support for additional languages such as c and python it supports linux freebsd windows android macos and the web through emscripten or binaryen webassembly eclipse an open source development environment implemented in java with a configurable architecture which supports many tools for software development add ons are available for several languages including java and c fltk an open source toolkit but more lightweight because it restricts itself to the gui flutter a cross platform ui framework for android and ios developed by google fpgui an open source widget toolkit that is completely implemented in object pascal it currently supports linux windows and a bit of windows ce genexus a windows rapid software development solution for cross platform application creation and deployment based on knowledge representation and supporting c cobol java including android and blackberry smart devices objective c for apple mobile devices rpg ruby visual basic and visual foxpro glbasic a basic dialect and compiler that generates c code it includes cross compilers for many platforms and supports numerous platform windows mac linux android ios and some exotic handhelds godot an sdk which uses godot engine gtk an open source widget toolkit for unix like systems with x11 and microsoft windows haxe an open source language juce an application framework written in c used to write native software on numerous systems microsoft windows posix macos with no change to the code kivy an open source cross platform ui framework written in python it supports android ios linux os x windows and raspberry pi leadtools cross platform sdk libraries to integrate recognition document medical imaging and multimedia technologies into windows ios macos android linux and web applications 18 livecode a commercial cross platform rapid application development language inspired by hypertalk lazarus a programming environment for the freepascal compiler it supports the creation of self standing graphical and console applications and runs on linux macosx ios android wince windows and web max msp a visual programming language that encapsulates platform independent code with a platform specific runtime environment into applications for macos and windows a cross platform android runtime it allows unmodified android apps to run natively on ios and macos mendix a cloud based low code application development platform monocross an open source model view controller design pattern where the model and controller are cross platform but the view is platform specific 19 mono an open source cross platform version of microsoft net a framework for applications and programming languages mosync an open source sdk for mobile platform app development in the c family mozilla application framework an open source platform for building macos windows and linux applications a cross platform javascript typescript framework for android and ios development opengl a 3d graphics library pixel game maker mv a proprietary 2d game development software for windows for developing windows and nintendo switch games purebasic a proprietary language and ide for building macos windows and linux applications renative the universal development sdk to build multi platform projects with react native includes latest ios tvos android android tv web tizen tv tizen watch lg webos macos osx windows kaios firefox os and firefox tv platforms qt an application framework and widget toolkit for unix like systems with x11 microsoft windows macos and other systems available under both proprietary and open source licenses simple and fast multimedia library a multimedia c api that provides low and high level access to graphics input audio etc simple directmedia layer an open source multimedia library written in c that creates an abstraction over various platforms graphics sound and input apis it runs on oss including linux windows and macos and is aimed at games and multimedia applications smartface a native app development tool to create mobile applications for android and ios using wysiwyg design editor with javascript code editor tcl tk ultimate a c rapid application development framework focused on programmers productivity it includes a set of libraries gui sql etc and an integrated development environment it supports windows and unix like os s unity another cross platform sdk which uses unity engine uno platform windows macos ios android webassembly and linux using c unreal a cross platform sdk which uses unreal engine v play engine v play is a cross platform development sdk based on the popular qt framework v play apps and games are created within qt creator wavemaker a low code development tool to create responsive web and hybrid mobile android ios applications windev an integrated development environment for windows linux net and java and web browers optimized for business and industrial applications wxwidgets an open source widget toolkit that is also an application framework 20 it runs on unix like systems with x11 microsoft windows and macos xojo a rad ide...
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