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ycerin addition at about 22 c 72 f hot enough for esterification to occur at a fast rate but cold enough to avoid runaway reaction the nitrator vessel often constructed of iron or lead and generally stirred with compressed air has an emergency trap door at its base which hangs over a large pool of very cold water and into which the whole reaction mixture called the charge can be dumped to prevent an explosion a process referred to as drowning if the temperature of the charge exceeds about 30 c 86 f actual value varying by country or brown fumes are seen in the nitrator s vent then it is immediately drowned use as an explosive and a propellant edit main articles dynamite ballistite cordite smokeless powder and gelignite nitroglycerin is an oily liquid that explodes when subjected to heat shock or flame the main use of nitroglycerin by tonnage is in explosives such as dynamite and in propellants as an ingredient however its sensitivity has limited the usefulness of nitroglycerin as a military explosive less sensitive explosives such as tnt rdx and hmx have largely replaced it in munitions alfred nobel developed the use of nitroglycerin as a blasting explosive by mixing nitroglycerin with inert absorbents particularly kieselguhr or diatomaceous earth he named this explosive dynamite and patented it in 1867 32 it was supplied ready for use in the form of sticks individually wrapped in greased waterproof paper dynamite and similar explosives were widely adopted for civil engineering tasks such as in drilling highway and railroad tunnels for mining for clearing farmland of stumps in quarrying and in demolition work likewise military engineers have used dynamite for construction and demolition work nitroglycerin has been used in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing a process used to recover oil and gas from shale formations the technique involves displacing and detonating nitroglycerin in natural or hydraulically induced fracture systems or displacing and detonating nitroglycerin in hydraulically induced fractures followed by wellbore shots using pelletized tnt 33 nitroglycerin has an advantage over some other high explosives in that on detonation it produces practically no visible smoke therefore it is useful as an ingredient in the formulation of various kinds of smokeless powder 34 alfred nobel then developed ballistite by combining nitroglycerin and guncotton he patented it in 1887 ballistite was adopted by several european governments as a military propellant italy was the first to adopt it the british government and the commonwealth governments adopted cordite instead which had been developed by sir frederick abel and sir james dewar of the united kingdom in 1889 the original cordite mk i consisted of 58 nitroglycerin 37 guncotton and 5 0 petroleum jelly ballistite and cordite were both manufactured in the form of cords smokeless powders were originally developed using nitrocellulose as the sole explosive ingredient therefore they were known as single base propellants a range of smokeless powders that contain both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin known as double base propellants was also developed smokeless powders were originally supplied only for military use but they were also soon developed for civilian use and were quickly adopted for sports some are known as sporting powders triple base propellants contain nitrocellulose nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine but are reserved mainly for extremely high caliber ammunition rounds such as those used in tank cannons and naval artillery blasting gelatin also known as gelignite was invented by nobel in 1875 using nitroglycerin wood pulp and sodium or potassium nitrate this was an early low cost flexible explosive medical use edit main article medical use of nitroglycerin nitroglycerin in three different forms intravenous sublingual spray and the nitroglycerin patch nitroglycerin belongs to a group of drugs called nitrates which includes many other nitrates like isosorbide dinitrate isordil and isosorbide mononitrate imdur ismo monoket 35 these agents all exert their effect by being converted to nitric oxide in the body by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase aldh2 8 and nitric oxide is a potent natural vasodilator in medicine nitroglycerin is probably most commonly prescribed for angina pectoris a painful symptom of ischemic heart disease caused by inadequate flow of blood and oxygen to the heart and as a potent antihypertensive agent nitroglycerin corrects the imbalance between the flow of oxygen and blood to the heart and the heart s energy demand 35 there are many formulations on the market at different doses at low doses nitroglycerin dilates veins more than arteries thereby reducing preload volume of blood in the heart after filling this is thought to be its primary mechanism of action by decreasing preload the heart has less blood to pump which decreases oxygen requirement since the heart does not have to work as