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t download as pdf printable version in other projects wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia for the academic discipline see art history this article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably when this tag was added its readable prose size was 20 000 words consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings please discuss this issue on the article s talk page may 2025 venus of hohle fels horse painting from lascaux cave system mask of tutankhamun venus de milo alexandros of antioch mona lisa leonardo da vinci les demoiselles d avignon pablo picasso history of art art history by period prehistoric ancient medieval modern contemporary by movement pre romanesque romanesque gothic renaissance mannerism baroque rococo neoclassicism revivalism romanticism realism pre raphaelites impressionism symbolism decorative post impressionism art nouveau fauvism expressionism cubism postmodern conceptualism pop minimalism list of art movements by region art of asia mesopotamian hittite kurdish persian arabian south arabian phoenician ottoman central asian chinese hong kong taiwan indian bhutanese newar southeast asian indonesian filipino vietnamese thai myanmar malaysian cambodian khmer lao singaporean bruneian japanese korean art of europe minoan cycladic etruscan dacian celtic scythian greek hellenistic iberian roman byzantine anglo saxon ottonian viking rus periods in western art history art of africa egyptian igbo yoruba benin kuba luba art of the americas pre columbian maya muisca inuit art of oceania australian cook islands hawaiian papuan by religion buddhist tibetan christian catholic protestant hindu islamic jain manichaean sikh taoist vodou vodun by technique sculpture painting pottery calligraphy architecture photography graphic arts digital art by type abstract figurative funerary naïve narrative naturalist v t e the history of art focuses on objects made by humans for any number of spiritual narrative philosophical symbolic conceptual documentary decorative and even functional and other purposes but with a primary emphasis on its aesthetic visual form visual art can be classified in diverse ways such as separating fine arts from applied arts inclusively focusing on human creativity or focusing on different media such as architecture sculpture painting film photography and graphic arts in recent years technological advances have led to video art computer art performance art animation television and videogames the history of art is often told as a chronology of masterpieces created during each civilization it can thus be framed as a story of high culture epitomized by the wonders of the world on the other hand vernacular art expressions can also be integrated into art historical narratives referred to as folk arts or craft the more closely that an art historian engages with these latter forms of low culture the more likely it is that they will identify their work as examining visual culture or material culture or as contributing to fields related to art history such as anthropology or archaeology in the latter cases art objects may be referred to as archeological artifacts prehistory edit main article prehistoric art prehistoric art includes a broad range of art made by painters and sculptors from illiterate cultures including some of the earliest human artifacts among the first art objects are decorative artifacts from middle stone age africa 1 2 3 containers from that period have also been discovered in south africa that may have been used to hold paints dating as far back as 100 000 years ago 4 a form of prehistoric art found all over the world especially in europe small prehistoric statuettes known as venus figurines with exaggerated breasts and bellies were made the most famous ones being the venus of hohle fels and the venus of willendorf found in germany and austria most have small heads wide hips and legs that taper to a point arms and feet are often absent and the head is usually small and faceless the venus of hohle fels is one of the numerous objects found at the caves and ice age art in the swabian jura unesco world heritage site where the oldest non stationary works of human art yet discovered were found in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines in addition to the oldest musical instruments unearthed so far with the artifacts dating between 43 000 and 35 000 bc 5 6 7 8 the best known prehistoric artworks are the large paleolithic cave paintings that depict animals in continental europe particularly the ones at lascaux in the dordogne region of france several hundred decorated caves are known spanning the upper paleolithic period c 38 000 12 000 bc there are examples in ukraine italy and great britain but most of them are in france and spain many theories have been suggested about the art s purpose the most accepted being that it was part of religious rituals possibly to evoke hunting success giant deer bone of