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9 1 female members 9 2 notable members 10 see also 11 references 12 notes 13 further reading 14 external links toggle the table of contents indian civil service 14 languages বাংলা deutsch français हिन्दी bahasa indonesia 日本語 ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ سنڌي svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు oʻzbekcha ўзбекча edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia civil service of the british raj 1858 1947 not to be confused with civil services of india the indian civil service abbreviated as ics officially known as the imperial civil service was the higher civil service of the british raj in the period between 1858 and 1947 its members administered more than 300 million people 1 in the presidencies and provinces of british india and were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts of india they were appointed under section xxxii 32 of the government of india act 1858 2 3 enacted by the british parliament 4 the ics was headed by the secretary of state for india a member of the british cabinet at first almost all the top thousand members of the ics known as civilians were british and had been educated in the best british schools 5 at the time of the partition of india in 1947 the outgoing government of india s ics was divided between india and pakistan a although these are now organised differently the contemporary civil services of india the central superior services of pakistan bangladesh civil service and myanmar civil service are all descended from the old indian civil service historians often rate the ics together with the railway system the legal system and the indian army as among the most important legacies of british rule in india 6 history and origins edit main articles british raj and civil service in early india from 1858 after the demise of the east india company s rule in india the british civil service took on its administrative responsibilities the change in governance came about due to the indian rebellion of 1857 which came close to toppling british rule in the country 7 entry and setting edit main articles aitchison commission and early nationalists up to 1853 the directors of the east india company made appointments of covenanted civil servants by nomination this nomination system was abolished by the british parliament in 1853 and it was decided that appointments would be through competitive examinations of british subjects without distinction of race the examination for admission to the service was first held only in london in august of each year 8 all candidates were required to pass a horse riding test an appointment to the civil service of the company will not be a matter of favour but a matter of right he who obtains such an appointment will owe it solely to his own abilities and industry it is undoubtedly desirable that the civil servants of the company should have received the best the most finished education that the native country affords the report insisted that the civil servants of the company should have taken the first degree in arts at oxford or cambridge universities macaulay committee report 9 the competitive examination for entry to the civil service was combined for the diplomatic the home the indian and the colonial services candidates had to be aged between 18 and 23 to take the exam 10 the total marks possible in the examination were 1 900 and one could get up to three opportunities to enter citation needed successful candidates underwent one or two years of probation in the united kingdom according to whether they had taken the london or the indian examination this period 11 was spent at the university of oxford indian institute the university of cambridge colleges in the university of london including the school of oriental studies or trinity college dublin 11 where a candidate studied the law and institutions of india including criminal law and the law of evidence which together gave knowledge of the revenue system as well as reading indian history and learning the language of the province to which they had been assigned 11 the early nationalists 12 also known as the moderates 13 worked for implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a public service commission and a resolution of the house of commons 1893 allowing for simultaneous examination for the indian civil service in london and india by 1920 there were five methods of entry into the higher civil service the open competitive examinations in london separate competitive examinations in india nomination in india to satisfy provincial and communal representation promotion from the provincial civil service and appointments from the bar one fourth of the posts in the ics were to be filled from the bar 14 uniform and dress edit sir henry edward stokes sir gabriel stokes and v narahari rao in the uniform of the indian civil service queen victoria had suggested that the civil servants in india should have an official dress uniform code as did their counterparts in the colonial service but the council of india decided that prescribing a dress uniform would be an undue expense for their officials 15 the only civilians allowed a dress uniform by regulations were those who had distinct duties of a political kind to perform and who were thereby brought into frequent and direct personal contact with native princes 15 this uniform included a blue coat with gold embroidery a black velvet lining collar and cuffs blue cloth trousers with gold and lace two inches wide a beaver cocked hat with black silk cockade and ostrich feathers and a sword 15 nature and role edit main article aitchison commission the civil services were divided into two categories covenanted and uncovenanted the covenanted civil service consisted of british civil servants occupying the higher posts in the government the uncovenanted civil service was introduced to facilitate the entry of indians at the lower rung of the administration 16 17 salary and ranks edit salary edit following the indian rebellion of 1857 pay scales were drawn up 1 assistant commissioners started out in their early twenties on around 300 a year 1 the governorship of a british province was the highest post an ics officer could aspire to 18 the governors at the top of the pyramid got 6 000 a year plus allowances 1 all ics officers retired on the same pension of 1 000 1 this sum was paid as an annuity each year after retirement widows of deceased officers were entitled to 300 a year leading to a popular saying that an ics marriage was worth three hundred a year alive or dead 19 in the first decades of the twentieth century the imbalance in salaries and emoluments was so great that 8 000 european officials together earned a total of 13 930 554 while 130 000 indians in government service not just those in the indian civil service proper were collectively paid a total of 3 284 163 20 tenure and service edit ics officers normally served for a minimum of twenty five years and there was a maximum service period of thirty five years 1 ics officers served as political officers in the indian political department and also were given fifty percent of the judgeships in the state high court the rest were generally