Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
chinese, systems, romanization, non, system, pinyin, of, contents, background, uses, variations, in, pronunciation, see, also, notes, references, external, links, missionary, wade, giles, french, efeo, lessing, othmer, postal, barnett, chao, meyer, wempe, yale, qieyin, xinzi, gwoyeu, romatzyh, latinxua, sin, wenz, hanyu, jyutping, tongyong, sources,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (356), chinese (164), and (130), was (63), system (53), #romanization (49), for (48), language (44), #pinyin (42), that (38), with (37), alphabet (35), edit (31), china (28), from (27), characters (27), written (25), latin (25), systems (23), pronunciation (22), mandarin (21), wade (19), hanyu (19), languages (18), this (18), isbn (18), which (18), used (18), all (17), gwoyeu (17), phonetic (16), yale (16), giles (16), other (16), standard (16), 978 (16), press (16), latinxua (16), romatzyh (15), are (15), also (15), main (15), university (14), were (14), its (14), use (13), cantonese (13), national (13), writing (13), articles (12), reform (12), new (12), romanized (12), who (12), has (12), many (12), tones (12), article (12), movement (12), their (12), sin (12), wenz (12), uses (11), traditional (11), 1958 (11), dictionary (11), people (11), first (11), not (11), such (11), non (10), taiwan (10), dialect (10), zhou (10), have (10), most (10), into (10), would (10), text (9), may (9), retrieved (9), taiwanese (9), between (9), published (9), one (9), french (9), tone (9), but (9), had (9), indicate (9), script (8), postal (8), grammar (8), modern (8), 1979 (8), foreign (8), scheme (8), english (8), chen (8), spoken (8), because (8), read (8), could (8), transcription (8), they (8), wikipedia (7), using (7), hong (7), kong (7), min (7), history (7), beijing (7), revolution (7), lin (7), based (7), john (7), will (7), when (7), spelling (7), his (7), never (7), should (7), only (7), mao (7), been (7), toggle (6), simplified (6), singapore (6), varieties (6), symbols (6), tongyong (6), two (6), northern (6), 1972 (6), world (6), defrancis (6), 1999 (6), chao (6), man (6), time (6), than (6), sound (6), marks (6), jyutping (6), specific (6), work (6), general (6), about (5), page (5), march (5), 2019 (5), containing (5), portuguese (5), links (5), different (5), lessing (5), othmer (5), efeo (5), colloquial (5), old (5), japanese (5), draft (5), linguistics (5), moscow (5), 1950 (5), 1988 (5), norman (5), milsky (5), 1973 (5), usage (5), 1956 (5), dialects (5), number (5), character (5), without (5), these (5), variations (5), consequence (5), write (5), well (5), july (5), 1949 (5), while (5), facilitate (5), speakers (5), soviet (5), government (5), final (5), more (5), transliteration (5), developed (5), fact (5), during (5), there (5), created (5), create (5), syllable (5), within (5), missionary (5), european (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), terms (4), unsourced (4), statements (4), february (4), logographic (4), cyrillic (4), sichuanese (4), hokkien (4), classical (4), southern (4), xun (4), malaysia (4), russian (4), seybolt (4), chiang (4), doi (4), translation (4), 1975 (4), october (4), november (4), sounds (4), hsia (4), publications (4), 1980 (4), chappell (4), place (4), rev (4), those (4), state (4), various (4), common (4), changes (4), times (4), poor (4), january (4), 2009 (4), see (4), september (4), books (4), mandarina (4), literature (4), jesuit (4), names (4), adopted (4), indicated (4), zedong (4), supersede (4), then (4), despite (4), 1928 (4), support (4), any (4), popular (4), etc (4), part (4), comparison (4), linguist (4), society (4), committee (4), tonal (4), meyer (4), wempe (4), barnett (4), citation (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), contact (3), policy (3), available (3), profit (3), sources (3), spanish (3), wayback (3), google (3), wang (3), xiao (3), bopomofo (3), dungan (3), cursive (3), official (3), literary (3), phonology (3), gan (3), proto (3), hakka (3), middle (3), eastern (3), pinghua (3), central (3), liu (3), chang (3), nanjing (3), plains (3), iso (3), tool (3), peter (3), eds (3), oclc (3), current (3), reforming (3), peking (3), stalin (3), london (3), issn (3), 2011 (3), republic (3), account (3), journal (3), ping (3), repository (3), james (3), summers (3), unwritten (3), process (3), means (3), call (3), another (3), difference (3), considered (3), simple (3), shall (3), similar (3), learn (3), own (3), month (3), practice (3), reached (3), issues (3), political (3), 2006 (3), daily (3), archived (3), varo (3), francisco (3), lengua (3), indiana (3), same (3), book (3), ricci (3), references (3), version (3), intended (3), eventually (3), replace (3), example (3), learning (3), putonghua (3), foreigners (3), red (3), including (3), speech (3), came (3), end (3), scholars (3), second (3), lost (3), later (3), group (3), british (3), often (3), some (3), known (3), sinwenz (3), form (3), being (3), transcribing (3), international (3), initial (3), cultural (3), qiubai (3), familiar (3), southeast (3), over (3), research (3), complex (3), scientific (3), day (3), years (3), established (3), linguists (3), youguang (3), communist (3), teaching (3), devised (3), among (3), four (3), guo (3), thought (3), made (3), education (3), each (3), qieyin (3), xinzi (3), sorting (3), western (3), war (3), background (3), since (3), needed (3), where (3), conventions (3), structure (3), pinfa (3), chart (3), tools (3), table (2), conduct (2), privacy (2), organization (2), wikimedia (2), commons (2), edited (2), cs1 (2), april (2), 2016 (2), 2015 (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), list (2), input (2), methods (2), erjing (2), kana (2), cyrillization (2), vernacular (2), adoption (2), forms (2), numerals (2), han (2), sino (2), tibetan (2), guangdong (2), yongjiang (2), luo (2), yong (2), hua (2), yue (2), pontianak (2), sixian (2), meixian (2), shao (2), jiang (2), haikou (2), wenchang (2), hainan (2), zhongshan (2), teochew (2), penang (2), xian (2), fuzhou (2), xiang (2), she (2), taizhou (2), shanghai (2), jin (2), nanping (2), northeastern (2), differences (2), lingua (2), franca (2), lao (2), greek (2), sanskrit (2), arabic (2), zhuyin (2), external (2), gregory (2), kuei (2), white (2), sharpe (2), 873 (2), 32081 (2), documents (2), commentary (2), tasks (2), zhong (2), anon (2), marxism (2), june (2), simon (2), fourth (2), revised (2), san (2), 2000 (2), oxford (2), princeton (2), robert (2), cambridge (2), 521 (2), printed (2), yutang (2), lehmann (2), visit (2), delegation (2), 1974 (2), 4470 (2), far (2), reforms (2), york (2), octagon (2), 374 (2), 92095 (2), nationalism (2), 2158952 (2), affairs (2), debate (2), 1968 (2), office (2), 1863 (2), know (2), anything (2), rude (2), parts (2), difficulty (2), imagining (2), shades (2), arising (2), want (2), analytic (2), chinaman (2), conception (2), utters (2), says (2), mau (2), indeed (2), maw (2), mor (2), bing (2), piang (2), perceiving (2), themselves (2), look (2), chaucer (2), wickliffe (2), marco (2), polo (2), age (2), find (2), looseness (2), inattention (2), correct (2), few (2), orthography (2), unsettled (2), changed (2), every (2), now (2), less (2), little (2), pains (2), correctly (2), higher (2), degree (2), comfort (2), happiness (2), risen (2), above (2), level (2), serf (2), slave (2), intellectual (2), lever (2), gospel (2), hear (2), preached (2), cottage (2), library (2), becomes (2), failing (2), treasury (2), labouring (2), classes (2), december (2), cheng (2), 2017 (2), identity (2), opinion (2), five (2), 121 (2), 2008 (2), 110 (2), 2010 (2), original (2), machine (2), joseph (2), 1703 (2), arte (2), nienhauser (2), william (2), stele (2), can (2), illustrata (2), michele (2), ruggieri (2), matteo (2), 2001 (2), kane (2), daniel (2), jyu5 (2), hok6 (2), began (2), 1957 (2), titled (2), auxiliary (2), american (2), present (2), popularization (2), strongly (2), critical (2), 1936 (2), immigrant (2), workers (2), promulgation (2), kuomintang (2), itself (2), introduced (2), 1859 (2), reading (2), notes (2), stated (2), word (2), wrote (2), 2002 (2), issue (2), linguistic (2), romanisation (2), already (2), ceased (2), directive (2), through (2), council (2), accepted (2), 1982 (2), suprasegmental (2), 1966 (2), appeared (2), appear (2), turn (2), much (2), conventional (2), regardless (2), patriotism (2), choice (2), serve (2), strong (2), does (2), strengthen (2), ties (2), students (2), centuries (2), easily (2), adaptable (2), extensively (2), certain (2), following (2), spread (2), throughout (2), altogether (2), simply (2), provide (2), pīnyīn (2), yuzhang (2), jinxi (2), trained (2), take (2), latinization (2), controlled (2), capable (2), supporters (2), very (2), literacy (2), 000 (2), radical (2), effort (2), moruo (2), sinologists (2), rules (2), principle (2), east (2), literate (2), dictionaries (2), favor (2), around (2), 1923 (2), aside (2), serving (2), designed (2), way (2), working (2), formed (2), systematic (2), qwerty (2), keyboard (2), guóyǔ (2), qian (2), xuantong (2), unit (2), note (2), 1892 (2), invented (2), confucianism (2), school (2), schools (2), westernization (2), protection (2), phrase (2), communication (2), phonemes (2), spellings (2), local (2), nanking (2), syllabary (2), romanizations (2), missionaries (2), 17th (2), herbert (2), speaking (2), transliterate (2), until (2), century (2), diacritical (2), asia (2), illiterate (2), speak (2), legge (2), morrison (2), trigault (2), vocabulario (2), cattaneo (2), compiled (2), discovered (2), help (2), syllables (2), still (2), mutually (2), unintelligible (2), making (2), intelligible (2), definition (2), like (2), buddhist (2), fanqie (2), represent (2), tlpa (2), shaowu (2), hainanese (2), pe̍h (2), wong (2), wenzhounese (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, under, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, 2026, utc, hidden, categories, excerpts, webarchive, template, dmy, dates, category, https, org, index, php, title, romanization_of_chinese, oldid, 1345919624, portals, sinitic, sogou, zhengma, wubi, stroke, count, dayi, ckc, cangjie, boshiamy, biaoxingma, nüshu, hangul, mps, cell, mainland, braille, punctuation, semi, clerical, seal, bronze, oracle, bone, styles, scripts, vietnam, japan, xiehouyu, chengyu, idioms, honorifics, classifiers, readings, historical, shu, laobeizi, mai, huizhou, waxiang, shanke, dong, danzhou, yeheni, xiangnan, shaozhou, tuhua, unclassified, rongjiang, guandao, younian, tongdao, guang, qin, lian, gao, yang, yunan, yulin, bobai, goulou, xinhui, taishan, siyi, yunfu, dapeng, weitou, shiqi, jiujiang, xiguan, yuehai, singkawang, raoping, hailu, wuhua, tingzhou, changting, huiyang, jianyang, jian, inland, banqiao, zhanjiang, leizhou, longyan, zhenan, sanxiang, haklau, swatow, medan, philippines, chawan, amoy, zhangzhou, quanzhou, xianyou, putian, nanlang, longdu, manjiang, ningde, ning, matsu, gutian, changle, fuqing, houguan, qiyang, quan, wugang, xiangxiang, shuangfeng, loushao, changsha, changyi, tong, ying, nanchang, jing, zhan, yanzhou, xiu, hui, xuancheng, xuanzhou, qingtian, jiangshan, quzhou, chu, yongkang, jinhua, wuzhou, wencheng, rui, wenzhou, oujiang, tiantai, jinxiang, hangzhou, ningbo, shaoxing, linshao, jiangyin, changzhou, piling, tiaoxi, huzhou, wuxi, kunshan, suzhou, shadi, urban, sujiahu, taihu, zhi, yan, zhangjiakou, hohhot, gyami, yangyu, junjia, ürümqi, lanzhou, lanyin, yangzhou, nantong, jianghuai, wuming, gui, wuhan, kunming, zigong, renshou, fushun, leshan, minjiang, chengdu, chongqing, southwestern, xuzhou, luoyang, guanzhong, gangou, dongping, weihai, qingdao, dalian, jiaoliao, jinan, tianjin, jilu, taz, shenyang, harbin, changchun, chaofeng, huaicheng, jingcheng, females, kluang, sichuan, liuzhou, majie, regional, accents, internal, thai, telugu, syriac, maldivian, malayalam, korean, khmer, inuktitut, hebrew, georgian, nepali, marathi, hindi, devanagari, ukrainian, serbian, macedonian, kyrgyz, kazakh, bulgarian, belarusian, burmese, berber, bengali, armenian, uyghur, urdu, persian, amharic, gost, bgn, pcgn, ala, publisher, several, converts, formats, conversion, 1277360656, 460945516, yurou, columbia, 231, 54989, 7312, zhon19262, grammatology, modernity, 1916, report, concerning, simultaneously, problems, renmin, ribao, pravda, lund, humphries, beginners, edition, duanmu, 198, 29987, 1987, 691, 06694, ramsey, 29653, jerry, constantin, 133, 0305, 7410, 1017, s0305741000500058, quarterly, developments, macgillivray, donald, 1907, presbyterian, mission, winfred, austin, texas, 292, 74615, zongji, 1984, 278, 0095, 1016, s0095, 30883, 267, phonetics, places, articulation, investigation, pekingese, fricatives, affricates, ladefoged, maddieson, ian, 1996, blackwell, 631, 19814, tao, tai, haven, 11228917, phonetization, 4th, 190, 64572, 164, sociolinguistics, 118, jstor, 0156, 7365, 2307, 105, australian, hilary, 2nd, california, 520, 00219, yuen, ren, allen, waterloo, paris, benj, duprat, rue, cloltre, saint, benoit, king, street, cheapside, 114, volume, chien, kuo, ting, fei, kuan, ling, pao, chin, taipei, messages, eryk, smith, kaohsiung, platonic, papers, prospects, 7098, standards, 188, 189, 115, 116, 