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a rare linguistic feature among all northwestern iranian languages tati dialects along with zaza semnani and sangsari languages gender agreement occur on verbs third person pronoun take different inflections for masculine and feminine subjects in zaza semnani and sangsari 30 31 32 33 34 as a quite unique linguistic feature among northwestern iranian languages in some tati dialects and zaza the second person pronoun takes different inflections for masculine and feminine subjects 35 ergative in tati language edit tati is similar to the zaza language of the same linguistic branch 29 an ergative language i e with transitive verbs the subject agent of the verb is expressed by the direct case in the present tenses but by the oblique in the past tenses whereas the direct object patient in the present tenses is expressed by the oblique but by the direct in the past 36 khalkhali is one of the tati dialects spoken in shahrood and xorsh rostam districts of khalkhal khalkhali tati is distinguished from other dialects producing ergative structures because of the adherence of verb to semantic object in number person and specially in gender meanwhile according to some evidence in this dialect apart from past transitive verbs some intransitive verbs are influenced by the ergative structure 37 phonology edit consonants edit the phonology is based on the southern tati dialects 38 labial dental alveolar palatal velar uvular glottal nasal m n plosive affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q ʔ a voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ fricative voiceless f s ʃ χ χʷ b h voiced v z ʒ c ɣ d approximant l j w e trill r a glottal stop ʔ may only appear after some elongated vowel sounds and is likely adopted from persian loanwords a labialized sound χʷ occurs only before the vowel sound ɑ the sound ʒ only occurs before a voiced plosive d and is most likely an allophone of d͡ʒ in the takestani dialect ɡ may have the allophone ɣ the sound w does not occur as a phoneme but it does occur when u is preceding another vowel the following sounds r v q may allophonically range to the sounds ɾ β ʁ vowels edit front central back close i u mid e ø ə ɔ o ɛ open æ ɑ the vowel sound for e is recognized as two sounds ɛ e and allophonically as ə in the chali dialect the o phoneme is only realized as a diphthong ɔu whereas in takestani it is only recognized as ranging from ɔ o 38 dialects edit tati has four main dialects south of qazvin province tākestāni eshtehārdi chāli dānesfāni esfarvarini ebrāhim ābādi sagz ābādi ardabil province khalkhāli alborz mountains range damāvandi this dialect was probably used to be spoken around the northern part of tehran city north khorasan province khorāsāni other tati dialects are vafsi lohudji parsi dagli khizi harzandi kho ini and kiliti eshtehardi harzandi tati edit main article harzandi dialect the harzandi dialect is spoken in the area near the azerbaijan and turkey border its speakers principally reside in the rural district of harzand particularly in the village known as galin qayah kohriz harzani is also spoken in the neighboring villages of babratein and dash harzand 39 thus it is one of the northwesternmost tati dialects the harzandi dialect shares significant linguistic affinity genetic relationship and structural similarity and many characteristic words with zaza and thus it is considered a transitional dialect between tati and zaza 40 41 42 harzandi in addition to its linguistic proximity to zaza is also spoken in an area geographically closer to where zaza is spoken compared to other tati dialects the dialect is considered an endangered language with a little less than 30 000 speakers in present day 43 and as of now harzandi has not been formally recognized by the islamic republic of iran and thus receives no government support 44 similar to other languages and dialects of the iranian language family harzani follows a subject object verb sov word order it has nine vowels and shares a consonant inventory with persian it further exhibits a split ergative case system its present tense is structured to follow nominative accusative patterning while its past tense follows ergative absolutive one characteristic that distinguishes harzani from related northwestern iranian languages is its change from an intervocalic d to an r 45 it also has a tendency to lengthen its vowels for instance it has the closed vowel oe citation needed nouns and pronouns in harzani do not reflect grammatical gender but they do express case nouns in particular encode two cases direct and oblique case the first of which is not rendered morphologically but the second is by attaching a suffix meanwhile personal pronouns have three cases direct oblique and possessive verbs in harzani are inflected for present tense and past tense information concerning person and number is reflected in suffixes that attach to these two verb stems modal and aspectual information is expressed using prefixes hazarrudi tati edit the hazarrudi dialect is spoken in the hazarrud village and surrounding area in tarom county of zanjan province it distinguishes two numbers singular and plural two cases direct and oblique and two grammatical genders masculine and feminine in nouns as well as in the third person singular of pronouns and verbs nouns are unmarked for the masculine singular and marked for an unstressed a for the femnine singular and marked with the unstressed e for the direct plural and ân for oblique plural there are various ways to form passive and causative voices in hazarrudi the passive stem is formed by adding i est and ax to the verb stem and the causative is formed by adding amen and en to the stem 46 47 vafsi tati edit vafsi is a dialect of tati language spoken in the vafs village and surrounding area in the