hard additionally having a smaller preload reduces the ventricular transmural pressure pressure exerted on the walls of the heart which decreases the compression of heart arteries to allow more blood to flow through the heart at higher doses it also dilates arteries thereby reducing afterload decreasing the pressure against which the heart must pump 35 an improved ratio of myocardial oxygen demand to supply leads to the following therapeutic effects during episodes of angina pectoris subsiding of chest pain decrease of blood pressure increase of heart rate and orthostatic hypotension patients experiencing angina when doing certain physical activities can often prevent symptoms by taking nitroglycerin 5 to 10 minutes before the activity overdoses may generate methemoglobinemia 36 37 nitroglycerin is available in tablets ointment solution for intravenous use transdermal patches or sprays administered sublingually some forms of nitroglycerin last much longer in the body than others nitroglycerin as well as the onset and duration of action of each form is different the sublingual or tablet spray of nitroglycerin has a two minute onset and a twenty five minute duration of action the oral formulation of nitroglycerin has a thirty five minute onset and a duration of action of 4 8 hours the transdermal patch has an onset of thirty minutes and a duration of action of ten to twelve hours continuous exposure to nitrates has been shown to cause the body to stop responding normally to this medicine experts recommend that the patches be removed at night allowing the body a few hours to restore its responsiveness to nitrates shorter acting preparations of nitroglycerin can be used several times a day with less risk of developing tolerance 38 nitroglycerin was first used by william murrell to treat angina attacks in 1878 with the discovery published that same year 18 39 industrial exposure edit infrequent exposure to high doses of nitroglycerin can cause severe headaches known as ng head or bang head these headaches can be severe enough to incapacitate some people however humans develop a tolerance to and dependence on nitroglycerin after long term exposure although rare withdrawal can be fatal 40 symptoms include chest pain and other heart problems these symptoms may be relieved with re exposure to nitroglycerin or other suitable organic nitrates 41 for workers in nitroglycerin ntg manufacturing facilities the effects of withdrawal sometimes include sunday heart attacks in those experiencing regular nitroglycerin exposure in the workplace leading to the development of tolerance for the venodilating effects over the weekend the workers lost their tolerance and when they were re exposed on monday the drastic vasodilation produced a fast heart rate dizziness and a headache this is referred to as monday disease 42 43 people can be exposed to nitroglycerin in the workplace by breathing it in skin absorption swallowing it or eye contact the occupational safety and health administration has set the legal limit permissible exposure limit for nitroglycerin exposure in the workplace as 0 2 ppm 2 mg m 3 skin exposure over an 8 hour workday the national institute for occupational safety and health has set a recommended exposure limit of 0 1 mg m 3 skin exposure over an 8 hour workday at levels of 75 mg m 3 nitroglycerin is immediately dangerous to life and health 44 see also edit erythritol tetranitrate ethylene glycol dinitrate mannitol hexanitrate methyl nitrate relative effectiveness factor tetranitratoxycarbon xylitol pentanitrate references edit 1 2 occupational safety and health guideline for nitroglycerin archived from the original on 16 may 2013 retrieved 19 october 2016 niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards 0456 national institute for occupational safety and health niosh hazard rating information for nfpa fire diamonds archived from the original on 17 february 2015 ascanio sobrero oxford reference retrieved 16 july 2024 1 2 3 occupational safety and health guideline for nitroglycerin 16 may 2013 archived from the original on 16 may 2013 retrieved 9 july 2024 haynes w m crc handbook of chemistry and physics 97th ed crc press pp 3 540 nitroglycerin desensitized liquid cameo chemicals noaa archived from the original on 26 august 2023 retrieved 9 july 2024 1 2 chen z foster m w zhang j mao l rockman h a kawamoto t kitagawa k nakayama k i hess d t stamler j s 2005 an essential role for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitroglycerin bioactivation proceedings of the national academy of sciences 102 34 12159 12164 bibcode 2005pnas 10212159c doi 10 1073 pnas 0503723102 pmc 1189320 pmid 16103363 unknown behind paywall archived archived from the original on 10 may 2017 retrieved 14 april 2018 sobrero ascagne 1847 sur plusieur composés détonants produits avec l acide nitrique et le sucre la dextrine la lactine la mannite et la glycérine on several detonating compounds produced with nitric acid and sugar dextrin lactose mannitol and glycerin comptes rendus 24 247 248 whose translation