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ontinue into the 21st century cannibalism was also reported from north of the congo basin extending up to the central african republic civil war which started in 2012 jean bédel bokassa dictator of the central african republic seems to have eaten the flesh of opponents and prisoners in the 1970s in the 19th century cannibalism was also practised in the southern african zulu kingdom and adjacent areas during times of famine and social disruption particularly during a violent period that became known as mfecane europe this section is an excerpt from cannibalism in europe edit cannibalism in lithuania during the livonian war in 1571 german plate acts of cannibalism in europe seem to have been relatively prevalent in prehistory but also occurred repeatedly in later times often motivated by hunger hatred or medical concerns both anatomically modern humans and neanderthals practised cannibalism to some extent in the pleistocene 244 245 246 247 and neanderthals may have been eaten by modern humans as the latter spread into europe 248 amongst humans in prehistoric europe archaeologists have uncovered many clear and indisputable sites of cannibalism as well as numerous other finds of which cannibalism is a plausible interpretation in antiquity several greek and roman authors mentioned cannibal customs in remote parts of the continent such as beyond the dnieper river and in britain the stoic philosopher chrysippus noted that burial customs varied widely with funerary cannibalism being practised by many peoples though rejected by the greeks several cases of survival cannibalism during sieges are on record cannibalism to stave off starvation was also practised in later times such as during the great famine of 1315 1317 in the early modern and colonial era shipwrecked sailors ate the bodies of the deceased or drew lots to decide who would have to die to provide food for the others in cases of cannibalism at sea during the first crusade some crusaders ate the bodies of killed enemies with the reasons for these acts hunger or intimidation being a matter of debate various cases of undoubtedly revenge driven cannibalism took place in early modern italy in 1672 the dutch statesman johan de witt and his brother were lynched and partially eaten by an angry mob in early modern europe the consumption of body parts and blood for medical purposes became popular reaching its height during the 17th century this practice continued in some cases into the second half of the 19th century 249 the first half of the 20th century saw a resurgence of acts of survival cannibalism in eastern europe especially during the russian famine of 1921 1922 the soviet famine of 1930 1933 and the siege of leningrad several serial killers among them karl denke and andrei chikatilo consumed parts of their victims a few other people such as reporter william seabrook and artist rick gibson ate human flesh out of curiosity or to shock the public without killing anyone for the purpose at the start of the 21st century armin meiwes became infamous for killing and eating a voluntary victim whom he had found via the internet asia this section is an excerpt from cannibalism in asia edit fanciful depiction of cannibalism in china from a 15th century edition of the travels of marco polo acts of cannibalism in asia have been reported from various parts of the continent ranging from ancient history to the 21st century human cannibalism is particularly well documented for china and for islands that today belong to indonesia the history of cannibalism in china is multifaceted spanning from cases motivated by food scarcity during famines and wars to culturally accepted practices motivated by vengeance medical beliefs and even culinary pleasure records from china s twenty four histories document over three hundred episodes of cannibalism many of them seen as an inevitable means of avoiding starvation cannibalism was also employed as a form of vengeance with individuals and state officials consuming enemies flesh to further humiliate and punish them the histories also document multiple instances of voluntary cannibalism often involving young individuals offering some of their flesh to ill family members as a form of medical treatment various reports especially from early history and the medieval era indicate that human flesh could also be served at lavish feasts and was considered an exotic delicacy by some generally the reports from chinese history suggest that people had fewer reservations about eating human flesh than one might expect today episodes of cannibalism in china continued into the 20th century especially during the great leap forward 1958 1962 famine during the cultural revolution 1966 1976 multiple cases motivated by hatred rather than hunger seem to have occurred in sumatra cannibal practices are documented especially for the 14th and the 19th centuries with purchased children killed or captured enemies and executed criminals mentioned as typical victims in neighbouring borneo some dayak people ate human flesh especially in the context of headhunting expeditions and war campaigns in both islands and also in china human flesh was praised as extraordinarily delicious accounts from the 20th and early 21st centuries indicate that the cannibalization of despised enemies could still occur during episodes of mass violence such as the indonesian mass killings of 1965 66 and more recently the sampit conflict cases of famine cannibalism have been reported from north korea during the mid 1990s and subsequent starvation periods but their prevalence is debated various reports indicate that some japanese soldiers ate human flesh during world war ii motivated by starvation or sometimes by hatred oceania this section is an excerpt from cannibalism in oceania edit a cannibal feast on tanna vanuatu c 1885 1889 cannibalism in oceania is well documented for many parts of this region with reports ranging from the early modern period to in a few cases the 21st century some archaeological evidence has also been found human cannibalism in melanesia and polynesia was primarily associated with war with victors eating the vanquished while in australia it was confined to a minority of aboriginal groups and was mostly associated with mortuary rites or as a contingency for hardship to avoid starvation cannibalism used to be widespread in parts of fiji once nicknamed the cannibal isles 250 among the māori people of new zealand and in the marquesas islands 13 it was also practised in new guinea and in parts of the solomon islands according to some reports cannibalism was still practised in papua new guinea around 2012 for cultural reasons 251 252 see also autocannibalism the practice of eating oneself also called self cannibalism cannibal film cannibalism at sea cannibalism in africa cannibalism in asia cannibalism in europe cannibalism in literature cannibalism in oceania cannibalism in popular culture cannibalism in poultry cannibalism in the americas cannibalization marketing a business strategy child cannibalism for children as victims of cannibalism in myth and reality endocannibalism the consumption of persons from the same community often as a funerary rite exocannibalism the consumption of persons from outside the community often enemies killed or captured in war filial cannibalism the consumption of one s own offspring homo antecessor an extinct human species providing some of the earliest known evidence for human cannibalism human placentophagy the consumption of the placenta afterbirth issei sagawa a japanese man who became a minor celebrity after killing and eating another student list of incidents of cannibalism medical cannibalism the consumption of human body parts to treat or prevent diseases placentophagy the act of mammals eating the placenta of their young after childbirth pleistocene human diet the eating habits of human ancestors in the pleistocene sexual cannibalism behaviour of 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