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ervice providers do not slow speeds for some websites to gain unfair profit the net neutrality regulation 2015 states providers of internet access services shall treat all traffic equally but this shall not prevent reasonable traffic management measures 505 the new internet backbone is made from optical fibre networks meaning much faster internet than old copper cables the eu s pledge is at least 100 mbps internet speed to all households in 2025 and 1000 mbps not until 2030 even though speeds 10 times this were available in 2015 506 since today s communications have mostly merged into the internet the electronic communications code directive 2018 is critical for eu infrastructure 507 article 5 requires a member state regulator or a competent authority is set up that will license use of the radio spectrum through which mobile and internet signals travel a regulator must also enable access and interconnection to other infrastructure such as telecomms and broadband cables protect end user rights and monitor competition issues regarding open internet access to ensure rights such as universal service and portability of phone numbers 508 articles 6 8 require the regulators are independent with dismissal of heads only for a good reason and articles 10 11 require cooperation with other authorities articles 12 13 require that use of electronic communication networks is authorised by a regulator and that conditions attached are non discriminatory proportionate and transparent 509 the owner of a communication network has duties to allow access and interconnection on fair terms and so article 17 requires that its accounts and financial reports are separate from other activities if the enterprise does other business 510 article 74 foresees that regulators can control prices and article 84 says member states should ensure that all consumers in their territories have access at an affordable price in light of specific national conditions to an available adequate broadband internet access service and to voice communications services while some eu member states have privatised all and some part of their telecomms infrastructure publicly or community owned internet providers such as in denmark or romania tend to have the fastest web speeds 511 data protection is a human right 512 and personal data cannot be processed by any enterprise except with consent or by law under the general data protection regulation 2016 historically to protect people s privacy and correspondence the post banned tampering with letters and excluded post offices from responsibility for letters even if the contents were for something illegal 513 as the internet developed the original information society directive 1998 aimed for something similar so that internet server providers or email hosts for instance protected privacy 514 after this the electronic commerce directive 2000 also sought to ensure free movement for an information society service 515 requiring member states to not restrict them unless it was to fulfill a public policy prevent crime fight incitement to hatred protect individual dignity protect health or protect consumers or investors 516 articles 12 to 14 further said that an iss operating as a mere conduit for information doing caching or hosting is not liable for information stored if the provider does not have actual knowledge of illegal activity and is not aware of facts or circumstances from which the illegal activity or information is apparent but must act quickly to remove or disable access upon obtaining knowledge or awareness 517 article 15 states that member states should not impose a general obligation on providers to monitor the information which they transmit or store nor seek facts on illegality 518 however the meaning of who was an iss was not clearly defined in law 519 and has become a problem with social media that was not meant to be protected like private communication an internet service provider has been held to be an iss 520 and so has a wi fi host 521 the electronic commerce directive 2000 recital 11 states email services search engines data storage and streaming are information society services and an individual email is not 522 and the information society directive 2015 makes clear that tv and radio stations do not count as iss s 523 none of these definitions include advertising which is never at the request of a recipient of services as the 2015 directive requires however various cases have decided that ebay 524 facebook 525 and airbnb 526 may count as isss but the cab app uber does not 527 the main rights to data privacy are found in the general data protection regulation 2016 first there is the right to have data about someone processed only with their consent 528 or based on other justifiable grounds such as a lawful purpose it has been held that consent is not given if there is a pre checked checkbox which the user must deselect to refuse 529 under the privacy and electronic communications directive 2002 a well known result is that websites must not install cookies into someone s web browser unless they positively accept cookies 530 the eu has not yet simply enabled people to block all cookies within a browser and required that websites give people this option without thousands of annoying buttons to click 531 second people have the right to be informed about data kept on them 532 third there is a right to be forgotten and the data to be deleted 533 where legal standards do not exist alphabet facebook or microsoft have largely been uncontrolled in privacy invasion for instance gmail pioneering surveillance of emails for ads as its first business model 534 and facebook abolishing service user voting rights over changes to its privacy policies in 2012 535 there are no rights yet in eu law for service users to vote for representatives on boards of big tech companies that take their data or to have decision rights over use of their data in contrast to the rights of service users of websites like wikipedia 536 media and markets edit see also media freedom in the european union and european broadcasting union v t e eu media sources udhr 1948 arts 19 and 21 iccpr 1966 arts 19 and 25 echr 1950 art 10 2 cfreu 2000 art 11 audiovisual media services directive 2010 13 eu arts 1 and 6 electronic commerce directive 2000 31 ec arts 1 14 15 digital services act regulation 2022 2065 arts 3 13 35 6 51 digital markets act regulation 2022 1925 google android 18 july 2018 case 40099 google shopping 27 june 2017 case 39740 google adsense 14 july 2016 case 40411 amazon marketplace 17 july 2019 case 40462 bundeskartellamt decision facebook inc 6 february 2019 b6 22 16 see european union law pluralism and regulation of the media such as through the licensing of broadcasting television or cinema enterprises 537 have long been seen as essential to protect freedom of opinion and expression 538 to ensure that citizens have a more equal voice 539 and ultimately to support the universal right to take part in the government 540 in almost all member states there is a well funded public and independent broadcaster for tv and radio and there are common standards for all tv and radio which are designed to support open fact based discussion and deliberative democracy however the same standards have not yet been applied to equivalent internet television radio or social media such as the platforms controlled by youtube owned by alphabet facebook or instagram owned by meta or