107, points, paraphrased, 119, passim, branigan, tania, guardian, principles, father, 102, translated, minglang, sun, hongkai, boston, springer, 4020, 8039, 262, 103, 184, 109, 186, 259, 260, 183, 拼音史话, 國音與說話, 建国前的语文工作, 165, francis, repr, coblin, south, levi, benjamins, 272, 4581, 1986, 170, 253, 33456, companion, nestorian, found, apparently, 127, catechism, online, mungello, david, 1989, hawaiʻi, 171, 8248, 1219, curious, land, accommodation, origins, sinology, dicionário, português, chinês, dian, witek, biblioteca, nacional, partial, preview, 972, 565, 298, yves, camus, jesuits, journeys, studies, north, clarendon, tuttle, 8048, 3853, hoeng1, gong2, jin4, wui2, jyut6, ping3, jam1, fong1, on3, 香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案, approval, proper, xinhua, news, agency, promulgated, fifth, session, congress, crucial, removal, term, wenzi, explicitly, longer, act, assist, visited, reported, principal, speed, primarily, minorities, opposed, guards, ease, translations, experiment, latinized, repatriated, 261, reports, worked, unqualified, success, 108, believe, reason, subsequent, increasingly, conservative, led, interest, suppressed, efforts, alter, analysis, romatzy, failed, defects, received, required, succeed, perhaps, importantly, viewed, product, elitist, enthusiasts, lacked, real, base, avoids, orthographic, alternations, wei, consular, service, compare, editor, tsai, translators, bloomington, 1994, historic, author, ssu, chʻien, grand, scribe, records, 172, calls, them, split, standardize, pronunciations, mostly, contributor, bor, chuan, 1998, make, distinct, latter, whether, 1993, lshk, paragraph, excerpt, described, belief, come, pass, plan, together, 1951, approved, 1978, standardization, embodied, model, included, exclusively, standstill, nothing, subtitles, masthead, newspaper, did, 1977, flag, basis, germans, polish, czechoslovaks, modified, derived, phoenician, egyptian, shame, attached, mathematical, point, origin, response, remark, weighty, factor, economic, industrial, expansion, moreover, patriotic, advocates, indicates, lack, asian, neighbours, easy, task, recording, scientists, native, tongue, technical, frequently, contained, unusual, peculiar, soon, reverted, citing, reasons, solely, cases, going, guide, development, involving, decisions, difficult, lit, hànyǔ, 汉语拼音, future, adopt, wide, technological, fields, constant, remembered, therefore, greatly, delivered, observed, spent, three, attempting, attempted, adapt, satisfactory, result, obtained, emphatically, fuhao, enlai, association, creators, appointed, chairman, members, governing, body, belonged, either, haishu, handa, highly, 1952, project, adopting, object, put, charge, branch, changpei, 黎锦熙, 林汉达, 倪海曙, claimed, persuaded, against, complete, 1944, officially, curtailed, areas, pretext, insufficient, cadres, likely, communists, prepared, power, wider, territory, thoughts, rhetoric, surrounded, order, obtain, maximum, withdrew, deeply, offended, important, spreading, 300, totaling, 500, ultimately, promotion, proposed, target, superseding, deemed, too, eminent, scholar, 1899, 1935, kolokolov, 1896, prototype, 1929, 1931, coordinated, alekseev, dragunov, shprintsin, boqu, xiangbao, teli, supported, intellectuals, trials, conducted, 100, 1940, 1942, regions, roc, meanwhile, felt, compelled, ban, 1938, railways, telecommunications, ningxia, gansu, shaanxi, 林伯渠, outset, once, chosen, former, better, purposes, unlike, pegged, promoted, republican, adapted, fit, towards, designing, early, institute, sought, large, population, living, union, facilitating, further, constructed, purpose, delivering, complexity, abolish, peak, almost, designers, ardent, natural, immediate, role, annotation, functions, expected, bona, fide, due, course, voluntary, subcommittee, independently, advocated, met, twenty, twelve, period, 1925, 1926, consisted, proclaimed, distinctive, aspect, rather, relying, upon, numbers, root, variation, entire, luómǎzì, 國語羅馬字, 黎錦熙, zhao, yuanren, ministry, instituted, unification, commission, eleven, member, circumstances, prevented, positive, outcome, formation, highlighted, indigenous, 1854, phoneme, xiamen, zhuangzhang, 