elevated from the high court bar 18 the tenure of ics officers serving as judges of the high court and supreme court was determined by the retirement age fixed for judges 18 ranks edit source b c central government secretary to government of india joint secretary to government of india deputy secretary additional deputy secretary under secretary assistant secretary to government of india state government chief secretary british empire secretary to the state government divisional commissioner deputy commissioner district collector assistant commissioner courts judge of the state high court district judge changes after 1912 edit if a responsible government is to be established in india there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more indians we can employ in the public service the better moreover it would lessen the burden of imperial responsibilities if a body of capable indian administrators could be produced regarding the importance of indianising civil services montagu chelmsford reforms 21 with the passing of the government of india act 1919 the imperial services headed by the secretary of state for india were split into two all india services and central services 22 before the first world war 95 of ics officers were europeans after the war the british government faced growing difficulties in recruiting british candidates to the service with fewer young british men interested in joining mainly due to the decreased levels of compensation compared to other careers 23 and confronted with numerous vacancies the government resorted to direct appointments between 1915 and 1924 80 of new british ics appointees entered the service in this way during the same period 44 of new appointments to the ics were filled by indians 23 in 1922 indian candidates were permitted to sit for the ics examinations in delhi in 1924 the lee commission chaired by arthur lee 1st viscount lee of fareham which eventually led to the foundation of the federal public service commission and provincial public service commission under the government of india act 1935 made several recommendations ics officers should receive increased and more comprehensive levels of compensation future batches of ics officers should be composed of 40 europeans and 40 indians with the remaining 20 of appointments to be filled by direct promotion of indians from the provincial civil services pcs and the examinations in delhi and london were to produce an equal number of ics probationers 23 in addition under representation of candidates from indian minority groups muslims burmese and so on would be corrected by direct appointments of qualified candidates from those groups while british candidates would continue to have priority over indians for ics appointments 23 while initially successful the expansion of the indian independence movement from the late 1920s resulted in a hardening of indian attitudes against european officers and furthered distrust of indian ics appointments amongst indians this resulted in a declining recruitment base in terms of quality and quantity 23 the all india and class 1 central services were designated as central superior services as early as 1924 24 from 1924 to 1934 administration in india consisted of ten 24 all india services and five central departments all under the control of secretary of state for india and three central departments under joint provincial and imperial control after the government of india act 1935 edit the finances of india under british rule depended largely on land taxes and these became problematic in the 1930s epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue the suppression of civil disobedience by the british after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new congress controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land the outbreak of the second world war strengthened them again but in the face of the quit india movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946 47 direct british control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside 25 the outbreak of war in 1939 had immediate consequences for recruitment to the ics the examinations in london were suspended after that year s batch 12 british and eight indian examinees had qualified in 1940 and 1941 12 and four british candidates respectively were nominated to the ics the following year the final london nominated ics candidates both of whom were indian entered the service examinations continued to be held in delhi for indian candidates until 1943 when the last seven ics officers seven examinees two nominated joined by this time the british government felt it could no longer rely unambiguously on the complete loyalty of its indian officers during the period of the interim government of india 1946 1947 a few british candidates were given emergency appointments in the ics though ultimately none of them ever served in india 23 partition of india dissolution and subsequent service of officers edit at the time of the partition of india and departure of the british in 1947 the indian civil service was divided between the new dominions of india and pakistan the part which went to india was named the indian administrative service ias while the part that went to pakistan was named the civil service of pakistan csp in 1947 there were 980 ics officers 468 were europeans 352 hindus 101 muslims two depressed classes scheduled castes five domiciled europeans and anglo indians 25 indian christians 13 parsis 10 sikhs and four other communities 18 many hindus and muslims went to india and pakistan respectively this sudden loss of officer cadre caused major challenges in administering the nascent states despite offers from the new indian and pakistani governments virtually all of the european former ics officers left following partition with the majority of those who did not opt for retirement continuing their careers either in the british home civil service or in another british colonial civil service 26 a few british ex ics officers stayed on over the ensuing quarter century notably those who had selected the judicial side of the ics the last british former ics officer from the judicial side still serving in the subcontinent justice donald falshaw ics 1928 retired as chief justice of the punjab high court now the punjab and haryana high court in may 1966 27 28 receiving a knighthood in the british 1967 new year honours upon his return to britain j p l gwynn ics 1939 the last former ics officer holding british nationality and the last to serve in an executive capacity under the indian government ended his indian service in 1968 as second member of the board of revenue but continued to serve in the british home civil service until his final retirement in 1976 29 30 justice william broome ics 1932 a district and sessions judge at the time of independence in 1947 remained in indian government service as a judge having married an indian swarup kumari gaur in 1937 with whom he raised a family he eventually renounced his british citizenship in 1958 and became an indian citizen with the personal intervention of prime minister jawaharlal nehru himself a former barrister who regarded broome as a dis...
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