sobrero ascanio 1849 sopra alcuni nuovi composti fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell azione dell acido nitrico sulle sostante organiche vegetali on some new explosive products obtained by the action of nitric acid on some vegetable organic substances memorie della reale accademia delle scienze di torino 2nd series 10 195 201 on p 197 sobrero names nitroglycerin pyroglycerine quelle gocciole costituiscono il corpo nuovo di cui descriverò ora le proprietà e che chiamerò piroglicerina those drops constitute the new substance whose properties i will now describe and which i will call pyroglycerine whose translation emil nobel nobelprize org archived from the original on 15 january 2009 retrieved 6 october 2008 ramsay sir william 28 december 1907 the manufacture of high explosives scientific american springer nature retrieved 4 march 2024 krümmel nobelprize org archived from the original on 10 july 2006 transcontinental railroad people events nitroglycerin american experience pbs 1 2 crump eryl 14 october 2018 the deadly explosion that killed six and whose impact reverberated across the uk murrell william 1879 nitroglycerin as a remedy for angina pectoris the lancet 1 2890 80 81 113 115 151 152 225 227 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 02 46032 1 pmc 5901592 1 2 sneader walter 2005 drug discovery a history john wiley and sons isbn 978 0 471 89980 8 history of tng beyonddiscovery org archived from the original on 1 november 2010 retrieved 14 april 2018 is nitroglycerine in this page 5 www logwell com retrieved 20 february 2024 hurter charles s 22 august 1911 accidents in the transportation storage and use of explosives pdf proceedings of the lake superior mining institute 16 70 hurter charles s 22 august 1911 accidents in the transportation storage and use of explosives pdf proceedings of the lake superior mining institute 16 71 tallini rick f tales of destruction thawing can be hell analog analog services inc archived from the original on 22 february 2001 retrieved 9 november 2009 1 2 nitroglycerin encyclopaedia britannica archived from the original on 12 september 2002 retrieved 23 march 2005 1 2 tallini rick f tales of destruction is nitroglycerin in this analog services inc archived from the original on 22 february 2001 retrieved 9 november 2009 informatics nist office of data and nitroglycerin webbook nist gov retrieved 20 february 2024 zusammensetzung der zuckerasche composition of sugar ash annalen der chemie und pharmacie 64 3 398 399 1848 doi 10 1002 jlac 18480640364 ueber nitroglycerin annalen der chemie und pharmacie 92 3 305 306 1854 doi 10 1002 jlac 18540920309 di carlo f j 1975 nitroglycerin revisited chemistry biochemistry interactions drug metabolism reviews 4 1 1 38 doi 10 3109 03602537508993747 pmid 812687 lewis richard j sr 15 march 2007 hawley s condensed chemical dictionary 15th ed united states john wiley sons inc p 897 isbn 978 0 471 76865 4 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link wexler philip 7 april 2014 encyclopedia of toxicology 3rd ed usa academic press p 569 isbn 978 0123864543 bellis mary alfred nobel and the history of dynamite about com money archived from the original on 28 august 2021 retrieved 10 november 2009 miller j s johansen r t 1976 fracturing oil shale with explosives for in situ recovery pdf shale oil tar sand and related fuel sources 151 bibcode 1976sots rept 98m archived from the original pdf on 2 october 2018 retrieved 27 march 2015 nitroglycerin 1 2 3 ogbru omudhome nitroglycerin nitro bid drug facts side effects and dosing medicinenet kaplan k j taber m teagarden j r parker m davison r 1985 association of methemoglobinemia and intravenous nitroglycerin administration american journal of cardiology 55 1 181 183 doi 10 1016 0002 9149 85 90324 8 pmid 3917597 intramed bienvenido www intramed net retrieved 14 april 2018 nitroglycerin for angina february 1997 vol 7 archived from the original on 10 may 2017 retrieved 9 november 2009 smith e hart f d 1971 william murrell physician and practical therapist british medical journal 3 5775 632 633 doi 10 1136 bmj 3 5775 632 pmc 1798737 pmid 4998847 amdur mary o doull john 1991 casarett and doull s toxicology 4th ed elsevier isbn 978 0071052399 sullivan john b jr krieger gary r 2001 clinical environmental health and toxic exposures latex lippincott williams wilkins p 264 isbn 978 0 683 08027 8 retrieved 23 april 2013 marsh n marsh a 2000 a short history of nitroglycerine and nitric oxide in pharmacology and physiology clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 27 4 313 319 doi 10 1046 j 1440 1681 2000 03240 x pmid 10779131 s2cid 12897126 assembly of life sciences u s advisory center on toxicology toxicological reports national academies p 115 nap 11288 retrieved 23 april 2013 nitroglycerine niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards cdc retrieved 21 november 2015 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to nitroglycerin nitroglycerine terrible explosion and loss of 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