Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
of, and, the, german, war, crisis, russian, 1914, serbian, to, 1911, 1912, 1913, drivers, policy, causes, europe, 1887, domestic, factors, race, historiography, sources, by, realignment, austria, hungary, france, russia, entente, in, isolation, balkan, 14, anglo, world, contents, immediate, polarization, political, imperialism, social, darwinism, arms, technical, military, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, assassination, archduke, franz, ferdinand, nationalists, 28, june, july, 1892, french, distrust, germany, british, alignment, towards, 1898, 1907, triple, first, moroccan, 1905, 06, strengthening, bosnian, 1908, worsening, relations, serbia, with, agadir, morocco, italo, turkish, ottomans, wars, growth, power, franco, alliance, changes, inception, scenario, liman, von, sanders, affair, détente, austro, hungarian, politics, italian, global, closure, impact, colonial, rivalry, aggression, on, pre, imperial, opportunism, role, businesses, financial, institutions, naval, interests, balkans, ottoman, empire, short, illusion, primacy, offensive, timetable, primary, lenin, interpretation, other, views,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1453), and (591), war (450), that (203), was (200), world (186), 1914 (138), #germany (133), for (130), german (113), isbn (98), first (93), france (92), russia (91), with (83), 978 (82), from (77), #austria (76), its (71), history (70), hungary (65), russian (63), crisis (58), empire (57), origins (55), serbia (54), were (52), europe (51), military (49), edit (49), italy (48), britain (48), had (48), doi (47), needed (47), would (46), battle (45), not (45), great (44), which (44), british (43), french (42), press (42), but (42), policy (41), alliance (41), entente (40), into (40), citation (39), italian (38), european (38), power (37), ottoman (36), powers (36), 1918 (36), july (36), new (35), between (35), all (34), causes (33), wars (33), other (33), anglo (33), 1912 (33), international (33), clark (32), foreign (31), balkan (30), against (28), 1911 (28), university (28), after (28), historical (27), treaty (27), race (27), they (27), imperial (27), also (27), offensive (26), triple (26), naval (26), online (26), cambridge (26), one (25), 2013 (25), jstor (25), main (25), before (25), historiography (24), united (24), states (24), 1913 (24), balkans (24), their (24), have (24), retrieved (23), kingdom (23), diplomatic (23), however (23), been (23), historians (22), social (22), austro (22), over (22), second (21), 1917 (21), century (21), arms (21), 2014 (21), since (21), serbian (21), political (20), long (20), peace (20), archived (20), who (20), expansion (20), page (19), von (19), conflict (19), years (19), more (19), london (19), hungarian (19), two (19), among (19), this (18), revolution (18), security (18), relations (18), 000 (18), some (18), there (18), article (17), economic (17), turkish (17), major (17), macmillan (17), politics (17), berlin (17), during (17), support (17), system (16), franco (16), john (16), march (16), 2004 (16), 2015 (16), richard (16), government (16), may (15), modern (15), leaders (15), 1920 (15), assassination (15), 1907 (15), journal (15), army (15), such (15), eastern (14), plans (14), entry (14), 1905 (14), documents (14), vol (14), outbreak (14), end (14), mobilization (14), 2017 (14), hamilton (14), both (14), colonial (14), nations (14), still (14), factors (14), made (14), about (13), articles (13), 2021 (13), william (13), pre (13), 1915 (13), eds (13), isolation (13), 2007 (13), role (13), original (13), bismarck (13), began (13), many (13), than (13), could (13), only (13), when (13), territories (13), view (12), sources (12), debate (12), fischer (12), historian (12), study (12), agadir (12), africa (12), 1904 (12), holger (12), michael (12), ended (12), aims (12), imperialism (12), christopher (12), ferguson (12), darwinism (12), territorial (12), any (12), became (12), nationalists (12), important (12), navy (12), morocco (12), last (11), august (11), june (11), short (11), polish (11), 1919 (11), american (11), bulgaria (11), general (11), three (11), east (11), italians (11), germans (11), national (11), 1908 (11), 1870 (11), williamson (11), mulligan (11), review (11), 2307 (11), herwig (11), 1984 (11), see (11), 521 (11), balance (11), his (11), austrian (11), because (11), might (11), franz (11), overseas (11), september (10), western (10), 19th (10), year (10), studies (10), central (10), agreement (10), diplomacy (10), strong (10), has (10), 1898 (10), 1871 (10), routledge (10), april (10), struggle (10), david (10), went (10), financial (10), state (10), global (10), independent (10), ferdinand (10), million (10), most (10), moroccan (10), toggle (9), wikipedia (9), terms (9), wayback (9), theory (9), english (9), civil (9), front (9), books (9), north (9), black (9), primary (9), strategic (9), 1916 (9), italo (9), free (9), leading (9), inevitable (9), part (9), did (9), public (9), 2022 (9), how (9), argues (9), argued (9), russians (9), capital (9), interests (9), those (9), led (9), even (9), later (9), use (8), 2016 (8), org (8), thesis (8), early (8), nationalism (8), cult (8), invasion (8), agreements (8), belgium (8), impact (8), independence (8), conflicts (8), october (8), serb (8), bosnian (8), machine (8), gooch (8), 1903 (8), opinion (8), 2018 (8), schroeder (8), 1997 (8), york (8), taylor (8), order (8), alfred (8), summer (8), martin (8), 1999 (8), decisions (8), sleepwalkers (8), empires (8), time (8), forces (8), george (8), sanders (8), agreed (8), are (8), out (8), sought (8), through (8), defeat (8), wrote (8), thus (8), them (8), came (8), opposed (8), increased (8), changes (8), ally (8), itself (8), 1887 (8), under (7), cs1 (7), https (7), capitalism (7), thought (7), middle (7), genocide (7), responsibility (7), galicia (7), late (7), paris (7), sea (7), albania (7), country (7), nationalist (7), warfare (7), 1921 (7), armistice (7), attack (7), james (7), encyclopedia (7), mombauer (7), 1972 (7), large (7), map (7), recent (7), affairs (7), book (7), events (7), paul (7), place (7), scholars (7), seen (7), countries (7), 2011 (7), 1991 (7), rise (7), 1878 (7), further (7), changed (7), towards (7), term (7), 1945 (7), lenin (7), now (7), cause (7), hand (7), following (7), rather (7), therefore (7), without (7), each (7), while (7), consequences (7), secret (7), supported (7), well (7), known (7), caused (7), believe (7), lands (7), subsection (7), search (6), age (6), robert (6), russo (6), men (6), japanese (6), soviet (6), prussian (6), japan (6), conference (6), territory (6), bulgarian (6), third (6), poland (6), baghdad (6), south (6), african (6), persia (6), culture (6), way (6), annika (6), publishing (6), 1967 (6), 2006 (6), contemporary (6), jack (6), 135 (6), another (6), fight (6), especially (6), serbs (6), house (6), included (6), antagonism (6), divided (6), 54530 (6), vienna (6), archive (6), importance (6), next (6), space (6), closure (6), then (6), allies (6), can (6), based (6), suggested (6), force (6), called (6), own (6), action (6), although (6), influence (6), royal (6), natural (6), described (6), rivalries (6), clear (6), alignment (6), cordiale (6), left (6), official (6), bosnia (6), drivers (6), joined (6), dual (6), archduke (6), link (5), links (5), unsourced (5), statements (5), 2025 (5), missing (5), information (5), society (5), development (5), science (5), geography (5), pact (5), guilt (5), question (5), rebellion (5), fall (5), change (5), people (5), case (5), ottomans (5), occupations (5), montenegro (5), greater (5), campaign (5), 1900 (5), victory (5), grand (5), principal (5), prior (5), samuel (5), office (5), tension (5), armaments (5), eve (5), 1111 (5), 120 (5), november (5), 1177 (5), 147 (5), necessary (5), 1093 (5), 129 (5), consensus (5), what (5), decision (5), 2012 (5), mark (5), why (5), class (5), 2020 (5), habsburg (5), 1848 (5), scholarly (5), basic (5), 2003 (5), 1933 (5), 1890 (5), failed (5), random (5), dreadnought (5), margaret (5), 1983 (5), 312 (5), 115 (5), high (5), 1080 (5), fried (5), 140 (5), 117 (5), started (5), 1906 (5), cite (5), und (5), lloyd (5), details (5), mode (5), 2up (5), future (5), limited (5), kaiser (5), fritz (5), liman (5), believed (5), growing (5), few (5), result (5), approach (5), challenged (5), should (5), ethnic (5), declared (5), mobilisation (5), clash (5), efforts (5), upon (5), quickly (5), moltke (5), encouraged (5), concluded (5), statesmen (5), fear (5), expected (5), strengthening (5), response (5), sense (5), growth (5), gains (5), competition (5), focus (5), revolutionary (5), immediate (5), races (5), like (5), need (5), slavs (5), direct (5), decades (5), weltpolitik (5), détente (5), desire (5), ultimatum (5), unification (5), sentiment (5), pro (5), domestic (5), caprivi (5), reinsurance (5), move (5), contents (4), commons (4), category (4), maint (4), location (4), publisher (4), related (4), list (4), revisionist (4), controversy (4), council (4), christianity (4), background (4), friedrich (4), historicity (4), canada (4), australia (4), day (4), famine (4), death (4), armenian (4), brest (4), litovsk (4), persian (4), patriotic (4), era (4), 18th (4), collapse (4), views (4), writing (4), source (4), ukrainian (4), prussia (4), mediterranean (4), 1899 (4), 1923 (4), revolt (4), 1910 (4), belgrade (4), february (4), siege (4), anti (4), sarajevo (4), home (4), lowe (4), dockrill (4), mirage (4), frontier (4), asia (4), together (4), 1928 (4), volume (4), making (4), near (4), strachan (4), hew (4), alan (4), essays (4), levy (4), 134 (4), just (4), ehr (4), 2002 (4), 155 (4), keiger (4), 1017 (4), hewitson (4), analysis (4), full (4), present (4), intervention (4), reading (4), start (4), 1958 (4), spender (4), stokes (4), fifty (4), 2538637 (4), strategy (4), planning (4), sean (4), 2nd (4), 2010 (4), road (4), 1902 (4), 2009 (4), 2000 (4), 462 (4), 570 (4), grey (4), series (4), 2027 (4), hdl (4), congress (4), wargelin (4), penguin (4), harpercollins (4), 219922 (4), ashgate (4), help (4), 242 (4), law (4), strength (4), 1993 (4), imperialist (4), nation (4), mission (4), ideas (4), sterling (4), division (4), stage (4), 151 (4), 1885 (4), possible (4), wilhelm (4), otto (4), edward (4), failure (4), straits (4), 2538636 (4), inside (4), she (4), far (4), single (4), launched (4), fact (4), once (4), speaking (4), traditional (4), moving (4), took (4), mediation (4), decided (4), neutral (4), taking (4), wanted (4), avoid (4), gain (4), continental (4), millions (4), secretary (4), stated (4), recognized (4), longer (4), tended (4), population (4), position (4), very (4), magazine (4), parties (4), every (4), reserves (4), key (4), played (4), across (4), viewed (4), 130 (4), destined (4), down (4), trade (4), used (4), crises (4), discussed (4), land (4), seeking (4), colonies (4), five (4), established (4), having (4), lorraine (4), despite (4), factor (4), good (4), signed (4), convention (4), helped (4), driven (4), rivalry (4), felt (4), doom (4), relatively (4), become (4), slavic (4), actors (4), herzegovina (4), challenge (4), joining (4), democratic (4), minister (4), claimed (4), liberal (4), monarchy (4), mussolini (4), back (4), her (4), demanded (4), remained (4), shared (4), cabinet (4), whether (4), formed (4), ambassador (4), threat (4), eventually (4), 1879 (4), realignment (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), table (3), site (3), agree (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), template (3), language (3), date (3), publications (3), myth (3), protestant (3), technology (3), schools (3), islamic (3), criticism (3), work (3), primacy (3), peter (3), industrial (3), perspectives (3), charles (3), others (3), alexander (3), georgian (3), post (3), dispute (3), palestine (3), pacific (3), nazi (3), occupied (3), spirit (3), uprising (3), period (3), plan (3), peoples (3), union (3), macedonia (3), india (3), greece (3), china (3), region (3), rule (3), tradition (3), critical (3), research (3), constitutional (3), cultural (3), money (3), systems (3), human (3), big (3), scale (3), features (3), archives (3), theories (3), bucharest (3), economy (3), constantinople (3), usa (3), allied (3), casualties (3), conscription (3), weapons (3), romanian (3), revolutions (3), belligerent (3), operation (3), ypres (3), kosovo (3), prelude (3), 1880 (3), republic (3), romania (3), participants (3), west (3), evidence (3), too (3), external (3), occupation (3), 1897 (3), arbitration (3), neutrality (3), detailed (3), memoirs (3), identity (3), 1086 (3), leonard (3), beyond (3), influential (3), palgrave (3), stability (3), counterfactuals (3), 1962 (3), 142 (3), historiographical (3), 114 (3), trial (3), continues (3), directions (3), problem (3), kramer (3), keene (3), jennifer (3), jones (3), frederick (3), old (3), 2001 (3), stevenson (3), 1988 (3), snyder (3), 146 (3), 108 (3), 1995 (3), otte (3), harvard (3), 674 (3), van (3), evera (3), stephen (3), princeton (3), mcmeekin (3), 1981 (3), excerpt (3), 8129 (3), 9470 (3), cedric (3), combined (3), lieven (3), points (3), december (3), tirpitz (3), herrmann (3), berchtold (3), delcassé (3), fay (3), sidney (3), hall (3), mdp (3), oclc (3), luigi (3), niall (3), marvin (3), life (3), 268 (3), 175 (3), 2023 (3), idea (3), www (3), special (3), railway (3), 159 (3), churchill (3), ratzel (3), duke (3), january (3), mackinder (3), group (3), southeastern (3), freemasonry (3), com (3), thayer (3), antonio (3), connor (3), bang (3), acquisition (3), libya (3), prevent (3), unexpected (3), 118 (3), avenge (3), better (3), soon (3), aggressive (3), generally (3), according (3), instead (3), ever (3), deep (3), within (3), broke (3), essential (3), deliberately (3), turn (3), goals (3), fisher (3), conclusion (3), hostilities (3), blamed (3), equally (3), aggression (3), perceived (3), troops (3), ensure (3), met (3), threatened (3), take (3), begin (3), partial (3), assumed (3), put (3), enough (3), largely (3), turned (3), smaller (3), mobilize (3), successfully (3), along (3), border (3), begun (3), timetable (3), defensive (3), pressure (3), strike (3), advantage (3), complex (3), generals (3), famously (3), again (3), true (3), planned (3), including (3), done (3), otherwise (3), suggest (3), technical (3), petersburg (3), access (3), internal (3), admiral (3), adopted (3), building (3), decisive (3), nearly (3), half (3), expanded (3), four (3), 1909 (3), disarmament (3), concerned (3), tried (3), hague (3), opportunity (3), example (3), matter (3), serve (3), status (3), justified (3), rivals (3), chief (3), much (3), regarded (3), 1884 (3), image (3), right (3), often (3), bankers (3), allowed (3), borders (3), make (3), lose (3), markets (3), marks (3), away (3), received (3), leadership (3), argument (3), secure (3), mind (3), movement (3), 20th (3), around (3), these (3), beginning (3), capitalist (3), created (3), creation (3), export (3), formation (3), institutions (3), prompted (3), intent (3), isolated (3), notably (3), appeared (3), opportunism (3), showing (3), toward (3), control (3), 1890s (3), aim (3), associated (3), particularly (3), ultimately (3), provinces (3), due (3), chaos (3), words (3), situation (3), resulted (3), same (3), unity (3), expense (3), event (3), considered (3), irredentism (3), partly (3), irredentist (3), achieved (3), act (3), deeply (3), must (3), incorporated (3), reaction (3), former (3), side (3), populated (3), wing (3), join (3), dynasty (3), feel (3), federzoni (3), certain (3), where (3), dalmatia (3), trentino (3), alto (3), adige (3), whose (3), actions (3), dominated (3), party (3), radical (3), decline (3), added (3), significant (3), powerful (3), chance (3), moreover (3), threatening (3), less (3), inception (3), throughout (3), protect (3), nothing (3), ministers (3), create (3), refused (3), defeated (3), weakened (3), interventionists (3), tensions (3), annexation (3), alignments (3), 1894 (3), revenge (3), alsace (3), belief (3), 1882 (3), sets (3), polarization (3), tools (3), add (2), languages (2), conduct (2), contact (2), privacy (2), text (2), available (2), additional (2), using (2), non (2), rendered (2), categories (2), 2019 (2), 2024 (2), containing (2), errors (2), needing (2), number (2), citations (2), description (2), geographic (2), historiographic (2), documentary (2), heritage (2), gunpowder (2), gun (2), transmission (2), heroic (2), ethic (2), catholic (2), biblical (2), des (2), proto (2), muhammad (2), islam (2), opposition (2), religion (2), knowledge (2), colonialism (2), ages (2), library (2), bears (2), topics (2), lord (2), scott (2), medieval (2), judaism (2), religious (2), darwin (2), netherlands (2), warren (2), grant (2), thomas (2), brazil (2), louis (2), chiang (2), younger (2), hitler (2), syrian (2), cold (2), sovereignty (2), iran (2), iraq (2), six (2), nakba (2), 1948 (2), guilty (2), pius (2), relation (2), bombing (2), winter (2), massacres (2), poles (2), broad (2), narrow (2), spanish (2), reichstag (2), versailles (2), schlieffen (2), genocides (2), game (2), point (2), 1815 (2), eighty (2), ukraine (2), switzerland (2), rome (2), ireland (2), ethiopia (2), croatia (2), continuity (2), thirty (2), periodization (2), translatio (2), narratives (2), earth (2), specific (2), philosophy (2), significance (2), historic (2), preservation (2), quantitative (2), civilisation (2), anthropology (2), comparative (2), histoire (2), school (2), approaches (2), business (2), environment (2), oral (2), local (2), service (2), records (2), secondary (2), area (2), treaties (2), saint (2), jean (2), sazonov (2), greek (2), refugees (2), armenia (2), enemy (2), administration (2), civilian (2), horses (2), 1922 (2), lithuanian (2), rising (2), darfur (2), asian (2), senussi (2), hundred (2), days (2), marne (2), river (2), raid (2), spring (2), capture (2), bug (2), battles (2), gallipoli (2), masurian (2), lakes (2), christmas (2), tsingtao (2), tangier (2), portuguese (2), hejaz (2), propaganda (2), popular (2), fronts (2), aftermath (2), moral (2), england (2), gary (2), bbc (2), getting (2), brose (2), eric (2), armament (2), 269 (2), 330 (2), 100 (2), 103 (2), 211 (2), 429 (2), revelations (2), harold (2), temperley (2), testing (2), rapprochment (2), negotiation (2), belligerents (2), ross (2), bloomsbury (2), vasquez (2), 623 (2), meaning (2), 150 (2), 2538909 (2), 439 (2), 1979 (2), guerre (2), 713 (2), catastrophe (2), 757 (2), 4039 (2), unavoidable (2), conditions (2), reconsidered (2), ritter (2), gerhard (2), 538 (2), 666 (2), ceu139 (2), 639 (2), desirable (2), interpretations (2), 1977 (2), 309 (2), means (2), 174 (2), 17104 (2), 1611 (2), heather (2), emphasis (2), companion (2), multi (2), 30036938 (2), evans (2), 287 (2), coverage (2), download (2), 226 (2), turner (2), 1970 (2), norton (2), 393 (2), 1954 (2), mastery (2), oxford (2), keith (2), education (2), stavrianos (2), borrow (2), 1453 (2), matthew (2), chapters (2), militarism (2), remak (2), joachim (2), 204 (2), 187 (2), descent (2), neiberg (2), belknap (2), bid (2), arno (2), coming (2), overview (2), 136 (2), 69611 (2), multiple (2), responsible (2), counterbalancing (2), kennedy (2), 317 (2), kemal (2), 253 (2), belleten (2), 687 (2), reich (2), 139 (2), martel (2), gordon (2), hobson (2), 1875 (2), reassessment (2), wilhelmine (2), 606 (2), 1982 (2), arming (2), 1936 (2), 1938 (2), 438 (2), 133 (2), théophile (2), bradshaw (2), sides (2), emperors (2), carroll (2), malcolm (2), prentice (2), 1866 (2), 1931 (2), 1927 (2), lost (2), justice (2), introduction (2), month (2), 034622 (2), purpose (2), pdf (2), strategies (2), 320 (2), 345 (2), 1969 (2), entanglements (2), lambert (2), nicholas (2), misinterpreted (2), 491 (2), northern (2), hinsley (2), progress (2), wide (2), passed (2), raising (2), thereby (2), learning (2), leslie (2), policies (2), policymakers (2), leopold (2), für (2), geschichte (2), 394 (2), archiv (2), weikart (2), 316 (2), 61235 (2), discourse (2), schubert (2), 399 (2), patterns (2), 1895 (2), 2710024 (2), telegraph (2), 152 (2), civilization (2), rowman (2), littlefield (2), overy (2), blood (2), chapel (2), boom (2), winston (2), planetary (2), 2005 (2), herz (2), hill (2), max (2), reves (2), 113 (2), 1901 (2), vacher (2), lapouge (2), chapter (2), theater (2), come (2), our (2), heffernan (2), twentieth (2), kearns (2), gerry (2), closed (2), practice (2), halford (2), fin (2), siècle (2), geographical (2), pupin (2), constructing (2), firstworldwar (2), guerra (2), italiani (2), scottà (2), genovesi (2), piergiovanni (2), italia (2), 1861 (2), 167 (2), 137 (2), 1789 (2), renewed (2), 1888 (2), 760 (2), 121 (2), 758 (2), 2010224 (2), 154 (2), 149 (2), 143 (2), 145 (2), 125 (2), sontag (2), raymond (2), 160 (2), 1930 (2), mansion (2), speech (2), today (2), panther (2), 157 (2), 324 (2), 101 (2), 214 (2), 205 (2), armageddon (2), 9781389913839 (2), 131 (2), will (2), 2538961 (2), dilemma (2), 2009958 (2), 2010183 (2), 107 (2), references (2), happened (2), notes (2), achieve (2), share (2), blame (2), indeed (2), explanations (2), fully (2), arose (2), goal (2), academic (2), arguing (2), conservative (2), intense (2), agrees (2), immediately (2), solely (2), meanwhile (2), primarily (2), linguistic (2), threats (2), radicals (2), equipment (2), issue (2), complexity (2), brought (2), halt (2), speed (2), preparations (2), measures (2), effect (2), learned (2), mobilise (2), holding (2), significantly (2), carried (2), options (2), latter (2), prewar (2), impossible (2), schedules (2), massive (2), disruption (2), proceed (2), overtures (2), being (2), joffre (2), held (2), initiative (2), armed (2), either (2), typically (2), rail (2), seemed (2), risks (2), hoped (2), asquith (2), shall (2), lengthy (2), illusion (2), expanding (2), anatolia (2), conquest (2), ships (2), increasing (2), dreadnoughts (2), kept (2), 148 (2), tonnage (2), reached (2), hard (2), standing (2), total (2), gave (2), battleship (2), fleet (2), debated (2), buildup (2), never (2), cartoon (2), emperor (2), signatories (2), reinforcing (2), heightened (2), precipitate (2), imminent (2), trigger (2), regular (2), numbers (2), various (2), effectiveness (2), months (2), none (2), 1870s (2), small (2), already (2), stronger (2), largest (2), set (2), young (2), send (2), common (2), members (2), instrument (2), useful (2), compared (2), cut (2), circumstances (2), senior (2), existence (2), saw (2), staff (2), concerns (2), welfare (2), provision (2), intellectuals (2), impetus (2), assertiveness (2), aimed (2), competing (2), colonization (2), characterized (2), violence (2), name (2), survival (2), fittest (2), interdependent (2), escalate (2), governments (2), commercial (2), profits (2), investment (2), losses (2), industrialists (2), chancellor (2), logical (2), reasons (2), ambitions (2), simultaneously (2), services (2), currency (2), remaining (2), yet (2), colonized (2), semi (2), declining (2), completed (2), themselves (2), developed (2), compete (2), form (2), areas (2), appetite (2), ports (2), play (2), bank (2), whole (2), monopoly (2), presence (2), interpretation (2), businesses (2), scene (2), peaceful (2), almost (2), disputes (2), guaranteed (2), drive (2), lacking (2), protectorate (2), wish (2), paved (2), twofold (2), improving (2), channeled (2), intensified (2), hostility (2), unintended (2), defend (2), revanchism (2), course (2), assertive (2), consequence (2), isolate (2), objections (2), officials (2), strongly (2), waged (2), acted (2), drawing (2), collision (2), suddenly (2), waiting (2), hour (2), blank (2), implied (2), consolidation (2), resulting (2), similar (2), outlet (2), maintain (2), forever (2), centuries (2), destroyed (2), provided (2), head (2), engage (2), desperate (2), necessity (2), dreams (2), found (2), given (2), provoking (2), won (2), backing (2), disastrous (2), always (2), backed (2), piedmont (2), feared (2), fears (2), annexed (2), crown (2), historically (2), universal (2), league (2), furious (2), giolitti (2), firmly (2), entered (2), negotiations (2), peninsula (2), saying (2), traditionally (2), interest (2), aristocratic (2), warned (2), awaited (2), sacrifice (2), garibaldi (2), warn (2), able (2), socialists (2), journalist (2), gabriele (2), annunzio (2), precisely (2), theme (2), fourth (2), develop (2), irredent (2), julian (2), reason (2), perspective (2), demonstration (2), supporter (2), widely (2), argue (2), successful (2), complained (2), leader (2), strengthen (2), administered (2), amid (2), karl (2), decade (2), hungarians (2), hostile (2), integrity (2), possibility (2), mid (2), embolden (2), option (2), cisleithania (2), galician (2), provoke (2), diplomat (2), arthur (2), nicolson (2), waters (2), arrangement (2), seems (2), understanding (2), taken (2), officer (2), addition (2), corps (2), affair (2), accept (2), character (2), viewing (2), wages (2), casus (2), 1900s (2), limits (2), scenario (2), recovered (2), occur (2), success (2), guarantee (2), warning (2), followed (2), asked (2), withdrawal (2), responded (2), eight (2), complied (2), damage (2), initially (2), likely (2), get (2), port (2), comply (2), give (2), pushed (2), captured (2), interior (2), province (2), tripolitania (2), vilayet (2), comic (2), results (2), tragic (2), concentrate (2), communications (2), until (2), strengthened (2), obtained (2), reinforced (2), isolationists (2), deeper (2), ties (2), encourage (2), worsening (2), spain (2), content (2), provide (2), unfriendly (2), pose (2), realized (2), principally (2), boer (2), informal (2), fell (2), wary (2), legacy (2), distrust (2), thing (2), include (2), secured (2), personal (2), alliances (2), 1881 (2), 1892 (2), understand (2), enemies (2), knew (2), whom (2), wife (2), heir (2), dead (2), assassins (2), gavrilo (2), princip (2), remains (2), clashes (2), escalated (2), incident (2), shortly (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, apply, you, registered, trademark, profit, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, webarchive, excerpts, different, index, php, title, causes_of_world_war_i, oldid, 1370454713, multimedia
