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th san joaquin all or parts of madera fresno kings tulare and kern counties the four main population centers in the central valley area are roughly equidistant from each other from south to north they are bakersfield fresno sacramento and redding the table displays the counties of central valley and their respective population during the 2020 us decennial census total jobs for each county is from the u s census bureau onthemap application and lehd origin destination employment statistics beginning of quarter employment 2nd quarter of 2002 2020 county population jobs butte county 211 632 73 219 colusa county 21 839 7 834 fresno county 1 008 654 374 478 glenn county 28 917 9 314 kern county 909 235 282 227 kings county 152 486 43 542 madera county 156 255 49 285 merced county 281 202 74 470 placer county 404 739 166 372 sacramento county 1 585 055 669 429 san joaquin county 779 233 247 406 shasta county 182 155 61 665 stanislaus county 552 878 184 916 sutter county 99 633 29 951 tehama county 65 829 17 735 tulare county 473 117 157 971 yolo county 216 403 106 643 yuba county 81 575 16 937 total 7 210 837 2 573 394 metropolitan areas edit as of 2020 some 7 2 million people lived in the central valley it was the fastest growing region in california 10 it includes 12 metropolitan statistical areas msa and 1 micropolitan statistical area μsa below they are listed by msa and μsa population the largest city is fresno followed by the state capital sacramento the following metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas are listed from largest to smallest smsa population sacramento metropolitan area 2 527 123 fresno metropolitan area 930 450 bakersfield metropolitan area 839 361 stockton metropolitan area 696 214 modesto metropolitan area 518 522 visalia porterville metropolitan area 449 253 merced metropolitan area 259 898 chico metropolitan area 220 266 redding metropolitan area 177 774 yuba city metropolitan area 167 497 hanford corcoran metropolitan area 153 765 madera metropolitan area 152 925 red bluff micropolitan area 63 601 ethnography edit after english and spanish punjabi is the third most commonly spoken language in the central valley 11 the valley has the largest sikh population in the nation geology edit the valley as seen from interstate 5 looking south near derrick avenue in fresno county the flatness of the valley floor contrasts with the rugged hills or gentle mountains that are typical of most of california s terrain the valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the farallon plate into a trench farther offshore the valley has no earthquake faults of its own but is surrounded by faults to the east and west an example of the differences between the geology of the valley floor and that of the rugged hills of the coast ranges between tracy and patterson ca interstate 5 the valley was enclosed by the uplift of the coast ranges with its original outlet into monterey bay faulting moved the coast ranges and a new outlet developed near what is now san francisco bay over the millennia the valley filled with the sediments of these same ranges as well as the rising sierra nevada to the east that filling eventually created an extraordinary flatness just barely above sea level before california s flood control and aqueduct system was built annual snow melt turned much of the valley into an inland sea the one notable exception to the flat valley floor is sutter buttes the remnants of an extinct volcano just to the northwest of yuba city another significant geologic feature of the central valley lies hidden beneath the delta the stockton arch is an upwarping of the crust beneath the valley sediments that extends southwest to northeast across the valley the central valley lies within the california trough physiographic section which is part of the larger pacific border province which in turn is part of the pacific mountain system 12 13 excessive groundwater pumping in central valley has caused measurable amounts of land subsidence in recent years 14 environment edit the central valley seen from space flora edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2024 learn how and when to remove this message the central valley was formerly a diverse expanse of grassland containing areas of prairie desert grassland at the southern end oak savanna riparian forest marsh several types of seasonal vernal pools and large lakes such as now dry tulare lake once the largest freshwater lake west of the mississippi buena vista lake and kern lake however much of the central valley environment has been altered by human activity including the introduction of exotic plants notably grasses the valley s grasslands wetlands and riparian forests constitute the california central valley