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responsible, 231, 230, 227, 226, 225
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and shipped munitions back to england for the royalist cause 62 two years later parliament seized 187 kilograms 412 lb of rare silver gilt pieces from the jewel house and used the proceeds to bankroll its own side of the war 63 interregnum edit charles i standing beside henry viii s crown 1631 after nine years of war charles was defeated and executed and less than a week later the rump parliament voted to abolish the monarchy the newly created english commonwealth found itself short of money to raise funds the act for the sale of the goods and personal estate of the late king queen and prince was brought into law and trustees were appointed to value the jewels then regarded by oliver cromwell as symbolic of the detestable rule of kings 64 and monuments of superstition and idolatry 65 and sell them to the highest bidder k the most valuable object was henry viii s crown valued at 1 100 66 their gemstones and pearls removed most of the coronation and state regalia were melted down and struck into coins by the mint 67 two nuptial crowns survived the crown of margaret of york and the crown of princess blanche had been taken out of england centuries before the civil war when margaret and blanche married kings in continental europe both crowns and the 9th century alfred jewel give a sense of the character of royal jewellery in england in the middle ages 68 another rare survivor is the 600 year old crystal sceptre a gift from henry v to the lord mayor of london who still bears it at coronations 69 l many pieces of english plate that monarchs had presented to visiting dignitaries before the interregnum can be seen in museums throughout europe 71 cromwell declined parliament s invitations to be made king and became lord protector it was marked by a ceremony in westminster hall in 1657 where he donned purple robes sat on the coronation chair and was invested with many traditional symbols of sovereignty except a crown 72 a crown probably made of gilded base metal was placed beside cromwell at his lying in state in 1660 73 restoration to present edit the monarchy was restored after cromwell s death for the english coronation of charles ii r 1660 1685 who returned from exile abroad 74 new jewels were made based on records of the lost items 64 they were supplied by the banker and royal goldsmith m sir robert vyner at a cost of 12 184 7s 2d 64 as much as three warships 76 it was decided to fashion the replicas like the medieval regalia and to use the original names these 22 carat gold objects 15 made in 1660 and 1661 form the nucleus of the crown jewels st edward s crown two sceptres an orb an ampulla a pair of spurs a pair of armills or bracelets and a staff a medieval silver gilt anointing spoon and three early stuart swords had survived and were returned to the crown 77 and the dutch ambassador arranged the return of extant jewels pawned in holland 78 the king also spent 11 800 acquiring 2 270 kilograms 5 000 lb of altar and banqueting plate and received conciliatory gifts from english cities that were parliamentarian strongholds during the civil war 79 thomas blood and his accomplices attempting to steal the regalia drawn 1793 in 1669 the jewels went on public display for the first time in the jewel house at the tower of london the deputy keeper of the jewel house took the regalia out of a cupboard and showed it to visitors for a small fee 80 this informal arrangement was ended two years later when thomas blood an irish born army officer loyal to parliament attacked the 77 year old deputy and stole a crown a sceptre and an orb blood and his three accomplices were apprehended at the castle perimeter the crown had been flattened with a mallet in an attempt to conceal it and there was a dent in the orb 81 blood was pardoned by the king who also gave him land and a pension it has been suggested that blood was treated leniently because he was a government spy 82 ever since the jewels have been protected by armed guards 83 since the restoration there have been many additions and alterations to the regalia n a new set was commissioned in 1685 for mary of modena the first queen consort to be crowned since the restoration charles ii was unmarried when he took the throne another more elaborate set had to be made for mary ii r 1689 1694 who was crowned as joint sovereign with her husband william iii r 1689 1702 64 after england and scotland were united as one kingdom by the acts of union 1707 the scottish regalia were locked away in a chest 84 and the english regalia continued to be used by british monarchs gemstones were hired for coronations the fee typically being 4 of their value and replaced with glass and crystals for display in the jewel house a practice that continued until the early 20th century 64 as enemy planes targeted london during the second world war the crown jewels were secretly moved to windsor castle 85 the most valuable gemstones were