切音新字, kang, youwei, zhu, ziqing, dafu, shen, congwen, dun, dazhao, shih, duxiu, notable, tiger, madman, diary, review, youth, major, league, left, wing, writers, crescent, moon, creation, party, xueheng, doubting, antiquity, feminist, out, heritages, simplification, democratization, total, west, humanism, communism, socialism, liberalism, modernism, anarchism, social, darwinism, anti, scientism, science, democracy, ideologies, boxer, indemnity, scholarship, eastward, warlord, era, constitutional, manchu, restoration, coronation, yuan, shikai, aftermath, 1911, culture, long, taught, patterns, superseded, military, personnel, counterparts, regular, standardized, 1906, combined, given, administered, post, resembles, france, 18th, 1902, 20th, gradually, replaced, école, française, extrême, orient, séraphin, couvreur, aspirated, consonants, mark, vowels, superscript, digits, spiritus, asper, widely, diplomat, improved, apart, correction, ambiguities, inconsistencies, innovation, wēizháishì, 威翟式拼音, thomas, linguistically, comprehensive, protestants, activities, consistently, across, concerned, fully, alphabetic, overseas, opium, 1839, samuel, dyer, collaboration, stronach, undertook, dispense, 1670, dominican, expanded, 1682, earliest, lingoa, 1626, aid, eyes, ears, literati, xīrú, ěrmù, 西儒耳目資, 西儒耳目资, xiru, ermu, nicolas, accounting, however, assistants, publication, 1667, encyclopedic, scope, athanasius, kircher, michał, boym, consistent, words, 1583, 1588, ever, manuscript, misplaced, archives, rome, 1934, finally, winter, 1598, colleague, 1560, 1640, rediscovered, lazzaro, name, bearer, mei, intelligibility, passport, map, typical, stylized, generally, passage, cited, earlier, texts, usually, posters, slogans, annotated, indexing, entry, cataloguing, replacing, bring, functional, dvorak, recitation, variety, identifying, context, xíng, walk, behaviour, háng, store, allowing, instant, via, according, allow, insertion, syntactic, actual, especially, experience, necessary, distinguish, ambiguous, absence, others, bypasses, introducing, letter, changing, letters, contains, vowel, mha, maa, mah, diacritics, morphemes, indian, went, thousand, ago, understanding, reflected, precise, core, ideal, indicating, single, isolated, unworkable, essentially, polysyllabic, scriptures, grammarians, broadly, useful, skilled, recognizing, recognize, helpful, clarifying, facilitates, competing, simplify, problem, listing, alphabetically, keyboards, entering, directly, said, musicians, might, compose, key, readily, transcribe, keys, dominant, 1950s, include, roman, ʼphags, transliterations, polylectal, pha̍k, hagfa, pinyim, hinghwa, kienning, foochow, fuzhounese, peng, tâi, daighi, tongiong, pingim, bbánlám, pìngyīm, habhunwe, bhundzi, phofsit, daibuun, literal, ile, romani, ation, sidney, lau, macau, scuanxua, ladinxua, xin, late, imperial, followed, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, link, related, what, here, actions, talk, tiếng, việt, tagalog, slovenčina
Text of the page (random words):
t this time the system resembles traditional romanizations used in france many of these traditional spellings were created by french missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries when nanjing dialect was china s standard postal romanization was used only for place names barnett chao edit main article barnett chao romanisation meyer wempe edit main article meyer wempe yale system edit main articles yale romanization of cantonese and yale romanization of mandarin the yale romanization system was created at yale university during world war ii to facilitate communication between american military personnel and their chinese counterparts it uses a more regular spelling of mandarin phonemes than other systems of its day d this system was used for a long time because it was used for phrase books and part of the yale system of teaching chinese the yale system taught mandarin using spoken colloquial chinese patterns the yale system of mandarin has since been superseded by the chinese hanyu pinyin system chinese systems edit new culture movement background aftermath of the 1911 revolution second revolution coronation of yuan shikai national protection war manchu restoration constitutional protection movement warlord era eastward spread of western learning scientific revolution boxer indemnity scholarship french revolution russian revolution may fourth movement ideologies democracy science scientism anti confucianism social darwinism anarchism modernism liberalism socialism communism new humanism practice westernization east west cultural debate total westernization democratization simplification of chinese characters romanization of