grasslands a temperate grasslands savannas and shrublands ecoregion the foothill oak woodlands and chaparral that fringe the valley have been categorized as the california interior chaparral and woodlands ecoregion 15 the dominant grass of the valley was nassella pulchra mixed with other species but today only 1 of the grassland in the valley is intact grassland flowers include california poppy eschscholzia californica lupins and purple owl s clover castilleja exserta which can still be seen especially in antelope valley in the tehachapi mountains riverside trees include willows western sycamore platanus racemosa box elder acer negundo fremont cottonwood populus fremontii and the endemic valley oak quercus lobata another endemic species is brittlescale atriplex depressa which grows in saline and alkali soils 16 fauna edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2021 learn how and when to remove this message a sandhill crane antigone canadensis in a flooded field in butte county california on their wintering grounds in the central valley sandhill cranes forage primarily on waste grain in corn rice and wheat fields the central valley was once home to large populations of pronghorn antelope antilocapra americana elk including the endemic tule elk subspecies cervus elaphus nannodes mule deer odocoileus hemionus california ground squirrels gophers mice hare rabbits and kangaroo rats along with their predators including the san joaquin kit fox an endangered subspecies surviving on the san joaquin valley s hillsides the valley s wetlands were an important habitat for wintering waterbirds and migrating birds of other kinds reptiles and amphibians of the valley include the endemic san joaquin coachwhip snake masticophis flagellum ruddocki blunt nosed leopard lizard gambelia sila gilbert s skink eumeces gilberti and the western aquatic garter snake thamnophis couchii endemic invertebrates are present the central valley is home to endemic fish species including the sacramento pikeminnow sacramento perch sacramento blackfish and sacramento splittail protected areas edit the great valley grasslands state park preserves an example of the valley s native grass habitat while oak savanna habitats survive near visalia areas of wetland and riverside woodland are found in the north especially by the sacramento river system including the nature conservancy s cosumnes river preserve just south of sacramento gray lodge wildlife area butte sink wildlife management area and other patches in the delta area remaining vernal pools include pixley national wildlife refuge between tulare california and bakersfield and jepson prairie preserve in the delta large blocks of desert scrubland exist in the southern san joaquin valley and the carrizo plain just outside the valley but offering a similar landscape the wetlands have been the target of rescue operations to restore areas replaced by agriculture 17 these patches of natural habitat are disconnected which is particularly damaging for wildlife that is used to migrating along the rivers agriculture grazing land and the draining of lakes and rivers have radically altered valley habitats most of the grassland has been overtaken by new species most vernal pools have been destroyed leaving only those on the higher slopes the marshland has been drained and the riverbank woodlands have nearly all been affected citation needed health edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2024 learn how and when to remove this message the valley gives its name to valley fever which is primarily a disease of the lungs that is common in the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico 18 it is caused by the fungus coccidioides immitis which grows in soils in areas of low rainfall high summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures these fungal spores become airborne when the soil is disturbed by winds construction or farming this illness frequently takes weeks or months to resolve occasionally valley fever is life threatening or even fatal due to the agricultural industry s significant presence in the valley pesticide drift and leaching have become concerns residents risk contamination when living in proximity to application sites air pollution edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2022 learn how and when to remove this message air pollution is a growing problem that affects all of the citizens in the central valley some reasons of poor air pollution in the central valley are due to agriculture and its geographical features increasing the stagnation of automobile and other particulate pollution since the central valley consists mostly of farming land in a wide flat valley the emissions from the soil that is used for growing produce are released into the air the soil exudes