einhornhöhle c 49 000 bc megaloceros bone einhornhöhle germany löwenmensch c 41 000 35 000 bc hohlenstein stadel caves swabian jura germany painting of rhinoceroses c 32 000 14 000 bc charcoal on rock length c 2 m chauvet cave ardèche france 9 venus of willendorf c 25 000 bc limestone with ochre colouring height 11 cm natural history museum vienna austria 10 antiquity edit main article ancient art ancient near east edit main article mesopotamian art ancient near east stretched from turkey and the mediterranean seaboard in the west to iran and the arabian peninsula in the east over time multiple civilizations appeared lived and disappeared here one of the key regions was mesopotamia which witnessed during the 4th millennium bc the emergence of the first cities and the earliest form of writing ancient mesopotamia covers present day iraq and parts of syria and turkey its northern half forms part of the fertile crescent where important neolithic developments such as early farming and permanent village settlements first appeared because the region is nested within the tigris euphrates river delta numerous civilizations lived here notably sumer akkad assyria and babylonia mesopotamian architecture was characterized by the use of bricks lintels and cone mosaic notable examples are the ziggurats large temples in the form of step pyramids the political economic artistic and architectural traditions of the sumerians lead to the foundation of western civilization multiple things appeared for the first time in sumer the first city state uruk ruled by king gilgamesh the first organized religion based on a hierarchical structure of gods people and rituals the first known writing the cuneiforms the first irrigation system and the first vehicles with wheels cylinder seals appeared here as well engraved with little inscriptions and illustrations another civilization that developed here was the akkadian empire the world s first great empire during the early 1st millennium bc after the akkadians an empire called assyria dominated the entire middle east stretching from the persian gulf to the mediterranean sea its cities were filled with impressive buildings and art assyrian art is best known for its detailed stone reliefs depicting scenes of court life religious practice hunting and epic battles these reliefs were initially painted in bright colours and placed in palaces besides their beauty they also depict assyrian life and views of the world including assyrian clothing and furniture later the babylonians conquered the assyrian empire during the 6th century bc babylon became the largest city in the world upon entering babylon visitors were greeted with the impressive ishtar gate with its walls covered in vivid blue glazed bricks and reliefs showing dragons bulls and lions this gate is named after ishtar the goddess of war and love in the mid 6th century bc after a series of military campaigns the babylonian empire fell to the achaemenid empire ruled by king cyrus ii stretching across the middle east and central asia from egypt to the indus valley its art incorporates elements from across the empire celebrating its wealth and power persepolis iran was the capital of the empire and it is full of impressive sculptures showing religious images and people of the empire there are also the ruins of a palace here with a big audience hall for receiving guests besides mesopotamia and iran there were ancient civilizations who produced art and architecture in other regions as well in anatolia present day turkey the hittite empire appeared during antiquity south arabia was important in the production and trade of aromatics bringing wealth to the kingdoms that were in this region before circa 4000 bc the climate of arabia was wetter than today in south west several kingdoms appeared like saba the south arabian human figure is usually stylized based on rectangular shapes but with fine details 11 12 13 standard of ur sumerian c 2600 2400 bc shell red limestone and lapis lazuli on wood length 49 5 cm british museum london 14 king of akkad akkadian c 2250 bc copper alloy height 30 cm iraq museum 14 stag rhyton hittite c 1400 1200 bc silver with gold inlay height 13 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city 15 incense burner pre islamic south arabian c mid 1st millennium bc bronze height 27 6 cm metropolitan museum of art 16 winged bulls neo assyrian c 710 bc alabaster height max 4 2 m louvre 17 delegation bearing gifts persian achaemenid c 490 bc limestone c 260 x 150 cm in situ persepolis iran 18 egypt edit main article ancient egyptian art one of the first great civilizations arose in egypt which had elaborate and complex works of art produced by professional artists and craftspeople egypt s art was religious and symbolic given that the culture had a highly centralized power structure and hierarchy a great deal of art was created to honour the pharaoh including great monuments egyptian art and culture emphasized the religious concept of immortality later