taken out of their settings by james mann master of the armouries and sir owen morshead the royal librarian they were wrapped in cotton wool placed in a tall glass preserving jar which was then sealed in a biscuit tin and hidden in the castle s basement also placed in the jar was a note from the king stating that he had personally directed that the gemstones be removed from their settings as the crown jewels were bulky and thus difficult to transport without a vehicle the idea was that if the nazis invaded britain the historic precious stones could easily be carried on someone s person without drawing suspicion and if necessary buried or sunk 86 after the war the jewels were kept in a vault at the bank of england for two years while bomb damage to the jewel house was being repaired 87 in may 2023 88 st edward s crown was placed on the head of charles iii r 2022 present in the only ceremony of its kind in europe 89 o other european monarchies have abandoned coronations in favour of secular ceremonies 91 the crown jewels consist of approximately 140 objects 2 which are permanently set with around 23 578 precious and semi precious stones 92 and are seen by around 2 8 million visitors per year 93 crowns edit crowns are the main symbols of royal authority 94 all crowns in the tower are decorated with alternating crosses pattée and fleurs de lis a pattern which first appears on the great seal of richard iii 48 and their arches are surmounted with a monde and cross pattée most of the crowns also have a red or purple velvet cap and an ermine border 95 st edward s crown edit st edward s crown is the centrepiece of the british coronation regalia the centrepiece of the coronation regalia is named after edward the confessor and is placed on the monarch s head at the moment of crowning 96 made of gold and completed in 1661 st edward s crown is embellished with 444 stones including amethysts garnets peridots rubies sapphires topazes tourmalines and zircons 97 this coronation crown closely resembles the medieval one with a heavy gold base and clusters of semi precious stones but the disproportionately large arches are a baroque affectation 98 it was long assumed to be the original as their weight is almost identical and an invoice produced in 1661 was for the addition of gold to an existing crown in 2008 new research found that it had actually been made in 1660 and was enhanced the following year when parliament increased the budget for charles ii s twice delayed coronation 99 the crown is 30 centimetres 11 8 in tall and at a weight of 2 23 kg 4 9 lb has been noted to be extremely heavy 97 after 1689 monarchs chose to be crowned with a lighter bespoke coronation crown e g that of george iv 100 or their state crown while st edward s crown rested on the high altar 96 at queen victoria s coronation in 1838 it was entirely absent from the ceremony the tradition of using st edward s crown was revived in 1911 by george v and has continued ever since 101 in 1953 elizabeth ii opted for a stylised image of this crown to be used on coats of arms badges logos and various other insignia in the commonwealth realms to symbolise her royal authority replacing the image of a tudor style crown adopted in 1901 by edward vii 102 p imperial state crown edit elizabeth ii wearing the imperial state crown on her coronation day 1953 a much lighter crown is worn by the monarch when leaving westminster abbey and at the annual state opening of parliament 104 the current imperial state crown was made in 1937 for george vi and is a copy of the one made in 1838 for queen victoria which had fallen into a poor state of repair 105 and had been made using gems from its own predecessor the state crown of george i 106 in 1953 the crown was resized to fit elizabeth ii and the arches were lowered by 2 5 cm 1 in 107 the gold silver and platinum crown is decorated with 2 868 diamonds 273 pearls 17 sapphires 11 emeralds and 5 rubies 108 among the largest stones are the 317 carat 63 g cullinan ii diamond also known as the second star of africa added to the crown in 1909 the larger cullinan i is set in the sovereign s sceptre the 170 carat 34 g black prince s ruby set in the front cross is not actually a ruby but a large cabochon red spinel according to legend it was given to edward the black prince by the spanish king peter of castile in 1367 and henry v wore it at the battle of agincourt 109 how the stone found its way back into the royal collection after the interregnum is unclear but a substantial ruby was acquired for the crown jewels in 1661 at a cost of 400 and this may well have been the spinel 110 on the back of the crown is the 104 carat 20 8 g cabochon stuart sapphire and in the top cross is st edward s sapphire reputedly taken from the ring of the confessor when his body was re interred at the abbey in 1163 109 below the monde hang four pearls three of which are often said to have belonged to elizabeth i but the association is almost certainly erroneous 111 consort crowns edit after the restoration the wife of a king