Text of the page (random words):
destroy the liberal democratic monarchy and the liberal democratic secular institutions of the state 83 freemasonry was an influential semi secret force in italian politics with a strong presence among professionals and the middle class across italy as well as among the leadership in parliament public administration and the army the two main organization were the grand orient and the grand lodge of italy they had 25 000 members in 500 or more lodges freemasons took on the challenge of mobilizing the press public opinion and the leading political parties in support of italy s joining the war as an ally of france and great britain in 1914 15 they temporarily dropped their traditional pacifistic rhetoric and adopted the objectives of the nationalists freemasonry had historically promoted cosmopolitan universal values and by 1917 onwards they reverted to their internationalist stance and pressed for the creation of a league of nations to promote a new post war universal order based upon the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations 84 drivers of serbian policy edit the principal aims of serbian policy were to consolidate the russian backed expansion of serbia in the balkan wars and to achieve dreams of a greater serbia which included the unification of lands with large ethnic serb populations in austria hungary including bosnia 85 one important factor was the idea that serbia was to be the piedmont of the balkans the core land that would unite all south slavs into a single state just like piedmont sardinia had done during the italian risorgimento however the unexpected emergence of an independent principality of bulgaria in 1878 challenged serbia s monopoly on yugoslavism and a fierce regional competition with the bulgarians began 86 87 serbian bulgarian rivalry between 1878 and 1914 caused several wars between what were ironically supposedly south slavic brethren 86 87 after bulgaria incorporated eastern rumelia in 1885 king milan i of serbia feared that bulgaria would annex macedonia and decided to wage the serbo bulgarian war 1885 to prevent it although the serbs suffered a great defeat 86 inside serbia there was a strong sense of a loss of opportunity in the southeastern balkans and there were fears that belgrade might forever lose its chances of uniting the western balkans as well as austria hungary already incorporated the later territories of slovenia and croatia first occupied bosnia and herzegovina in 1878 and then annexed them as a crown land in 1908 86 87 underlying that was a culture of extreme nationalism and a cult of assassination which romanticized the slaying of the ottoman sultan murad i as the heroic epilogue to the otherwise disastrous battle of kosovo on 28 june 1389 clark states the greater serbian vision was not just a question of government policy however or even of propaganda it was woven deeply into the culture and identity of the serbs 85 famed serbian american scientist michael pupin for example in july 1914 explicitly connected the battle of kosovo a natural heritage of every true serb to franz ferdinand s assassination he wrote that the battle s memory always served as a reminder to the serbs that they must avenge the wrongs perpetrated upon their race 88 serbian policy was complicated by the fact that the main actors in 1914 were both the official serb government led by nikola pašić and the black hand terrorists led by the head of serb military intelligence known as apis the black hand believed that a greater serbia would be achieved by provoking a war with austria hungary by an act of terror the war would be won with russian backing citation needed the official government position was to focus on consolidating the gains made during the exhausting balkan war and to avoid further conflicts that official policy was temporized by the political necessity of simultaneously and clandestinely supporting dreams of a greater serbian state in the long term 89 the serbian government found it impossible to put an end to the machinations of the black hand for fear it would itself be overthrown clark states serbian authorities were partly unwilling and partly unable to suppress the irredentist activity that had given rise to the assassinations in the first place 90 russia tended to support serbia as a fellow slavic state considered serbia its client and encouraged serbia to focus its irredentism against austria hungary because it would discourage conflict between serbia and bulgaria another prospective russian ally in macedonia citation needed imperialism edit see also new imperialism global closure edit the global space for