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content is stored in centralised servers it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small vod service deployment has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient content delivery network cdn a distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider s network 27 residential iptv home networks in many cases the residential gateway that provides connectivity with the internet access network is not located close to the iptv set top box this scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set top boxes per subscriber networking technologies that take advantage of existing home wiring such as power lines phone lines or coaxial cables or of wireless hardware have become common solutions for this problem although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market 28 29 in december 2008 itu t adopted recommendation g hn also known as g 9960 which is a next generation home networking standard that specifies a common phy mac that can operate over any home wiring power lines phone lines or coaxial cables 30 groups such as the multimedia over coax alliance homeplug powerline alliance home phoneline networking alliance and quasar alliance plastic optical fibre 31 each advocate their own technologies ims based architecture there is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3gpp ip multimedia subsystem ims as an architecture for supporting iptv services in telecommunications carrier networks both itu t and etsi are working on so called ims based iptv standards see e g etsi ts 182 027 32 carriers will be able to offer both voice and iptv services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional tv services with telephony features e g caller id on the tv screen will become straightforward 33 protocols iptv supports both live tv as well as stored video on demand playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless ip network in the form of a standalone personal computer smartphone touch screen tablet game console connected tv or set top box content is compressed by video and audio codecs and then encapsulated in mpeg transport stream or real time transport protocol or other packets ip multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information december 2020 in standards based iptv systems the primary underlying protocols used are service provider based streaming igmp for subscribing to a live multicast stream tv channel and for changing from one live multicast stream to another tv channel change ip multicast operates within lans including vlans and across wans also citation needed ip multicast is usually routed in the network core by protocol independent multicast pim setting up correct distribution of multicast streams tv channels from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them duplicating received packets as needed on demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection real time transport protocol rtp over user datagram protocol udp or the lower overhead h 222 transport stream over transmission control protocol tcp are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation via satellite although iptv and conventional satellite tv distribution have been seen as complementary technologies they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid iptv networks iptv is largely neutral to the transmission medium and ip traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for internet backbone trunking and corporate vsat networks 34 the copper twisted pair cabling that forms the last mile of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an iptv service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital tv distribution for a competitive multi channel tv service a connection speed of 20 mbit s is likely to be required but unavailable to most potential customers 35 the increasing popularity of high definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits iptv service quality and connection eligibility even further however satellites are capable of delivering in excess of 100 gbit s via multi spot beam technologies making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing iptv networks satellite distribution can be included in an iptv network architecture in several ways the simplest to implement is an iptv direct to home dth architecture in which hybrid dvb broadband set top boxes in subscriber homes integrate satellite and ip reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities in such a system many live tv channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video on demand transmission via the broadband connection arqiva s satellite media solutions division suggests iptv works best in a hybrid format for example you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other such as live channels 36 hybrid iptv this section s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information july 2011 hybrid iptv refers to the combination of traditional broadcast tv services and video delivered over either managed ip networks or the public internet it is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay tv markets 37 38 39 the growth of hybrid iptv is driven by two major factors since the emergence of online video aggregation sites like youtube and vimeo in the mid 2000s traditional pay tv operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing internet based video on their televisions at the same time specialist ip based operators have looked for ways to offer analogue and digital terrestrial services to their operations without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations bandwidth is a valuable asset for operators so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures a hybrid set top allows content from a range of sources including terrestrial broadcast satellite and cable to be brought together with video delivered over the internet via an ethernet connection on the device this enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their tv sets without the need for a separate box for each service hybrid iptv set top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services such as vod catch up tv as well as internet applications including video telephony surveillance gaming shopping e government accessed via a television set from a pay tv operator s perspective a hybrid iptv set top box gives them greater long term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device this reduces the cost of launching new services increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers 40 the hybrid broadcast broadband tv hbbtv consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open european standard for hybrid set top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital tv and multimedia