nitrous oxide an odorless and colorless gas that can be harmful when exposed to it for a long period of time and incorporates itself into the ozone layer located at ground level 19 production of nitrous oxide in california has shown that the addition of soil and fertilization can emit about 161 100 metric tons per year long term effects that nitrous oxide can have on a human being is loss of blood pressure fainting anemia or lung cancer the physical geographical attributes can also contribute to the air pollution quality the central valley is surrounded by mountain ranges which can capture the pollution coming from the agricultural farming preventing it from dispersing from the other areas in california 20 climate edit within a long period of groundwater depletion short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social environmental and economic consequences 21 the northern central valley has a hot summer mediterranean climate köppen climate classification csa the more southerly parts in rainshadow zones are dry enough to be mediterranean steppe or even low latitude desert bwh as in areas around bakersfield it is very hot and dry during the summer and cool and damp in winter when frequent ground fog known regionally as tule fog can obscure vision summer daytime temperatures frequently surpass 100 f 38 c and common heat waves might bring temperatures exceeding 115 f 46 c mid autumn to mid spring is the rainy season although during the late summer southeasterly winds can bring tropical thunderstorms mainly in the southern half of the san joaquin valley but occasionally to the sacramento valley the northern half of the central valley receives greater precipitation than the semidesert southern half frost occurs at times in the fall months but snow is extremely rare 22 tule fog edit main article tule fog this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2021 learn how and when to remove this message tule fog in kern county tule fog ˈ t uː l iː is a thick ground fog that settles along the valley s length tule fog forms during the late fall and winter california s rainy season after the first significant rainfall the official season is from november 1 to march 31 this phenomenon is named after the valley s tule grass wetlands tulares auto collisions caused by the tule fog are the leading cause of weather related casualties in california statistics for selected cities edit climate data for sacramento california sacramento executive airport 1991 2020 normals extremes 1941 present a month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high f c 76 24 78 26 88 31 95 35 105 41 115 46 114 46 112 44 114 46 104 40 87 31 74 23 115 46 mean maximum f c 65 2 18 4 71 1 21 7 78 1 25 6 87 4 30 8 95 3 35 2 103 1 39 5 105 3 40 7 104 1 40 1 100 6 38 1 91 8 33 2 76 5 24 7 65 1 18 4 107 0 41 7 mean daily maximum f c 56 0 13 3 61 3 16 3 66 3 19 1 72 1 22 3 80 3 26 8 87 9 31 1 92 6 33 7 91 9 33 3 88 5 31 4 78 8 26 0 65 0 18 3 56 0 13 3 74 7 23 7 daily mean f c 47 6 8 7 51 4 10 8 55 4 13 0 59 5 15 3 66 1 18 9 72 2 22 3 75 9 24 4 75 3 24 1 72 5 22 5 64 5 18 1 53 9 12 2 47 3 8 5 61 8 16 6 mean daily minimum f c 39 2 4 0 41 5 5 3 44 5 6 9 47 0 8 3 52 0 11 1 56 5 13 6 59 2 15 1 58 8 14 9 56 5 13 6 50 3 10 2 42 7 5 9 38 5 3 6 48 9 9 4 mean minimum f c 29 1 1 6 31 7 0 2 35 1 1 7 37 9 3 3 44 1 6 7 49 5 9 7 54 1 12 3 53 8 12 1 49 6 9 8 41 7 5 4 32 7 0 4 28 7 1 8 26 9 2 8 record low f c 20 7 23 5 26 3 31 1 34 1 41 5 48 9 48 9 42 6 35 2 26 3 18 8 18 8 average precipitation inches mm 3 66 93 3 49 89 2 68 68 1 26 32 0 75 19 0 23 5 8 0 00 0 00 0 04 1 0 0 09 2 3 0 85 22 1 66 42 3 43 87 18 14 461 average precipitation days 0 01 in 10 0 9 1 9 0 5 1 3 6 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 7 3 1 6 1 9 6 57 7 average relative humidity 83 3 76 8 71 6 64 5 58 9 55 0 53 2 55 7 57 0 63 1 75 6 82 9 66 5 average dew point f c 39 4 4 1 42 1 5 6 42 8 6 0 43 7 6 5 46 9 8 3 50 4 10 2 53 1 11 7 53 4 11 9 50 9 10 5 47 5 8 6 43 7 6 5 39 2 4 0 46 1 7 8 mean monthly sunshine hours 145 5 201 3 278 0 329 6 406 3 419 5 440 2 406 9 347 8 296 7 194 9 141 1 3 607 8 percentage possible sunshine 48 67 75 83 92 94 98 96 93 86 64 48 81 source noaa relative humidity dew point and sun 1961 1990 24 25 26 climate data for sacramento 5 ese california sacramento state 27 1991 2020 normals extremes 1877 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high f c 79 26 80 27 90 32 98 37 107 42 112 44 114 46 112 44 116 47 102 39 86 30 72 22 116 47 mean maximum f c 66 4 19 1 72 5 22 5 80 6 27 0 89 5 31 9 97 1 36 2 104 4 40 2 106 7 41 5 105 5 40 8 102 0 38 9 92 3 33 5 77 3 25 2 65 9 18 8 108 1 42 3 mean daily maximum f c 56 5 13 6 62 2 16 8 67 8 19 9 73 5 23 1 81 3 27 4 89 0 31 7 94 4 34 7 93 5 34 2 89 3 31 8 78 9 26 1 65 3...
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