imperial expansion ended c 1900 91 all contemporary empires reached their last frontier later the event was called global closure 92 93 94 writing in the late 19th century kang youwei josiah strong and george vacher de lapouge stressed that imperial expansion cannot indefinitely proceed on the definite earth surface and therefore empires are destined to clash for world domination 95 96 97 98 the more nations become conscious of global spatial relations wrote another contemporary friedrich ratzel the more they engage in the struggle for space 99 and in a narrow space the struggle becomes desperate 100 after the world wars many scholars offered similar explanations edward carr causally linked the end of the overseas outlet for imperial expansion and the wars in the 19th century he wrote during the second world war imperialist wars were waged against primitive peoples it was silly for european countries to fight against one another when they could still maintain social cohesion by continuous expansion in asia and africa since 1900 however this has no longer been possible the situation has radically changed now wars are between imperial powers 101 the anatomy of peace 1945 of emery reves argued expansion is forever closed and the historic trend of expansion resulted in direct collision between the remaining powers 102 in another 1945 book the precarious balance on centuries of the european power struggle ludwig dehio explained the durability of the european states system by its overseas expansion overseas expansion and the system of states were born at the same time the vitality that burst the bounds of the western world also destroyed its unity 103 in a similar thesis the overseas world provided european empires with an enormous outlet and thus prevented europe from unifying into a single european empire the european powers turned their exceeding energies outward and the internal european power was balanced correspondingly when the space for expansion ended these powers became destined for head on collisions 104 hans morgenthau wrote that the imperial expansion into relatively empty periphery in the 18th and 19th centuries deflected great power politics thereby reducing conflict but by the late 19th century the consolidation of western empires was consummated and territorial gains could only be made at the expense of one another 105 john h herz outlined one chief function of the overseas expansion and the impact of its end a european balance of power could be maintained or adjusted because it was relatively easy to divert european conflicts into overseas directions and adjust them there thus the openness of the world contributed to the consolidation of the territorial system the end of the world frontier and the resulting closedness of an interdependent world inevitably affected the system s effectiveness 106 michael heffernan summarized the view for some commentators the passing of the 19th century seemed destined to mark the end of this long era of european empire building the unexplored and unclaimed blank spaces on the world map were rapidly diminishing and the sense of global closure prompted an anxious fin de siècle debate about the future of the great empires the closure of the global imperial system implied the beginning of a new era of intensifying inter imperial struggle along borders that now straddled the globe 94 the prevalence of historical forces over human agency is reflected in memoirs of those who waged world war i 107 nations churchill associated acted as planetary bodies drawing each other into due collision with diplomacy helpless to prevent cosmos from plunging into chaos 108 with their nations slithering over the brink into the boiling cauldron of war in the words of david lloyd george statesmen felt standing on a planet that had been suddenly wrenched from its orbit and was spinning wildly into the unknown lloyd george described the waiting on august 4 1914 for the hour of the ultimatum to germany as britain s most fateful hour since she arose out of the deep boom was big ben s signal to hurl millions to their doom the big clock echoed like the hummer of destiny doom doom doom 109 110 impact of colonial rivalry and aggression on the pre 1914 europe edit world empires and colonies around 1914 imperial rivalry and the consequences of the search for imperial security or for imperial expansion had important consequences for the origins of world war i in view of richard overy the origins of both world wars can only be understood through the prism of the fresh drive to empire since the 1870s 111 imperial rivalries among france britain russia and germany played an important part in the creation of the triple entente and the relative isolation of germany imperial opportunism in the form of the italian attack on ottoman libyan provinces also encouraged the balkan wars of 1912 13 which changed the balance of power in the balkans to the detriment of austria hungary citation needed some historians such as margaret macmillan believe that germany created its own diplomatic isolation in europe in part by an aggressive and pointless imperial policy known as weltpolitik others such as