chinese languages writing with vernacular chinese national language movement translation of foreign literature sorting out national heritages feminist movement education reforms schools of thought doubting antiquity school xueheng school chinese communist party creation society new confucianism crescent moon society league of left wing writers major publications new youth the critical review a madman s diary the tiger notable people ba jin chen duxiu guo moruo hu shih lao she li dazhao lu xun mao dun qian xuantong shen congwen yu dafu zhu ziqing kang youwei v t e qieyin xinzi edit the first modern indigenous chinese romanization system the qieyin xinzi 切音新字 new phonetic alphabet was developed in 1892 by lu zhuangzhang 1854 1928 it was used to write the sounds of the xiamen dialect of southern min 8 some people also invented other phoneme systems 9 10 11 gwoyeu romatzyh edit the four tones of guo as written in characters and gwoyeu romatzyh note the spelling differences highlighted in red for each tone main article gwoyeu romatzyh in 1923 the kuomintang ministry of education instituted a national language unification commission which in turn formed an eleven member romanization unit the political circumstances of the time prevented any positive outcome from the formation of this unit 12 a new voluntary working subcommittee was independently formed by a group of five scholars who strongly advocated romanization the committee which met twenty two times over a twelve month period 1925 1926 consisted of zhao yuanren lin yutang qian xuantong li jinxi 黎錦熙 and one wang yi 13 they developed the gwoyeu romatzyh 國語羅馬字 guóyǔ luómǎzì national language romanization system proclaimed on 26 september 1928 the most distinctive aspect of this new system was that rather than relying upon marks or numbers it indicated the tonal variations of the root syllable by a systematic variation within the spelling of the syllable itself the entire system could be written with a standard qwerty keyboard the call to abolish the written characters in favor of a romanized alphabet reached a peak around 1923 as almost all of the designers of gwoyeu romatzyh were ardent supporters of this radical view it is only natural that aside from serving the immediate auxiliary role of sound annotation etc their scheme was designed in such a way that it would be capable of serving all functions expected of a bona fide writing system and supersede the written chinese characters in due course 14 despite the fact that it was created to eventually replace chinese characters and that it was constructed by linguists gwoyeu romatzyh was never extensively used for any purpose other than delivering the pronunciation of specific chinese characters in dictionaries e the complexity of its tonal system was such that it was never popular f latinxua sin wenz edit main article latinxua sin wenz work towards designing latinxua sin wenz began in moscow as early as 1928 when the soviet scientific research institute on china sought to create a means through which the large chinese population living in the far east of the soviet union could be made literate facilitating their further education from the very outset it was intended that the latinxua sin wenz system once established would supersede the chinese characters 17 the latin alphabet was chosen over the cyrillic alphabet because the former was thought to better serve their purposes 18 unlike gwoyeu romatzyh with its complex spelling rules to indicate tones latinxua sin wenz does not indicate tones at all while gr could in principle write many different tonal systems it had been pegged to the national standard language also promoted by the republican government while latinxua sin wenz was simply adapted to create new systems fit for various varieties of chinese varieties 19 the eminent moscow based chinese scholar qu qiubai 1899 1935 and the russian linguist v s kolokolov 1896 1979 devised a prototype romanization in 1929 in 1931 a coordinated effort between the soviet sinologists b m alekseev a a dragunov and a g shprintsin with the chinese scholars qu qiubai wu yuzhang lin boqu 林伯渠 xiao san wang xiangbao and xu teli based in moscow established latinxua sin wenz the system was supported by a number of chinese intellectuals such as guo moruo and lu xun and trials were conducted among 100 000 chinese immigrant workers for about four years g and later from 1940 to 1942 in the communist