egyptian art includes coptic and byzantine art the architecture is characterized by monumental structures built with large stone blocks lintels and solid columns funerary monuments included mastaba tombs of rectangular form pyramids which included step pyramids saqqarah or smooth sided pyramids giza and the hypogeum underground tombs valley of the kings other great buildings were the temple which tended to be monumental complexes preceded by an avenue of sphinxes and obelisks temples used pylons and trapezoid walls with hypaethros and hypostyle halls and shrines the temples of karnak luxor philae and edfu are good examples another type of temple is the rock temple in the form of a hypogeum found in abu simbel and deir el bahari painting of the egyptian era used a juxtaposition of overlapping planes the images were represented hierarchically i e the pharaoh is larger than the common subjects or enemies depicted at his side egyptians painted the outline of the head and limbs in profile while the torso hands and eyes were painted from the front applied arts were developed in egypt in particular woodwork and metalwork there are superb examples such as cedar furniture inlaid with ebony and ivory which can be seen in the tombs at the egyptian museum other examples include the pieces found in tutankhamun s tomb which are of great artistic value 19 nebamun hunting in the marshes c 1380 bc paint on plaster 98 83 cm british museum london 20 akhenaten and nefertiti with daughters c 1345 bc painted limestone 32 5 x 39 cm egyptian museum of berlin germany 21 mask of tutankhamun c 1327 bc gold glass and semi precious stones height 54 cm egyptian museum cairo nefertiti bust 1352 1336 bc painted limestone height 50 cm neues museum berlin germany 22 temple of philae egypt 380 bc 117 ad 23 indus valley civilization edit main article indus valley civilisation arts and crafts discovered in 1922 long after the contemporary cultures of mesopotamia and egypt the indus valley civilization aka the harappan civilization c 2400 1900 bc is now recognized as extraordinarily advanced comparable in some ways with those cultures its sites span an area stretching from today s northeast afghanistan through much of pakistan and into western and northwestern india major cities of the culture include harappa and mohenjo daro located respectively in punjab and in sindh province in northern pakistan and the port city lothal in the state of gujarat india the most numerous artefacts are square and rectangular stamp seals and seal impressions featuring animals usually bulls very short harappan texts many stylized terracotta figurines have also been found in harappan sites and a few stone and bronze sculptures more naturalistic than the ceramic ones 24 seals with indus script and impressions 2500 2000 bc steatite various sizes mostly c 3 cm british museum london 25 dancing girl c 2400 1900 bc bronze height 10 8 cm national museum new delhi india 24 proto shiva stamp seal c 2400 1900 bc steatite height 3 6 cm national museum new delhi 24 priest king c 2400 1900 bc steatite height 17 5 cm national museum of pakistan karachi 24 seal with two horned bull and inscription c 2010 bc steatite overall 3 2 3 2 cm cleveland museum of art cleveland ohio us china edit main articles chinese art bronze casting chinese ritual bronzes and sanxingdui warriors of the terracotta army c 214 bc terracotta height average soldier c 1 8 m lintong district xi an shaanxi china 26 the first metal objects produced in china were made almost 4000 years ago during the xia dynasty c 2100 1700 bc during the chinese bronze age the shang and zhou dynasties court intercessions and communication with the spirit world were conducted by a shaman possibly the king himself in the shang dynasty c 1600 1050 bc the supreme deity was shangdi but aristocratic families preferred to contact the spirits of their ancestors they prepared elaborate banquets of food and drink for them heated and served in bronze ritual vessels these bronze vessels had many shapes depending on their purpose for wine water cereals or meat and some of them were marked with readable characters which shows the development of writing this kind of vessels of a very high quality and complexity were discovered on the valley of the yellow river in the henan province in sites like erlitou anyang or zhengzhou they were used in religious rituals to cement the shang authority and when the shang capital fell around 1050 bc its conquerors the zhou c 1050 156 bc continued to use these containers in religious rituals but principally for food rather than drink the shang court had been accused of excessive drunkenness and the zhou promoting the imperial tian heaven as the prime spiritual force rather than ancestors limited wine in religious rites in favour of food the use of ritual bronzes continued into the early han dynasty 206 bc 220 ad one of the most commonly used motifs was the taotie a stylized face divid...
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