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nch is only a second language and its status of lingua franca is shared with lingala kinshasa french also differs from other african french variants for it has some belgian french influences due to colonization people of different african mother tongues living in kinshasa usually speak lingala to communicate with each other in the street but french is the language of businesses administrations schools newspapers and televisions french is also the predominant written language due to its widespread presence in kinshasa french has become a local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from lingala depending on their social status some people may mix french and lingala or code switch between the two depending on the context here are examples of words particular to kinshasa french as in abidjan there exist various registers and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish lingala terms cadavéré means broken worn out exhausted or dead it is a neologism on the standard french word cadavre whose meaning in standard french is corpse the word cadavéré has now spread to other african countries due to the popularity of congolese music in africa makasi means strong resistant it is a loanword from lingala anti nuit are sunglasses worn by partiers at night it is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard french is anti night it is one of the many kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying a reveler is known locally as un ambianceur from standard french ambiance which means atmosphere casser le bic literally to break the bic means to stop going to school bic is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in belgian french and kinshasa french but not in standard french merci mingi means thank you very much it comes from standard french merci thank you and lingala mingi a lot un zibolateur is a bottle opener it comes from the lingala verb kozibola which means to open something that is blocked up or bottled to which was added the standard french suffix ateur un tétanos is a rickety old taxi in standard french tétanos means tetanus moyen tê vraiment means absolutely impossible it comes from moyen tê there s no way itself made up of standard french moyen way and lingala tê not no to which was added standard french vraiment really avoir un bureau means to have a mistress il a deux bureaux doesn t mean he has two offices but he has two mistresses article 15 means fend for yourself or find what you need by yourself ça ne dérange pas means thank you or you are welcome when it means thank you it can offend some french speakers who are not aware of its special meaning in kinshasa for example if one offers a present to a person they will often reply ça ne dérange pas in standard french it means i don t mind quatre vingt et un is the way kinois say 81 quatre vingt un in europe compliquer quelqu un literally to make things complicated or difficult for someone it can be anyone elle me complique she is giving me a tough time une tracasserie is something someone does to make another person s life harder and often refers to policemen or soldiers a fine is often called a tracasserie especially because the policemen in kinshasa usually ask for an unpayable sum of money that requires extensive bargaining characteristics edit there are many linguistic differences that occur in kinshasa french that make it a distinct dialect of french similarly to many other african dialects of french many of the linguistic aspects are influenced either directly or indirectly by the linguistics of the local african languages it is also essential to note that grammatical differences between local congolese languages and the french language such as the lack of gendered nouns in the former result in linguistic changes when speakers of the former speak french 33 here are some of the phonetic characteristics of kinshasa french 34 the posteriorization of anterior labial vowels in french more specifically the posteriorization of the common french phoneme ɥ for u ex pronunciation of the french word cuisine kɥizin as couwisine kuwizin the delabialization of the phoneme y for the phoneme i ex pronunciation of the french term bureau byʁo as biro biʁo the vocalic opening of the french phoneme œ creating instead the phoneme ɛ ex pronunciation of the french word acteur aktœʁ as actère aktɛʁ in some cases the denasalization of french vowels ex pronunciation of the french term bande bɑ̃d as ba nde band the mid nasalization of occlusive consonants that follow the nasals n and m ex in relationship to the example above the french word bande bɑ̃d could be pronounced both as ba nde band or as ban nde with a slightly nasalized d the palatalization of french apico dental consonants that are followed by i and or ɥ ex pronunciation of the french word dix dis is pronounced as dzix dzis and similarly the term parti may be pronounced as partsi as briefly mentioned above many congolese languages are ungendered languages