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son was the only combatant fatality during the crisis 11 crew members of three reconnaissance boeing rb 47 stratojets of the 55th strategic reconnaissance wing were also killed in crashes during the period between 27 september and 11 november 1962 217 seven crew died when a military air transport service boeing c 135b stratolifter delivering ammunition to guantanamo bay naval base stalled and crashed on landing approach on 23 october 218 later revelations submarine close call what may have been the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the cuban missile crisis havana conference in october 2002 which marked its 40th anniversary the three day conference was sponsored by the private national security archive brown university and the cuban government 219 and attended by many of the veterans of the crisis they learned that on 27 october 1962 a group of eleven united states navy destroyers and the aircraft carrier uss randolph had located a diesel powered nuclear armed soviet project 641 nato designation foxtrot submarine the b 59 near cuba despite being in international waters the americans started dropping practice depth charges to attempt to force the submarine to surface there had been no contact from moscow for a number of days and the submarine was running too deep to monitor radio traffic so those on board did not know whether war had broken out the captain of the submarine valentin savitsky had no way of knowing that the depth charges were non lethal practice rounds intended as warning shots to force him to surface running out of air the soviet submarine was surrounded by american warships and desperately needed to surface while surfacing the b 59 came under machine gun fire from u s asw s 2 tracker aircraft note 3 the fire rounds landed either to the sides of the submarine s hull or near the bow all these provocative actions carried out by surface ships in immediate proximity and asw aircraft flying some 10 to 15 meters above the boat had a detrimental impact on the commander prompting him to take extreme measures the use of special weapons 220 as firing live ammunition at a submarine was strictly prohibited captain savitsky assumed that his submarine was doomed and that world war iii had started the americans for their part did not know that the b 59 was armed with a 15 kiloton nuclear torpedo of roughly the power of the bomb at hiroshima 221 222 better source needed the uss beale was joined by other us destroyers who pummelled the submerged b 59 with more explosives savitsky ordered the nuclear torpedo to be prepared for firing its target was to be the uss randolph the aircraft carrier leading the task force an argument broke out in the sweltering control room of the b 59 submarine among three senior officers b 59 captain savitsky political officer ivan semyonovich maslennikov and deputy brigade commander captain 2nd rank us navy commander rank equivalent vasily arkhipov accounts differ about whether arkhipov convinced savitsky not to make the attack or whether savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface 223 the decision to launch the nuclear torpedo required the consent of all three senior officers and of the three arkhipov alone refused to give his consent arkhipov s reputation was a key factor in the control room debate the previous year he had exposed himself to severe radiation in order to save a submarine with an overheating nuclear reactor 222 better source needed during the conference october 2002 mcnamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought thomas blanton director of the national security archive said a guy called vasily arkhipov saved the world 219 possibility of nuclear launch in early 1992 it was confirmed that soviet forces in cuba had already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and il 28 bombers when the crisis broke 224 castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the us had invaded even if cuba was destroyed 224 fifty years after the crisis graham allison wrote fifty years ago the cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster during the standoff us president john f kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was between 1 in 3 and even and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds we now know for example that in addition to nuclear armed ballistic missiles the soviet union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to cuba and the local soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from moscow the us air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against american ships and troops and perhaps even miami the resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million americans and over 100 million russians 225 226 bbc journalist joe matthews published the story on 13 october 2012 after news of the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by graham allison in the excerpt above 227 khrushchev feared that castro s hurt pride and widespread cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the soviet union and the united states to prevent this khrushchev decided to offer to give cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped there with the long range missiles but crucially had escaped the notice of us intelligence khrushchev determined that because the americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands keeping them in cuba would be in the soviet union s interests 227 anastas mikoyan had the task of negotiating with castro over the missile transfer deal to prevent a breakdown in relations between cuba and the soviet union while in havana mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of castro who was convinced that moscow had made the agreement with the us at the expense of cuba s defence mikoyan on his own initiative decided that castro and his military should not under any circumstances be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 hiroshima sized bombs he defused the seemingly intractable situation which risked re escalating the crisis on 22 november 1962 during a tense four hour meeting mikoyan convinced castro that despite moscow s desire to help it would be in breach of an unpublished soviet law which did not actually exist to transfer the missiles permanently into cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent castro was forced to give way and much to the relief of khrushchev and the rest of the soviet government the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the soviet union during december 1962 227 in popular culture a soviet ship unloading a missile in the 1969 spy movie topaz the american popular media especially television made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis in both fictional and documentary forms 228 jim willis includes the crisis as one of the 100 media moments that changed america 229 sheldon stern found that a half century later there were still many misconceptions half truths and outright lies that had shaped media versions of what happened in the white house during those two weeks 230 historian william cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs were typically the main source used by the american public to know about and interpret the past 231 according to cold war historian andrei kozovoi the soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story and cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic david against the american goliath one contradiction that pervaded the soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasized the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare soviets for war against american aggression 232 see also cuba portal soviet union portal united states portal bomber gap cuban thaw leninsky komsomol class cargo ships norwegian rocket incident nuclear disarmament operation fishbowl two us missile launched exoatmospheric nuclear tests conducted during the crisis peaceful coexistence planned soviet nuclear strike on china in 1969 soviet navy soviet project k nuclear tests two missile launched exoatmospheric tests conducted during the crisis notes mcnamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of usaf major rudolf anderson s u 2 on october 26 in his biography castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with khrushchev for failing to consult with him ramonet 1978 this account of an usn s 2 firing on the soviet b 59 submarine is highly doubtful grumman s 2s in us navy service were not armed with integral machine guns and there is no evidence that they were ever armed with podded machine guns on the underwing hard points either the aircraft type was misidentified or else the shooting never happened that is not to say that the soviet crew completely made up this story it is possible they imagined a shooting due to the psychological pressure they were under and that possibility certainly is a pertinent part of the event references scott len hughes r gerald 2015 the cuban missile crisis a critical reappraisal taylor francis p 17 isbn 978 1 317 55541 4 archived from the original on 29 july 2016 retrieved 31 december 2015 society national geographic 21 april 2021 kennedy quarantines cuba national geographic society archived from the original on 5 december 2019 retrieved 11 may 2022 1 2 colman jonathan 1 may 2019 toward world support and the ultimate judgment of history the u s legal case for the blockade of cuba during the missile crisis october november 1962 journal of cold war studies 21 2 150 173 doi 10 1162 jcws_a_00879 issn 1520 3972 milestones 1961 1968 the cuban missile crisis october 1962 office of the historian archived from the original on 3 april 2019 1 2 william taubman khrushchev the man and his era 2004 p 579 jeffery d shields 7 march 2016 the malin notes glimpses inside the kremlin during the cuban missile crisis pdf woodrow wilson international center for scholars the kennedy tapes inside the white house during the cuban missile crisis norton 2002 p 421 isbn 978 0 393 32259 0 one hell of a gamble khrushchev castro and kennedy 1958 1964 journal of cold war studies 2002 retrieved 31 august 2015 1 2 yaffe helen 2020 we are cuba how a revolutionary people have survived in a post soviet world new haven yale university press pp 14 22 176 181 isbn 978 0 300 23003 1 bolender keith 2012 cuba under siege american policy the revolution and its people new york palgrave macmillan pp x 14 18 20 45 57 63 64 et passim doi 10 1057 9781137275554 isbn 978 1 137 27554 7 the economic inequality and social unrest was brought to a head under the brutal batista dictatorship supported by american arms money and authority an estimated 20 000 were killed opposing the government from 1955 to his overthrow with even president john f kennedy using this figure in a rare expression of sympathy for revolutionary goals kennedy also came closest to recognizing america could not claim ignorance of the harm its neocolonial control was inflicting on the inhabitants transformation came swiftly completely and often framed in direct conflict with american immoderations popular support for radicalization was possible only by aiming it at the social inequalities associated with foreign domination of which the greater part of the cuban population particularly in the rural areas had tired of finally the backing of the countryside permitted castro to act ruthlessly to ensure his revolution would not suffer the same fate as grau s concurrently america s hostile reaction worked in harmony if not intentionally with castro s political ambitions he comprehended the turmoil and incongruities of american dominated prerevolution society had to end kapstein ethan b december 2020 private enterprise international development and the cold war journal of cold war studies 22 4 cambridge ma mit press 113 145 doi 10 1162 jcws_a_00967 issn 1520 3972 1 2 yaffe helen 2020 we are cuba how a revolutionary people have survived in a post soviet world new haven yale university press pp 67 176 181 isbn 978 0 300 23003 1 what have cuba s revolutionary people survived for six decades the caribbean island has withstood manifold and unrelenting aggression from the world s dominant economic and political power overt and covert military actions sabotage and terrorism by us authorities and allied exiles the first central intelligence agency cia plan for paramilitary action in cuba was developed in december 1959 less than a year after batista fled the island and well before the us blockade was imposed the cia recruited operatives inside cuba to carry out terrorism and sabotage killing civilians and causing economic damage piccone ted miller ashley 19 december 2016 cuba the u s and the concept of sovereignty toward a common vocabulary report washington brookings institution archived from the original on 7 july 2017 retrieved 6 january 2023 president dwight d eisenhower approved a plan to train cuban exiles to commit violent acts of terrorism within cuba against civilians and the cia trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields u s government officials justified some of the terrorist attacks on cuban soil on the grounds of coercive regime change domínguez lópez ernesto yaffe helen 2 november 2017 the deep historical roots of cuban anti imperialism third world quarterly 38 11 abingdon taylor francis 2517 2535 doi 10 1080 01436597 2017 1374171 s2cid 149249232 in international terms cuba s revolution dented the us sphere of influence weakening the us position as a global power these were the structural geopolitical motivations for opposing cuba s hard won independence the bay of pigs playa giron invasion and multiple military invasion plans programmes of terrorism sabotage and subversion were part of washington s reaction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 franklin jane 2016 cuba and the u s empire a chronological history new york new york university press pp 45 63 388 392 et passim isbn 978 1 58367 605 9 retrieved 2 february 2020 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 absher kenneth michael 2009 mind sets and missiles a first hand account of the cuban missile crisis strategic studies institute united states army war college archived from the original on 20 april 2010 retrieved 29 april 2010 domínguez jorge i april 2000 the missile crisis pdf diplomatic history 24 2 boston oxford blackwell publishers oxford university press 305 316 doi 10 1111 0145 2096 00214 archived pdf from the original on 7 september 2020 retrieved 6 september 2019 via weatherhead center for international affairs harvard university on the afternoon of 16 octob...
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