controlled regions of shaanxi gansu and ningxia 20 the roc government meanwhile felt compelled to ban its use between 1936 and 1938 in november 1949 the railways in northeastern china adopted latinxua sin wenz for all telecommunications 21 for a time the system was very important in spreading literacy in northern china and more than 300 publications totaling 500 000 issues were printed in latinxua sin wenz 17 ultimately promotion of the system ceased because of its proposed target of superseding logographic chinese characters altogether which was deemed too radical in 1944 the latinization movement was officially curtailed in the communist controlled areas of china on the pretext that there were insufficient trained cadres capable of teaching the system it is more likely that as the communists prepared to take power in a much wider territory they had second thoughts about the rhetoric that surrounded the latinization movement in order to obtain the maximum popular support they withdrew support from a movement that deeply offended many supporters of the traditional writing system 22 in 2002 zhou youguang claimed that joseph stalin persuaded mao zedong against the complete romanization of chinese during mao s visit to moscow in december 1949 23 hanyu pinyin edit main article pinyin in october 1949 the association for reforming the chinese written language was established wu yuzhang one of the creators of latinxua sinwenz was appointed chairman all of the members of its initial governing body belonged to either the latinxua sinwenz movement ni haishu 倪海曙 lin handa 林汉达 etc or the gwoyeu romatzyh movement li jinxi 黎锦熙 luo changpei etc for the most part they were also highly trained linguists their first directive 1949 1952 was to take the phonetic project adopting the latin alphabet as the main object of their research 24 linguist zhou youguang was put in charge of this branch of the committee 25 26 in a speech delivered on 10 january 1958 h zhou enlai observed that the committee had spent three years attempting to create a non latin chinese phonetic alphabet they had also attempted to adapt zhuyin fuhao but no satisfactory result could be obtained and the latin alphabet was then adopted 27 he also emphatically stated in future we shall adopt the latin alphabet for the chinese phonetic alphabet being in wide use in scientific and technological fields and in constant day to day usage it will be easily remembered the adoption of such an alphabet will therefore greatly facilitate the popularization of the common speech i e putonghua standard chinese 28 the development of the pinyin chinese 汉语拼音 pinyin hànyǔ pīnyīn lit chinese phonetic writing system was a complex process involving decisions on many difficult issues such as should hanyu pinyin s pronunciation be based on that of beijing was hanyu pinyin going to supersede chinese written characters altogether or would it simply provide a guide to pronunciation i should the traditional chinese writing system be simplified should hanyu pinyin use the latin alphabet j should hanyu pinyin indicate tones in all cases as with gwoyeu romatzyh should hanyu pinyin be mandarin specific or adaptable to other dialects and other chinese varieties was hanyu pinyin to be created solely to facilitate the spread of putonghua throughout china k despite the fact that the draft scheme for a chinese phonetic alphabet published in people s china on 16 march 1956 contained certain unusual and peculiar characters the committee for research into language reform soon reverted to the latin alphabet citing the following reasons the latin alphabet is extensively used by scientists regardless of their native tongue and technical terms are frequently written in latin the latin alphabet is simple to write and easy to read it has been used for centuries all over the world it is easily adaptable to the task of recording chinese pronunciation while the use of the cyrillic alphabet would strengthen ties with the u s s r the latin alphabet is familiar to most russian students and its use would strengthen the ties between china and many of its southeast asian neighbours who are already familiar with the latin alphabet as a response to mao zedong s remark that cultural patriotism should be a weighty factor in the choice of an alphabet despite the fact that the latin alphabet is foreign it will serve as a strong tool for economic and industrial expansion and moreover