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d khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees 35 the soviet troops would arrive in cuba heavily underprepared they did not know that the tropical climate would render ineffective many of their weapons and much of their equipment in the first few days of setting up the missiles troops complained of fuse failures excessive corrosion overconsumption of oil and generator blackouts 51 as early as august 1962 the us suspected that the soviets were building missile facilities in cuba during that month its intelligence services gathered information of sightings by ground observers of soviet built mig 21 fighters and il 28 light bombers u 2 spy planes found s 75 dvina nato designation sa 2 surface to air missile sites at eight different locations cia director john a mccone was suspicious sending antiaircraft missiles into cuba he reasoned made sense only if moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the united states 52 on 10 august he wrote a memo to kennedy in which he guessed that the soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into cuba 35 che guevara himself traveled to the soviet union on 30 august 1962 to sign the final agreement regarding the deployment of missiles in cuba 53 the visit was heavily monitored by the cia as guevara was being watched closely by american intelligence while in the soviet union guevara argued with khrushchev that the missile deal should be made public but khrushchev insisted on total secrecy and promised the soviet union s support if the americans discovered the missiles by the time guevara arrived in cuba u 2 spy planes had already discovered the soviet troops in cuba 54 with important congressional elections scheduled for november the crisis became enmeshed in american politics on 31 august senator kenneth keating r new york warned on the senate floor that the soviet union was in all probability constructing a missile base in cuba he charged the kennedy administration with covering up a major threat to the us thereby starting the crisis 55 he may have received this initial remarkably accurate information from his friend former congresswoman and ambassador clare boothe luce who in turn received it from cuban exiles 56 a later confirming source for keating s information may have been the west german ambassador to cuba who had received information from dissidents inside cuba that soviet troops had arrived in cuba in early august and were seen working in all probability on or near a missile base the ambassador passed this information to keating on a trip to washington in early october 57 air force general curtis lemay presented a pre invasion bombing plan to kennedy in september and spy flights and minor military harassment from us forces at guantanamo bay naval base were the subject of continual cuban diplomatic complaints to the us government 15 map created by american intelligence showing all known surface to air missile activity in cuba 5 september 1962 the first consignment of soviet r 12 missiles arrived on the night of 8 september followed by a second on 16 september the r 12 was a medium range ballistic missile capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead 58 it was a single stage road transportable surface launched storable liquid propellant fuelled missile that could deliver a megaton class nuclear weapon citation needed the soviets were building nine sites six for r 12 medium range missiles nato designation ss 4 sandal with an effective range of 2 000 kilometres 1 200 mi and three for r 14 intermediate range ballistic missiles nato designation ss 5 skean with a maximum range of 4 500 kilometres 2 800 mi 59 on 7 october cuban president osvaldo dorticós torrado spoke at the un general assembly if we are attacked we will defend ourselves i repeat we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves we have indeed our inevitable weapons the weapons which we would have preferred not to acquire and which we do not wish to employ 60 on 11 october in another senate speech sen keating reaffirmed his earlier warning of 31 august and stated that construction has begun on at least a half dozen launching sites for intermediate range tactical missiles 61 the cuban leadership was further upset when on 20 september the us senate approved joint resolution 230 which stated that the us was determined to prevent in cuba the creation or use of an externally supported military capability endangering the security of the united states 62 63 on the same day the us announced a major military exercise in the caribbean phibriglex 62 which cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the us planned to invade cuba 63 64 unreliable source the soviet leadership believed based on its perception of kennedy s lack of confidence during the bay of pigs invasion that he would avoid confrontation and would accept the missiles as a fait accompli 17 1 on 11 september the soviet union publicly warned that a us attack on cuba or on soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war 15 the soviets continued the maskirovka program to conceal their actions in cuba they repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into cuba were offensive in nature on 7 september soviet ambassador to the united states anatoly dobrynin assured united states ambassador to the united nations adlai stevenson that the soviet union was supplying only defensive weapons to cuba on 11 september the telegraph agency of the soviet union tass telegrafnoe agentstvo sovetskogo soyuza announced that the soviet union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into cuba on 13 october dobrynin was questioned by former undersecretary of state chester bowles about whether the soviets planned to put offensive weapons in cuba he denied any such plans 63 on 17 october soviet embassy official georgi bolshakov brought president kennedy a personal message from khrushchev reassuring him that under no circumstances would surface to surface missiles be sent to cuba 63 494 missiles reported missiles placed in cuba would enable the soviets to target most of the continental us the planned arsenal consisted of forty launchers the cuban populace observed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached miami us intelligence received countless reports many of dubious quality or even laughable most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles 65 66 67 only five reports bothered the analysts they described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas covered cylindrical objects and could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering defensive missile transporters it was believed could make such turns without undue difficulty the reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed 68 a u 2 reconnaissance photograph of cuba showing soviet nuclear missiles their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance aerial confirmation the united states had been sending u 2 surveillance flights over cuba since the failed bay of pigs invasion 69 a pause in reconnaissance flights occurred on 30 august 1962 when a u 2 operated by the us air force s strategic air command flew over sakhalin island in the soviet far east by mistake the soviets lodged a protest and the us apologized nine days later a taiwanese operated u 2 70 was lost over western china to an sa 2 surface to air missile sam us officials were