twitter owned by elon musk all of which have spread conspiracy theories discrimination far right extremist terrorist and hostile military content the brexit cruz and trump campaigns in 2016 took personal facebook and other data without user s consent built psychological profiles of everyone and corporations and the russian military flooded social media with ads or bots to manipulate voters 541 eu law does not yet regulate web media spreading false news discrimination or propaganda general standards for broadcasting are found in the audiovisual media services directive 2010 it defines an audiovisual media services to mean those devoted to providing programmes under the editorial responsibility of a media service provider to the general public in order to inform entertain or educate to the general public by electronic communications networks either on tv or an on demand service 542 an on demand service involves viewing of programmes at the moment chosen by the user and at his individual request on the basis of a catalogue of programmes selected by the media service provider member states must ensure audiovisual services do not contain any incitement to hatred based on race sex religion nationality or other protected characteristics 543 article 9 prohibits media with surreptitious communication or subliminal techniques to prejudice respect for human dignity that would promote any discrimination prejudice health and safety or encourage behaviour grossly prejudicial to the protection of the environment social media on facebook youtube or twitter may be thought to be exempt as they lack editorial responsibility however each use algorithms to exert effective control and profit from arrangement of media 544 after 2018 new provisions on video sharing platform service providers were introduced with duties on member states to ensure under article 28b that video sharing platform providers protect a minors from content that may impair their physical mental or moral development b the general public from content containing incitement to violence or hatred and c the general public from content whose dissemination is criminal in eu law such as terrorism child pornography or offences concerning racism or xenophobia under the digital services act regulation 2022 the rules from the electronic commerce directive 2000 were repeated so that a platform s or gatekeeper s liability is limited unless the platforms have failed to act with due diligence to stop certain illegal content complying with transparent terms and algorithms 545 new codes of conduct should be drawn up for best practice 546 fines for large platforms go up to 6 of annual turnover 547 these rules fall short of most tv standards that restrict inaccurate news such as flat earth conspiracies or global warming denial discriminatory content short of incitement to hatred systematic bias or propaganda from dictatorships or corporations by contrast wikipedia s online content has user regulated policies preventing uncontrolled use of bots preventing personal attacks by suspending or banning users that break rules and ensuring wikipedia maintains a neutral point of view the eu has also begun to regulate marketplaces that operate online both through competition law and the digital markets act regulation 2022 first in a series of commission decisions google and amazon were fined for competition violations in the google shopping case the commission fined google 2 4 billion for giving preference to its own shopping results over others in google s search leading to huge increases in traffic for google over rivals 548 in the google android case the commission fined alphabet inc by then google s rebranded parent name 4 34 billion or 4 5 of worldwide turnover for paying phone manufacturers to pre install its apps such as google search or chrome as a condition to license its app marketplace google play 549 in the google adsense case the commission fined google 1 49 billion for stopping third party websites displaying their adverts in google s embedded search widgets given that it was dominant in the ad market and unfairly excluding competitors from results 550 in the amazon marketplace case an investigation for abuse of dominant position was launched for amazon using other traders data to benefit its own retail business and preferencing itself in its buy box and in access to prime seller status this was settled after amazon committed in 2022 not to use non public data relating to or derived from the independent sellers activities on its marketplace for its retail business and to not discriminate against third parties in its buy box and prime services 551 the digital markets act codifies many of these standards consumer products edit the general product safety regulation gpsr is a european regulation on consumer protection it replaces directive 2001 95 ec on general product safety the regulation is intended to ensure that products placed on the market in the european internal market do not endanger the health and safety of consumers through a high level of consumer protection 552 the gpsr mandates a risk based approach to product safety requiring manufacturers and other economic operators to conduct comprehensive risk assessments before placing products on the market these assessments must consider foreseeable use and misuse of the product chemical mechanical and electrical hazards vulnerable consumers including children elderly individuals and persons with disabilities where no harmonized standards exist economic operators must use scientific and technical knowledge to ensure compliance citation needed foreign security and trade policy edit main articles common foreign and security policy common commercial policy eu and world trade organization common foreign and security policy including the common security and defence policy funded by the european defence fund and european defence agency membership of nato the united nations tfeu art 214 directorate general for european civil protection and humanitarian aid operations european neighbourhood policy common commercial policy eu european commissioner for trade european union free trade agreements world trade organization tfeu art 218 advisory opinion procedure on international agreements security and justice edit main articles area of freedom security and justice and european arrest warrant area of freedom security and justice and european arrest warrant tfeu art 67 this article needs to be updated the reason given is http data europa eu eli dir 2024 1203 oj please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information may 2025 in 2006 a toxic waste spill off the coast of côte d ivoire from a european ship prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste environment commissioner stavros dimas stated that such highly toxic waste should never have left the european union with countries such as spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste franco frattini the justice freedom and security commissioner proposed with dimas to create criminal sentences for ecological crimes the competence for the union to do this was contested in 2005 at the court of justice resulting in a victory for the commission 553 that ruling set a precedent that the commission on a supranational basis may legislate in criminal law something never done before so far the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive 554 motions were tabled in the europea...
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