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n removed with evidence of percussion fractures on the teeth of both the mandible and maxilla lower and upper jaws where present the major muscles of the skull were carefully removed along with the soft facial tissues and organs cut marks then indicate scalping took place finally the facial and base of the cranium were carefully struck off and the edges chipped to provide smoother surfaces bello et al 2011 the main locations of reshaping of the human crania from gough s cave image credit figure 8 in bello et al 2011 once created it appears that the skull cups were used as liquid vessels rather than for anything else although the reason for their production remains unknown this function is similar to the fate of lord commander s skull in the game of thrones television series though we cannot know the reasons that drove the individuals who created the gough s cave skull cups in the first place the possibility of funerary ritual could be floated but this would be speculation what is clear is that these skull cups demanded careful preparation and processing to minimise damage the 2011 plos one article by bello et al referenced in the bibliography below is well worth a read for the full archaeological and osteological context medieval wonders wharram percy in more recent research on a skeletal assemblage from the deserted medieval village of wharram percy north yorkshire dating to the 11th to 13th century ad indicate a number of peri mortem and post mortem practices being carried out in distinct phases mays et al 2017 a study on the disarticulated assemblage of human skeletal remains n 10 located within a pit complex at the village has uncovered evidence for peri mortem breakage burning and knife and chop marks the archaeological context of the remains of the individuals indicated that this was a not discrete one off episode but a part of a number of episodes within the residua of more than one event mays et al 2017 a minimum of at least ten individuals are represented by the skeletal material within the study ranging in age from 2 4 years old to 50 years at death the osteological analysis of the nature of the peri mortem and post mortem treatment of the remains indicated that there could have been motivating factors of starvation cannibalism or fear of revenant corpses driving the behaviour the modern view of the deserted medieval village of wharram percy photograph by paul allison courtesy of wikipedia the examination of peri mortem marks largely sharp force marks such as knife marks are largely confined to the upper body along with evidence of long bone peri mortem breakage and low temperature burning of a number of the bodies the image below highlights a number of the knife marks present on rib elements but it was noted that cut marks could be found on various clavicles humeri mandibles vertabrae and crania bases present indicating there was a concentration on the head and neck area in order to separate the head from the vertebral column and inflict injuries upon a severed head meanwhile clavicular and upper rib cuts could be associated with dismemberment of corpses post mortem unlike the cut marks and low temperature burning the evidence for long bone peri mortem breaking involved both the upper and lower limbs to a similar extent although the presence of breaking was limited among the assemblage mays et al 2017 450 the sequence of events from the osteological material and archaeological contexts suggests that the bodily mutilation preceded the burning where both where in evidence mays et al 2011 449 evidence of parallel cut marks on the external surface of one rib fragment a from wharram percy with b showing further cut marks on another rib fragment indicative of peri and post mortem funerary processing image credit mays et al 2011 441 further strontium isotopic analysis of the dental enamel of sixteen molars to test the range for geographic origin via local geology were selected from the medieval cemetery population and the pit complex assemblage the testing revealed that nearly all individuals investigated all had local strontium values only one pit complex individual mandible d had a non local value which may have been from further afield but only just possibly this analysis helped disprove the hypothesis that the pit complex individuals those with the knife marks and evidence for burning etc came from a different geographic region than from the local area as compared to the control population of the cemetery group mays et al 2017 446 in a 2017 university of southampton press release for the article simon mays a human skeletal biologist at historic england known for his bioarchaeological research such as mays 1999 stated that the idea that the wharram percy bones are the remains of corpses burnt and dismembered to stop them walking from their graves seems to fit the evidence best if we are right then this is the first good archaeological evidence we have for this practice it shows us a dark side of medieval beliefs and provides a graphic reminder of how different the medieval view of the world was from our own as the above and the mays et al 2017 research article below make clear there is good evidence within the wharram percy pit complex assemblage for the argument of starvation cannibalism and or for treatment to combat the revenant dead that is in order to stop a corpse from re animating as per traditional mythology and yet there are arguments against both interpretations the fact that there are barely any cut or knife marks below the chest on the osteological material analysed that there is a lack of pot polish from boiling of the remains or the fact that the revenant dead are usually male whereas the wharram percy pit complex individuals include well represented females and non adults instead the investigators are careful with their interpretation and note the likelihood that the assemblage at this location time and evidence point towards revenant activity rather than starvation cannibalism a worthy end so there we have it a very quick tour through the ages to see that although the lord commander mormont suffered an inglorious end as a skull cup he was by no means the only one and he could not come back as a revenant although i picked fault with the method of his skull processing we can see in the osteological and archaeological examples above that there are no set ways to process bodies during the peri and post mortem phases therefore as bioarchaeologists or archaeologists it pays to investigate each avenue of evidence and see where it fits best within our current knowledge base notes 1 okay i admit it i started to write this post a while ago and i never quite finished it or got round to writing out a full draft game of thrones the hbo television series has now finished with the somewhat rushed conclusion to series 8 airing in 2019 as of this blog post i am currently four volumes into the book series on which the television series is based a song of ice and fire by george r r martin it s intriguing so far and i m keen to see how it diverges from the television series 2 the wikipedia page on the war of the roses has a fantastic family tree diagram with the affiliation of the kings families and nobles of the various english civil wars that make up the 15th century conflict it is well worth having a look and then trying to take it in the full page it is not something i am particularly familiar with further information to read my 2011 post on the upper