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curriculum changes in the secondary schools and universities of the u s 10 44 policies behavior and speech codes that the speaker or the writer regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy were described and criticized as politically correct 17 in may 1991 at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the university of michigan then u s president george h w bush used the term in his speech the notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land and although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred it replaces old prejudice with new ones it declares certain topics off limits certain expression off limits even certain gestures off limits 45 46 47 after 1991 its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the us 10 it became a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in cultural and political debates extending beyond academia two articles on the topic in late 1990 in forbes and newsweek both used the term thought police in their headlines exemplifying the tone of the new usage but it was dinesh d souza s illiberal education the politics of race and sex on campus 1991 which captured the press s imagination 10 these trends were at least in part a response to multiculturalism and the rise of identity politics with movements such as feminism gay rights movements and ethnic minority movements that response received funding from conservative foundations and think tanks such as the john m olin foundation which funded several books such as d souza s 8 17 herbert kohl in 1992 commented that a number of neoconservatives who promoted the use of the term politically correct in the early 1990s were former communist party members and as a result familiar with the marxist use of the phrase he argued that in doing so they intended to insinuate that egalitarian democratic ideas are actually authoritarian orthodox and communist influenced when they oppose the right of people to be racist sexist and homophobic 4 during the 1990s conservative and right wing politicians think tanks and speakers adopted the phrase as a pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies especially in the context of the culture wars about language and the content of public school curricula roger kimball in tenured radicals endorsed frederick crews s view that pc is best described as left eclecticism a term defined by kimball as any of a wide variety of anti establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism deconstruction and lacanian analyst to feminist homosexual black and other patently political forms of criticism 48 33 liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in an effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination 49 50 51 such as racial social class gender and legal inequality against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the social mainstream 8 18 52 jan narveson wrote that that phrase was born to live between scare quotes it suggests that the operative considerations in the area so called are merely political steamrolling the genuine reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting 9 commenting in 2001 one such british journalist 53 54 polly toynbee said the phrase is an empty right wing smear designed only to elevate its user 55 and in 2010 she wrote the phrase political correctness was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say paki spastic or queer 56 another british journalist will hutton 57 58 59 60 wrote in 2001 61 political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the american right developed in the mid 1980s as part of its demolition of american liberalism what the sharpest thinkers on the american right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism by levelling the charge of political correctness against its exponents they could discredit the whole political project will hutton words really are important mr blunkett 2001 glenn loury wrote in 1994 that to address the subject of political correctness when power and authority within the academic community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue is to invite scrutiny of one s arguments by would be friends and enemies combatants from the left and the right will try to assess whether a writer is for them or against them 62 geoffrey hughes suggested that debate over political correctness concerns whether changing language actually solves political and social problems with critics viewing it less about solving problems than imposing censorship intellectual intimidation and demonstrating the moral purity of those who practice it hughes also argues that political correctness tends to be pushed by a minority rather than an organic form of language change 63 right wing political correctness edit political correctness is a label typically used to describe liberal or left wing terms and actions but rarely used for analogous attempts to mold language and behavior on the right 64 alex nowrasteh of the cato institute referred to the right s own version of political correctness as patriotic correctness 65 as a socio linguistic phenomenon edit in subsequent academic scholarship some scholars have examined political correctness as a form of linguistic and moral reform linguist geoffrey hughes described political correctness as liberal in its aims but often illiberal in its practices identifying a tension between its reformist intentions and its perceived coerciveness 66 similarly norman fairclough has analyzed political correctness as part of a broader discourse of linguistic and moral reform in which changing language practices is part of changing social relations and critical awareness of language is linked to the pursuit of fairness and inclusiveness 67 public perceptions and self censorship edit public opinion research indicate that the term politically correct continues to function as a reference point in contemporary debates about acceptable expression a 2021 yougov poll reported by the bbc found that 57 of respondents said they self censor their views on issues such as immigration particularly when their opinions are deemed at the less politically correct end of the spectrum 68 commentators have connected these perceptions to broader concerns about self censorship social sanctioning and contested norms of speech in public life 69 70 usage edit the modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the new left in the late 20th century this usage was popularized by a number of articles in the new york times and other media throughout the 1990s 36 37 38 41 43 71 and was widely used in the debate surrounding allan bloom s 1987 book the closing of the american mind 8 30 31 the term gained further currency in response to roger kimball s tenured radicals 1990 8 17 48 and conservative author dinesh d souza s 1991 book illiberal education 8 10 17 72 supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the language police 73 education edit modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived liberal bias in academia and education 8 and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack 10 preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large u s public university generally