known as a queen consort traditionally wore the state crown of mary of modena who first wore it at her coronation in 1685 originally set with 561 hired diamonds and 129 pearls it was re set with crystals and cultured pearls for display in the jewel house along with a matching diadem that consorts wore in procession to the abbey the diadem once held 177 diamonds 1 ruby 1 sapphire and 1 emerald 112 by the 19th century that crown was judged to be too theatrical and in a poor state of repair so in 1831 the crown of queen adelaide was made for adelaide of saxe meiningen using gemstones from her private jewellery 113 hand coloured photograph of the crown made for queen mary with eight half arches and the koh i noor set in the front cross published 1919 thus began a tradition of each queen consort having a custom made crown 114 in 1902 the crown of queen alexandra a european style crown flatter and with eight half arches instead of the typical four was made for alexandra of denmark to wear at her coronation set with over 3 000 diamonds it was the first consort crown to include the koh i noor diamond presented to queen victoria in 1850 following the british conquest of the punjab originally 191 carats 38 g and set in an armlet it was cut down to an oval brilliant weighing 105 carats 21 g which victoria mounted in a brooch and circlet 115 the crown of queen mary was the second to contain the koh i noor also unusual for a british crown owing to its eight half arches it was made in 1911 for mary of teck mary purchased the art deco inspired crown with her own money hoping it would become an heirloom used by future queens consort 116 altogether it was adorned with 2 200 diamonds and contained the 94 4 carat 19 g cullinan iii and 63 4 carat 13 g cullinan iv diamonds its arches were made detachable in 1914 allowing it to be worn as an open crown or circlet 117 after george v s death mary continued wearing the crown without its arches as a queen mother so the crown of queen elizabeth was created for elizabeth bowes lyon later known as the queen mother to wear at her coronation in 1937 118 it is the only british crown made entirely out of platinum 117 and was modelled on queen mary s crown but has four half arches instead of eight 119 the crown is decorated with about 2 800 diamonds with the koh i noor in the middle of the front cross it also contains a replica of the 22 5 carat 5 g lahore diamond given to queen victoria by the east india company in 1851 120 and a 17 3 carat 3 g diamond given to her by abdülmecid i sultan of the ottoman empire in 1856 119 the crown was laid on top of the queen mother s coffin in 2002 during her lying in state and funeral 121 the crowns of queen alexandra and queen mary feature crystal replicas of the koh i noor which has been the subject of repeated controversy with governments of both india and pakistan claiming to be the diamond s rightful owners and demanding its return ever since gaining independence from the uk queen camilla was crowned using queen mary s crown at her coronation with charles iii on 6 may 2023 88 alterations included re setting the crown with the original cullinan diamonds and reducing the number of half arches from eight to four the cullinan v brooch replaced the koh i noor and a new purple velvet cap was also fitted into the crown 122 123 it was officially renamed queen camilla s crown in january 2025 124 prince of wales coronets edit coronet of frederick prince of wales a relatively modest gold coronet was made in 1728 for frederick prince of wales the eldest son of george ii it takes the form laid down in a royal warrant issued by charles ii in 1677 125 which states the son heir apparent of the crown for the time being shall use bear his coronett composed of crosses flowers de lizs with one arch in the midst a ball cross 126 the single arch denotes inferiority to the monarch while showing that the prince outranks other royal children whose coronets have no arches 127 frederick never wore his coronet instead it was placed on a cushion in front of him when he first took his seat in the house of lords it was subsequently used by george iii george iv and edward vii when they were princes of wales 128 due to its age a new silver gilt coronet was made for the future george v to wear at edward vii s coronation in 1902 in contrast to the earlier coronet which has a depressed arch the arch on this one is raised 129 at george s coronation in 1911 the coronet was worn by his eldest son edward 129 who was invested as prince of wales at caernarfon castle a month later 130 the revival of this public ceremony last performed in the early 17th century was intended to boost the royal family s profile in wales princely regalia known as the honours of wales were designed for the occasion by goscombe john comprising a welsh gold circlet with pearls amethysts and engraved daffodils a rod a ring a sword and a robe with doublet and sash 131 after he became king in 1936 edward viii abdicated the sam...
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