palaeolithic british site of gough s cave somerset which dates to 14 700 cal bp click here this is an incredible archaeological site which features the post mortem processing butchery and probable cannibalism of human bodies including the somewhat enigmatic skull cups watch a wonderful movie on the gough s cave skull cups and learn more about the evidence via the natural history museum website he may be the best knife fighter of gin alley but he sure as hell cannot hold a skull properly watch the skull cup drinking scene that takes place north of the wall at craster s keep courtesy of youtube hbo check out kristina killgrove s who needs an osteologist series hosted on her blog powered by osteons read howard williams s archaeodeath blog which has a range of entries focusing on the way game of thrones use cremation in funerary rites throughout the tv series bibliography bello s m parfitt s a stringer c b 2011 earliest directly dated skull cups plos one 1 12 https doi org 10 1371 journal pone 0017026 open access mays s 1999 the archaeology of human bones glasgow bell bain ltd mays s fryer r pike a w g cooper m j marshall p 2017 a multidisciplinary study of a burnt and mutilated assemblage of human remains from a deserted mediaeval village in england journal of archaeological science https doi org 10 1016 j jasrep 2017 02 023 open access white t folkens p 2005 the human bone manual london elsevier academic press tags bioarchaeology game of thrones game of thrones osteology gough s cave human osteology magdalenian medieval archaeology night s watch revenant skull terminology skull cups upper palaeolithic archaeology war of the roses wharram percy comments 6 comments categories bioarchaeology bone basics deserted medieval village dismemberment game of thrones gough s cave historic england human osteology medieval medieval england osteology skull skull handling skull terminology skull cups taphonomy university of southampton upper palaeolithic wharram percy guest post an introduction to artificial cranial deformation from the great migration period in europe by maja miljević 17 oct maja miljević is currently an undergraduate student studying archaeology at the faculty of philosophy university of belgrade serbia her main interest is in physical anthropology with a research interest in prehistoric archaeology maja has had previous experience of analysing human skeletal remains as a part of a faculty module in the laboratory for bioarchaeology at the university of belgrade where she took part in the osteological analysis of a number of individuals dating from numerous mesolithic and neolithic archaeological sites located in eastern and central serbia introduction intentional or artificial cranial deformation has been long known through human history even though many articles have been published during recent years which have been focused on more earlier periods of prehistory in order to highlight historic cases that i present this short article on intentional cranial deformations from the european great migration period 3rd to 8th centuries ad with a particular focus on the 5th to 6th centuries ad in modern day serbia and modern day hungary which highlights the practices of cultural identification in these cultures in this turbulent period intentional cranial modifications intentional cranial modification has been documented throughout world prehistory and history across a number of distinct geographic areas and cultural groups they date back to the late paleolithic period 1 at the earliest example so far recovered molnar et al 2014 the most well known cranial deformations are those from the maya culture in modern day mexico in the first half of the 2nd millennium ad various south american prehistoric cultures and from ancient egyptian populations of the 18th dynasty cranial bones can be modified easily in the younger population since their cranial bones are soft and elastic artificial cranial modification is largely achieved through the binding of the head using boards straps cords or pads hakenbeck 2009 the deforming apparatus is used for a few days up to six months or sometimes even longer ranging from 3 to 5 years of use cranial deformities of this kind are done as the results of cultural practice and religious beliefs the main goal of this practice is to be distinguished from others within the population and to indicate special social status white et al 2012 miladinović radmilović 2012 intentional cranial deformation types there are five basic types and areas of artificial cranial deformation abbreviated to acd where appropriate and they often involve the use of boards and pads to achieve their distinctive styles a l ambdoid b occipital c fronto vertico occipital d parallelo fronto occipital e annular deformation as seen above artificial cranial deformations includes various or individual regions of the skull where pressure can be applied such as the occipital frontal regions or both together the mastoid region and finally the region just above the insertion of the nuchal ligament on the occipital bone these are largely referred to as tabular deformations as well as this there is another type practiced that included bandaging with wrapping materials called annular deformation around the full circumference of the skull which is also performed in early childhood miladinović radmilović 2012 molnar et al 2014 ortner putschar 1981 origin in barbarian world origin of this practice among the barbarian world probably started with sarmatians huns and continued with the germanic tribes alan goths gepids as the practice was spread across europe in the mid to late 1st millennium ad the practice of skull modification had probably originated in the central eurasian steppes in the first century ad and then may have been brought to central europe with nomadic people and various tribal units mrkobrad 1980 hakenbeck 2009 an example of acd in an individual from a germanic tribe from the national museum in kikinda photograph by the author thanks to this culturally mediated osteological difference in the skeletal remains in the great migration period it is a key indicator for understanding the process of said migration during the middle ages in the archaeological record in this locality not only did they just bury their dead in either settlements or necropolises it is also likely proof that they had intentions to stay and live there as demonstrated by the term from anthropology acculturation 2 they lived in the same houses used the same tools and probably dressed like or as similar to the romans themselves as it is seen in an example from the gradina na jelici site where three juveniles were buried in two basilicas all with clear intentional deformations and grave goods that are attributed to germanic tribes either the gepids or langobards also known as the lombards mилинковић 2010 in southeast serbia there is a necropolis site called viminacium više groblja where a total of 94 buried individuals have been excavated and in which 31 individuals exhibit artificial cranial deformation attributed to the gepids the gepids were closely associated to the goths due to their cultural similarity the reconstruction of a gepid woman was produced and helped to highlight how her cranium was viewed in life and how her hair was tied with organic material which probably mimicked the wrappings used to shape her head during infancy mилинковић 1998 микић 1993 reconstruction of a gepid woman demonstrati...
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