and so there is often some mixing of the french masculine and feminine articles in speakers of kinshasa french such as the phrase je veux du banane rather than the correct french je veux de la banane 33 see also edit africa portal anti french sentiment africa alliance of sahel states france africa relations french colonial empire belgian colonial empire geographical distribution of french speakers camfranglais list of colonies and possessions of france belgian congo maghreb french françafrique francophonie french based creole languages french language in minnesota french language in vietnam french language in cambodia french language in laos french polynesia languages of africa notes edit 29 full members of the organisation internationale de la francophonie oif benin burkina faso burundi cameroon cape verde central african republic chad comoros dr congo republic of the congo côte d ivoire djibouti egypt equatorial guinea gabon guinea guinea bissau madagascar mali mauritania mauritius morocco niger rwanda são tomé and príncipe senegal seychelles togo and tunisia one associate member of the oif ghana one observer of the oif mozambique one country not member or observer of the oif algeria two french territories in africa réunion and mayotte countries in italics indicate non francophone countries references edit 1 2 french ethnologue com retrieved 2021 01 15 1 2 327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023 pdf archived pdf from the original on 2023 04 15 retrieved 2023 04 15 1 2 en 2023 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde dont près de la moitié en afrique archived from the original on 2023 06 06 retrieved 2023 04 15 1 2 accueil francoscope archived from the original on 2023 03 23 retrieved 2023 04 15 population reference bureau 2023 world population data sheet pdf archived pdf from the original on 2024 02 20 retrieved 2024 02 05 default population division data portal in french le français à abidjan pour une approche syntaxique du non standard archived 2016 01 20 at the wayback machine by katja ploog cnrs editions paris 2002 evidence from the democratic republic of the congo pdf idrc crdi retrieved 21 december 2024 øyvind dahl linguistic policy challenges in madagascar pdf qui parle français dans le monde organisation internationale de la francophonie langue française et diversité linguistique archived from the original on 2023 03 24 retrieved 2023 04 12 is there a difference between french and african french african language solutions 2015 09 11 archived from the original on 2020 10 26 retrieved 2020 09 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 observatoire de la langue française de l organisation internationale de la francophonie estimation du nombre de francophones 2018 pdf archived pdf from the original on 2023 01 02 retrieved 2020 11 24 calvet maurice jean dumont pierre 1969 le français au sénégal interférences du wolof dans le français des élèves sénégalais the french of senegal wolof interference in the french of senegalese students collection ideric in french 7 1 71 90 archived from the original on 2023 02 21 retrieved 2023 02 21 manessy gabriel 1978 le français d afrique noire français créole ou créole français the french of black africa french creole or creole french langue française in french 37 1 91 105 doi 10 3406 lfr 1978 4853 jstor 41557837 mali drops french as official language africanews 26 july 2023 retrieved 2024 03 28 burkina abandons french as an official language africanews 2023 12 07 retrieved 2024 03 28 niger republic drops french for hausa as official language pulse nigeria 2025 04 09 retrieved 2025 04 13 1 2 bassolé ouedraogo a 2007 le français et le français populaire africain partenariat cohabitation ou défiance fpa appartenance sociale diversité linguistique pdf in french institut d études des femmes université d ottawa archived from the original pdf on 2008 02 27 marita jabet lund university la situation multilinguistique d abidjan pdf in french archived pdf from the original on 2008 02 27 retrieved 2007 05 29 sande hannah 2015 nouchi as a distinct language the morphological evidence pdf in kramer ruth zsiga elizabeth c tlale boyer one eds selected proceedings of the 44th annual conference on african linguistics somerville massachusetts cascadilla proceedings project pp 243 253 archived pdf from the original on 2022 03 22 retrieved 2021 09 15 1 2 3 bertin mel gnamba and jérémie kouadio n guessan variétés lexicales du français en côte d ivoire pdf in french p 65 archived from the original on 2015 09 23 retrieved 2013 09 30 languages crowd sourced online nouchi dictionary rising voices 2012 07 30 archived from the original on 2012 09 04 retrieved 2012 09 02 lafage suzanne 2002 le lexique français de côte d ivoire in french archived from the original on 4 august 2007 retrieved 2007 08 01 le dictionnaire de la zone cobra le cynique archived from the original on 2024 05 25 retrieved 2015 08 10 1 2 johnson manda djoa 2011 la locution verbale n avoir qu à infinitif dans le