worried that one of the cuban or soviet sams in cuba might shoot down a cia u 2 causing another international incident in a meeting with members of the committee on overhead reconnaissance comor on 10 september 1962 secretary of state dean rusk and national security advisor mcgeorge bundy restricted further u 2 flights over cuban airspace the resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the photo gap 71 no significant u 2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island during this time us officials attempted to use a corona photo reconnaissance satellite to photograph reported soviet military deployments but the imagery acquired over western cuba by a corona kh 4 mission on 1 october 1962 was obscured by clouds and haze and did not provide usable intelligence 72 at the end of september navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the soviet ship kasimov with large crates on its deck the size and shape of il 28 jet bomber fuselages 35 in september 1962 analysts from the defense intelligence agency dia noticed that cuban surface to air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the soviet union to protect icbm bases and the dia lobbied for resumption of u 2 flights over the island 73 in the past the flights had been conducted by the cia but pressure from the defense department led to that authority being transferred to the air force 35 after the loss of a cia u 2 over the soviet union in may 1960 it was thought that if another u 2 were shot down an air force aircraft apparently being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a cia flight when reconnaissance missions were permitted again on 9 october 1962 poor weather kept the planes from flying the us first obtained u 2 photographic evidence of the soviet missiles on 14 october 1962 when a u 2 flight piloted by major richard heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by dia analysts capturing images of what turned out to be an ss 4 construction site at san cristóbal pinar del río province now in artemisa province in western cuba 74 one of the first u 2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to president kennedy on the morning of 16 october 1962 president notified on 15 october 1962 the cia s national photographic interpretation center npic reviewed the u 2 photographs and identified objects that appeared to be medium range ballistic missiles this identification was made partly on the strength of reporting provided by oleg penkovsky a double agent in the gru working for the cia and mi6 although he provided no direct reports of soviet missile deployments to cuba technical and doctrinal details of soviet missile regiments that had been provided by penkovsky in the months and years prior to the crisis helped npic analysts to identify the missiles in u 2 imagery 75 that evening the cia notified the department of state and at 8 30 pm edt bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the president mcnamara was briefed at midnight the next morning bundy showed kennedy the u 2 photographs and briefed him on the cia s analysis of the images 76 at 6 30 pm edt kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the national security council and five other key advisers 77 in a group he named the executive committee of the national security council excomm after the fact on 22 october by national security action memorandum 196 78 without informing the members of excomm president kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings and sheldon m stern head of the kennedy library transcribed some of them 79 80 on 16 october president kennedy notified attorney general robert kennedy that he was convinced the soviets were placing missiles on cuba that it was a legitimate threat and that the possibility of nuclear destruction by two world superpowers had become a reality robert kennedy responded by contacting the soviet ambassador anatoly dobrynin robert kennedy expressed his concern about what was happening and dobrynin was instructed by soviet chairman nikita s khrushchev to assure president kennedy that there would be no ground to ground missiles or offensive weapons placed in cuba khrushchev further assured kennedy that the soviet union had no intention of disrupting the relationship of our two countries despite the photo evidence presented before president kennedy 81 responses considered president kennedy meets in the oval office with general curtis lemay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in cuba the us had no plan for a response in place because it had never expected that the soviets would install nuclear missiles on cuba excomm discussed several possible courses of action 82 do nothing american vulnerability to soviet missiles was not new diplomacy use diplomatic pressure to induce the soviet union to remove the missiles secret approach offer castro the choice of parting from the soviets or being invaded invasion full force invasion of cuba and overthrow of castro air strike use the us air force to attack all known missile sites blockade use the us navy to block any missiles from arriving in cuba game tree models how the us and the soviet union would have considered their decisions the joint chiefs of staff unanimously agreed that a full scale attack and invasion was the only solution they believed that the soviets would not attempt to stop the us from conquering cuba kennedy was skeptical they no more than we can let these things go by without doing something they can t after all their statements permit us to take out their missiles kill a lot of russians and then do nothing if they don t take action in cuba they certainly will in berlin 83 kennedy concluded that attacking cuba by air would signal the soviets to presume a clear line to conquer berlin kennedy also believed that us allies would think of the country as trigger happy cowboys who lost berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the cuban situation 84 president kennedy and secretary of defense mcnamara in an excomm meeting 29 october 1962 excomm considered the effect on the strategic balance of power both political and military the joint chiefs of staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance but mcnamara disagreed an extra 40 he reasoned would make little difference to the overall strategic balance the us already had approximately 5 000 strategic warheads 85 but the soviet union had only 300 mcnamara concluded that the soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance in 1990 he reiterated that it made no difference the military balance wasn t changed i didn t believe it then and i don t believe it now 86 it was agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance kennedy had explicitly promised the american people less than a month before the crisis that if cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the united states the united states would act 87 674 681 further us credibility among its allies and people would be damaged if the soviet union appeared to redress the strategic imbalance by placing missiles in cuba kennedy explained after the crisis that it would have politically changed the balance of power it would have appeared to and appearances contribute to reality 88 president kennedy meets in the oval office with soviet foreign minister andrei gromyko 18 october 1962 on 18 october 1962 kennedy met soviet ministe...
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