the fact that two of the most patriotic chinese qu qiubai and lu xun were such strong advocates of the latin alphabet indicates that the choice does not indicate any lack of patriotism on the basis that the british french germans spanish polish and czechoslovaks have all modified the latin alphabet for their own usage and because the latin alphabet is derived from the greek alphabet which in turn came from phoenician and egyptian there is as much shame attached to using the latin alphabet as there is in using arabic numerals and the conventional mathematical symbols regardless of their point of origin 31 the movement for language reform came to a standstill during the cultural revolution and nothing was published on language reform or linguistics from 1966 to 1972 32 the pinyin subtitles that had first appeared on the masthead of the people s daily newspaper and the red flag journal in 1958 did not appear at all between july 1966 and january 1977 33 in its final form hanyu pinyin was used to indicate pronunciation only was exclusively based on the pronunciation of the beijing dialect included tone marks embodied the traditional initial sound final sound and suprasegmental tone model was written in the latin alphabet hanyu pinyin has developed from mao s 1951 directive through the promulgation on 1 november 1957 of a draft version by the state council l to its final form being approved by the state council in september 1978 m to being accepted in 1982 by the international organization for standardization as the standard for transcribing chinese 36 john defrancis has described mao zedong s belief that pinyin would eventually replace chinese characters but this has not come to pass and in fact such a plan had already ceased together with the end of latinxua sinwenz movement 37 jyutping edit this paragraph is an excerpt from jyutping edit the linguistic society of hong kong cantonese romanization scheme n also known as jyutping is a romanisation system for cantonese developed in 1993 by the linguistic society of hong kong lshk tongyong pinyin edit main article tongyong pinyin tongyong pinyin is a system with some usage in taiwan it was introduced by the linguist yu bor chuan in 1998 and was the official romanization of mandarin in taiwan between 2002 and 2008 the system was developed in part to make the taiwanese identity more distinct from china s the latter of which uses hanyu pinyin whether to use this system is considered a political issue in taiwan 38 39 variations in pronunciation edit the chinese and japanese repository stated that romanization would standardize the different pronunciations chinese often had for one word which was common for all mostly unwritten languages contributor rev james summers wrote in 1863 those who know anything of the rude and unwritten languages of the other parts of the world will have no difficulty in imagining the state of the spoken dialects of china the most various shades of pronunciation are common arising from the want of the analytic process of writing by means of an alphabet a chinaman has no conception of the number or character of the sounds which he utters when he says mau ping indeed one man will call it maw mor bing and another mo piang without the first man perceiving the difference by the people themselves these changes are considered to be simple variations which are of no consequence and if we look into the english of chaucer s or of wickliffe s time or the french of marco polo s age we shall find a similar looseness and inattention to correct spelling because these languages were written by few and when the orthography was unsettled times are changed every poor man may now learn to read and write his own language in less than a month and with a little pains he may do it correctly with practice the consequence is that a higher degree of comfort and happiness is reached by many who could never have risen above the level of the serf and the slave without this intellectual lever the poor may read the gospel as well as hear it preached and the cottage library becomes a never failing treasury of profit to the labouring classes 40 see also edit comparison of standard chinese transcription systems transliteration of chinese transcription into chinese characters romanization of japanese notes edit chao 1968 p 172 calls them split reading characters but compare the grand scribe s records by ssu ma chʻien william h nienha...
|