français ivoirien la locución verbal francesa n avoir qu à infinitivo en el francés marfileño the verbal phrase to have only with infinitive in ivorian french thélème in french 26 79 88 gale a383852945 proquest 1017876369 archived from the original on 2023 02 21 retrieved 2023 02 21 1 2 3 baghana jerome glebova yana a voloshina tatiana g blazhevich yuliya s birova jana 14 june 2022 analyzing the effect of interference on the utilization of french in côte d ivoire social and linguistic aspects revista de investigaciones universidad del quindío 34 s2 13 19 doi 10 33975 riuq vol34ns2 873 s2cid 249701668 la langue française dans le monde 2010 archived 2024 03 24 at the wayback machine organisation internationale de la francophonie 2010 p 51 in french coulibaly bakary interférences et français populaire du burkina archived 2024 03 18 at the wayback machine university of ouagadougou 1994 in french vécu langagier africanophone et francophone de jeunes lycéens du burkina faso archived from the original on 2024 03 18 retrieved 2024 03 18 observatoire démographique et statistique de l espace francophone odsef estimation des populations francophones dans le monde en 2018 sources et démarches méthodologiques pdf archived pdf from the original on 2020 11 29 retrieved 2020 11 24 1 2 baghana jerome voloshina tatiana g slobodova novakova katarina 2019 morphological and syntactic interference in the context of franco congolese bilingualism xlinguae 12 3 240 248 doi 10 18355 xl 2019 12 03 18 s2cid 199175583 gombé apondza guy roger cyriac 2015 particularités phonétiques du français dans la presse audio visuelle de kinshasa the french phonetic particularities in the broadcast media in kinshasa pdf synergies afrique des grands lacs 4 101 116 proquest 2060963904 archived pdf from the original on 2024 05 25 retrieved 2023 02 21 external links edit le français en afrique revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en afrique in french links for afrique francophone dictionaries of various french speaking countries le français et le français populaire africain partenariat cohabitation ou défiance fpa appartenance sociale diversité linguistique in french la mondialisation une chance pour la francophonie in french rfi l avenir du français passe par l afrique in french v t e varieties of the french language standard french african maghrebi african asian cambodian indian laotian vietnamese lebanese european french meridional belgian jersey legal law england wales and ireland swiss aostan american canada quebec joual magoua brayon acadian chiac newfoundland métis ontario us houma frenchville louisiana métis missouri muskrat new england saint pierre and miquelon saint pierre and miquelon caribbean haitian saint barthélemy related french based creole languages michif signed french sign language french belgian sign language quebec sign language v t e gallo romance languages and dialects areal groups canadian french langues d oïl antillean creole dominican grenadian saint lucian bourbonnais creoles agalega chagossian mauritian réunion rodriguan seychellois french acadian chiac st marys bay african abidjan kinshasa aostan belgian métis new england québécois joual magoua cambodian francien frenchville haitian houma french indian jersey legal laotian middle french meridional metropolitan missouri muskrat newfoundland ontarian saint barthélemy saint pierre and miquelon standard swiss vietnamese norman anglo norman augeron auregnais cauchois cotentinais guernésiais jèrriais law french old norman sercquiais others angevin berrichon bourbonnais burgundian burundi pidgin camfranglais champenois frainc comtou gallo guianese haitian creole karipúna creole labrador inuit pidgin lorrain gaumais welche louisiana creole louisiana french michif moselle romance nouchi old french orléanais petit nègre picard poitevin saintongeais poitevin saintongeais tayo tây bồi walloon wisconsin walloon zarphatic francoprovencalic franco provençal arpitan bolze faetar cigliàje friborgês jurassien mâconês savoyard valdôtain vâlsoanin italics indicate extinct languages or dialects a star indicates varieties with more than 5 million speakers languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left v t e romance languages classification major branches eastern italo western italo dalmatian western southern eastern aromanian istro romanian megleno romanian daco romanian dialects banat bukovinian crișana maramureș moldavian oltenian transylvanian wallachian italo dalmatian central central italian central marchigiano ancona fabriano macerata central northern latian romanesco sabino corsican capraiese castellanese gallurese sassarese italian italo australian maltese italian regional italian swiss italian tuscan florentine southern extreme southern italian central southern calabrian salentino manduriano sicilian pantesco neapolitan calabrese neapolitan barese benevento castelmezzano cilentan irpinian arianese molisan southern latian tarantino vas...
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