applications with a single user interface 41 these trends led to the development of hybrid broadcast broadband tv set top boxes that included both a broadcast tuner and an internet connection usually via an ethernet port the first commercially available hybrid iptv set top box was developed by advanced digital broadcast a developer of digital television hardware and software in 2005 the platform was developed for spanish pay tv operator telefonica 42 and used as part of its movistar tv service launched to subscribers at the end of 2005 an alternative approach is the iptv version of the headend in the sky cable tv solution here multiple tv channels are distributed via satellite to the isp or iptv provider s point of presence pop for ip encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber this can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening the incoming internet to the pop and enables an iptv service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high speed wan connection an example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an ses new skies satellite of 95 channels to latin america and the caribbean operated by iptv americas 43 needs update advantages the internet protocol based platform offers significant advantages including the ability to integrate television with other ip based services like high speed internet access and voip a switched ip network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality in a typical tv or satellite network using broadcast video technology all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer and the customer switches the content at the set top box the customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms cable or satellite company can stuff into the pipe flowing into the home a switched ip network works differently content remains in the network and only the content the customer selects is sent to the customer s home that frees up bandwidth and the customer s choice is less restricted by the size of the pipe into the home interactivity an ip based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the tv viewing experience more interactive and personalised the provider may for example include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor s name or a picture in picture functionality that allows them to channel surf without leaving the programme they re watching viewers may be able to look up a player s stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle they also may be able to access photos or music from their pc on their television use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report while they re away from home a feedback channel from the viewer to the provider is required for this interactivity terrestrial satellite and some cable networks for television do not feature a feedback channel and thus don t allow interactivity however interactivity with those networks can be possible by combining tv networks with data networks such as the internet or a mobile communication network video on demand iptv technology is used for video on demand vod 44 which permits a customer to browse an online programme or film catalogue to watch trailers and to then select a program the playout of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer s tv or pc technically when the customer selects the program a point to point unicast connection is set up between the customer s decoder set top box or pc and the delivering streaming server the signalling for the trick mode functionality pause slow motion wind rewind etc may be communicated using for instance rtsp in an attempt to avoid content piracy the vod content is usually encrypted and digital rights management may be applied a film that is chosen for example may be playable for 24 hours following payment after which time it becomes unavailable iptv based converged services another advantage is the opportunity for integration and convergence this opportunity is amplified when using ims based solutions 45 converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value added services one example is on screen caller id getting caller id on a tv and the ability to handle the call send it to voice mail etc ip based services help to provide consumers anytime and anywhere access to content over their televisions pcs and mobile device and to integrate services and content to tie them together within businesses and institutions iptv eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services limitations iptv is sensitive to packet loss and delays an iptv channel has a minimum bandwidth requirement some systems are able to adapt to lower available bandwidth by reducing picture quality although a few countries have very high speed broadband enabled populations a in other countries legacy networks struggle to provide 3 5 mbit s 46 needs update and so simultaneous use of iptv voip and internet access may not be viable the last mile delivery for iptv usually has a bandwidth restriction that only allows a small number of simultaneous tv channel streams typically from one to three to be delivered 47 latency the network delay inherent in the use of satellite internet access is often held up as a reason why satellites cannot be successfully used for iptv in practice however delay is not an important factor for iptv since it is a service that does not require real time transmission as is the case with telephony or videoconferencing services it is the delay of response to requests to change channel display an epg etc that most affects customers perceived quality of service existing video transmission systems of both analogue and digital formats already introduce known quantifiable delays existing dvb tv channels that simulcast by both terrestrial and satellite transmissions experience the same 0 25 second delay difference between the two services with no detrimental effect and it goes unnoticed by viewers privacy implications due to limitations in bandwidth an iptv channel is delivered to the user one at a time changing a channel requires requesting the head end server to provide a different broadcast stream much like vod b this could enable the service provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for each viewer in conjunction with regulatory differences between iptv and cable tv this tracking could pose a threat to privacy according to critics 48 for ip multicast scenarios since a particular multicast group tv channel needs to be requested before it can be viewed the same privacy concerns apply service bundling for residential users iptv is often provided in conjunction with vod and may be bundled with internet services such as internet access and voice over internet protocol voip telecommunicatio...
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