felt instructors were open minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints nonetheless most students worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions with a nxieties about expressing political views and self censorship more prevalent among students who identify as conservative 74 75 as a conspiracy theory edit main article cultural marxism conspiracy theory some conservative commentators in the west argue that political correctness and multiculturalism are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining judeo christian values this theory which holds that political correctness originates from the critical theory of the frankfurt school as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call cultural marxism 76 77 the theory originated with michael minnicino s 1992 essay new dark age frankfurt school and political correctness published in a lyndon larouche movement journal 78 in 2001 conservative commentator patrick buchanan wrote in the death of the west that political correctness is cultural marxism and that its trademark is intolerance 79 media edit see also media bias in the us the term has been widely used in books and journals but in britain the usage has been confined mainly to the popular press 80 many such authors and popular media figures particularly on the right have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media 9 17 william mcgowan argues that journalists get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage because of what mcgowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups 81 robert novak in his essay political correctness has no place in the newsroom used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias he argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected 82 83 84 authors david sloan and emily hoff claim that in the us journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the newsroom equating the political correctness criticisms with the old liberal media bias label 85 according to author john wilson left wing forces of political correctness have been blamed for unrelated censorship with time citing campaigns against violence on network television in the us as contributing to a mainstream culture that has become cautious sanitized scared of its own shadow because of the watchful eye of the p c police protests and advertiser boycotts targeting tv shows are generally organized by right wing religious groups campaigning against violence sex and depictions of homosexuality on television 86 inclusive language edit main article inclusive language inclusive or equity language is a language style that avoids expressions that its proponents perceive as expressing or implying ideas that are sexist racist or otherwise biased prejudiced or insulting to any particular group of people and instead uses language intended to avoid offense and fulfill the ideals of egalitarianism this language style is sometimes referred to as a type of political correctness either as a neutral description or with negative connotations by its opponents 87 at least some supporters deny an association between the two political correctness is focused on not offending whereas inclusive language is focused on honoring people s identities 88 satirical use edit political correctness is often satirized for example in the pc manifesto 1992 by saul jerushalmy and rens zbignieuw x 89 and politically correct bedtime stories 1994 by james finn garner which presents fairy tales re written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective in 1994 the comedy film pcu took a look at political correctness on a college campus other examples include the television program politically incorrect george carlin s euphemisms routine citation needed and the politically correct scrapbook 90 the popularity of the south park cartoon program led to the creation of the term south park republican by andrew sullivan citation needed and later the book south park conservatives by brian c anderson 91 in its season 19 2015 south park introduced the character pc principal who embodies the principle to poke fun at the principle of political correctness 92 93 the colbert report s host stephen colbert often talked satirically about the pc police 94 95 science edit see also politicization of science groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about evolution second hand tobacco smoke aids climate change race and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term political correctness to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics 96 see also edit political correctness at wikipedia s sister projects media from commons quotations from wikiquote look up political correctness patriotic correctness politically incorrect or politically correct in wiktionary the free dictionary language portal politics portal agenda setting theory ability of the mass media to influence the public agenda of a society anti bias curriculum educational plan meant to reduce perceived prejudice in education binnen i style for gender neutral written german campaign against political correctness defunct minor british lobby group cancel culture modern form of social rejection christmas controversies christmas ideological political and religious disputes common sense basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people conventional wisdom generally accepted ideas cordon sanitaire politics political term cultural bolshevism nazi slogan opposing modernist and progressive cultural movements cultural marxism far right antisemitic conspiracy theory distancing language phrasing technique which disassociates speaker from subject doublethink concept in nineteen eighty four of accepting two contradictory statements framing social sciences effect of how information is presented on perception groupthink psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people gutmensch pejorative german term for a sanctimonious do gooder hate speech speech that expresses hatred towards individuals or groups kotobagari japanese term for euphemistic speech linguistic relativity hypothesis of language influencing thought logocracy form of government by use of words microaggression unintentional contempt or disrespect toward marginalized groups newspeak fictional language in the novel nineteen eighty four pensée unique pejorative term for ideological conformism people first language putting the person before the diagnosis politics and the english language 1946 essay by george orwell red baiting method of discrediting opponent s argument reverse discrimination discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group self censorship act of censoring or classifying one s own discourse snowflake slang pejoratively an easily offended person social justice warrior pejorative term for a socially progressive person speech code non statutory restriction on word choice sprachregelung german term for prescribed form of official communication toe the line to conform to a rule or standard trigger warnings warnings that a work may cause distress truthiness belief in truth based on only intuition woke political slang references edit politically correct definition cambridge englis...
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