clark believe that german isolation was the unintended consequence of a détente among britain france and russia the détente was driven by britain s desire for imperial security in relation to france in north africa and to russia in persia and india citation needed either way the isolation was important because it left germany few options but to ally itself more strongly with austria hungary leading ultimately to unconditional support for austria hungary s punitive war on serbia during the july crisis citation needed german isolation edit european officials staking claims to africa in the berlin conference 1884 otto von bismarck disliked the idea of an overseas empire but supported france s colonization in africa because it diverted the french away from continental europe and revanchism after 1870 germany s new course in foreign affairs weltpolitik world policy was adopted in the 1890s after bismarck s dismissal its aim was ostensibly to transform germany into a global power through assertive diplomacy the acquisition of overseas colonies and the development of a large navy citation needed some historians notably macmillan and hew strachan believe that a consequence of weltpolitik and germany s associated assertiveness was to isolate it weltpolitik particularly as expressed in germany s objections to france s growing influence in morocco in 1904 and 1907 also helped cement the triple entente the anglo german naval race isolated germany by reinforcing britain s preference for agreements with germany s continental rivals france and russia 112 historians like ferguson and clark believe germany s isolation was the unintended consequences of the need for britain to defend its empire against threats from france and russia they downplay the impact of weltpolitik and the anglo german naval race which ended in 1911 citation needed britain and france signed agreements in 1904 known as the entente cordiale most importantly it granted freedom of action to britain in egypt and france in morocco equally the 1907 anglo russian convention improved british russian relations by solidifying boundaries that identified respective control in persia afghanistan and tibet citation needed the alignment between britain france and russia became known as the triple entente however the triple entente was not conceived as a counterweight to the triple alliance but as a formula to secure imperial security among the three powers 113 the impact of the entente was twofold improving british relations with france and its ally russia and showing the importance to britain of good relations with germany clark states it was not that antagonism toward germany caused its isolation but rather that the new system itself channeled and intensified hostility towards the german empire 114 imperial opportunism edit the construction of the berlin baghdad railway was a contributing factor to the outbreak of war germany had sought to connect its capital to baghdad and the persian gulf to facilitate economic and military access to the region and the rest of its colonial empire bypassing the british controlled suez canal and challenged british and russian interests and influence in the middle east and persia 115 the italo turkish war of 1911 1912 was fought between the ottoman empire and the kingdom of italy in north africa the war made it clear that no great power still appeared to wish to support the ottoman empire which paved the way for the balkan wars citation needed the status of morocco had been guaranteed by international agreement and when france attempted a great expansion of its influence there without the assent of all other signatories germany opposed and prompted the moroccan crises the tangier crisis of 1905 and the agadir crisis of 1911 the intent of german policy was to drive a wedge between the british and french but in both cases it produced the opposite effect and germany was isolated diplomatically most notably by lacking the support of italy despite it being in the triple alliance the french protectorate over morocco was established officially in 1912 citation needed in 1914 however the african scene was peaceful the continent was almost fully divided up by the imperial powers with only liberia and ethiopia still independent there were no major disputes there pitting any two european powers against each other 116 role of businesses and financial institutions edit lenin s interpretation edit marxism attributes war to economic interests and rivalries in this case imperialism vladimir lenin argued that imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism which emerges from the free competition stage of capitalism and is characterized by the presence of five basic features 1 the concentration of production and capital has developed to such a high stage that it has created monopolies which play a decisive role in economic life 2 the merging of bank capital with industrial capital and the creation on the basis of this finance capital of a financial oligarchy 3 the export of capital as distinguished from the export of commodities acquires exceptional importance 4 the formation of international monopolist capitalist asso...
|