markazi province of iran the dialects of the tafresh region share many features with the central plateau dialects however their lexical inventory has many items in common with the talysh subgroup vafsi has six short vowel phonemes five long vowel phonemes and two nasal vowel phonemes the consonant inventory is basically the same as in persian nouns are inflected for gender masculine feminine number singular plural and case direct oblique the oblique case marks the possessor preceding the head noun the definite direct object nouns governed by a preposition and the subject of transitive verbs in the past tense personal pronouns are inflected for number singular plural and case direct oblique ta set of enclitic pronouns is used to indicate the agent of transitive verbs in the past tenses there are two demonstrative pronouns one for near deixis one for remote deixis the use of the persian ezafe construction is spreading however there is also a native possessive construction consisting of the possessor unmarked or marked by the oblique case preceding the head noun the verbal inflection is based on two stems present and past stem person and number are indicated personal suffixes attached to the stem in the transitive past tense the verb consists of the bare past stem and personal concord with the subject is provided by enclitic pronouns following the stem or a constituent preceding the verb two modal prefixes are used to convey modal and aspectual information the past participle is employed in the formation of compound tenses vafsi is a split ergative language split ergativity means that a language has in one domain accusative morphosyntax and in another domain ergative morphosyntax in vafsi the present tense is structured the accusative way and the past tense is structured the ergative way accusative morphosyntax means that in a language subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs are treated the same way and direct objects are treated another way ergative morphosyntax means that in a language subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects are treated one way and subjects of transitive verbs are treated another way in the vafsi past tense subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects are marked by the direct case whereas subjects of transitive verbs are marked by the oblique case this feature characterizes the vafsi past tense as ergative the unmarked order of constituents is sov similar to most other iranian languages kho ini tati edit main article kho ini dialect it is spoken in the village of xoin and surrounding areas about 60 kilometres 37 mi southwest of zanjan city in northern iran the xoini verbal system follows the general pattern found in other tati dialects however the dialect has its own special characteristics such as continuous present which is formed by the past stem a preverb shift and the use of connective sounds the dialect is in danger of extinction nouns have two cases direct and oblique contrary to the often case in persian adjective is not post positive the suffixes may be attached to the verb the agent of the verb in an ergative construction an adverb a prepositional or postpositional phrase and in a compound verb to its nominal complement the same set of endings is used for the present and the subjunctive the endings of the preterit and the present perfect are basically the enclitic present forms of the verb to be ah here called base one for pluperfect and subjunctive perfect the freestanding auxiliary verb to be bav here called base two is utilized there is no ending for singular imperative and it is ân for plural for the inflections of to be see auxiliary inflection below the past and present stems are irregular and shaped by historical developments e g w uj w ut to say xaraš xarat to sell taj tat to run however in many verbs the past stem is built on the present stem by adding e st e g brem brem est to weep the imperative is formed by the modal prefix be if the verb contains no preverb plus the present stem and without ending in the singular and with ân in the plural be is often changed to bi bo or bu according to the situation and appears as b before a vowel of a verbal stem kiliti tati edit main article kilit dialect kilit is a tati dialect closely related to the harzandi dialect and belongs to the northern tati dialect cluster 48 which consists of other transitional dialects between tati and zaza 40 it was spoken in the villages around kilit in nakhchivan near the city of ordubad it was still used by speakers of the area as a second language in the 1950s 49 50 spoken in nakhchivan the area near the turkey border the kilit dialect was the northernmost and northwesternmost of the known tati dialects 51 classification edit the glottolog database proposes a detailed classification and classifies tati and its dialects within the adharic subgroup related to old azeri along with languages such as talysh and zaza the glottolog proposes the following phylogenetic classification 2 northwestern iranian adharic adhari old azeri zaza zaza southern zaza dumbuli hazzu kori motki sivereki northern zaza tunceli varto tatic tati talysh alamuti central tatic khalkhali kajali karanic diz gandomabi hezarrudi karan khoresh e rostam karnaq kelasi lerd nowkiani shahrudi southern talysh shali kolur shandermani southern talysh massali masulei khoini maraghei dikini north central talysh central talysh asalemi hashtpari northern talysh astara lenkoran lerik taromic kabate kalasi upper taromi northern tatic harzandi kilit harzandi kilit karingani kalasuri khoynarudi karingani kalasuri khoynarudi southern tatic alviri vidari alviri vidari vafsic ashtiani amorei kahaki nuclear ashtiani tafresh vafsi ramand karaj eshtehardi razajerdi takestani khalkhal kharaqani ramandi tarom zanjan gurani gorani gurani shabaki bajelani bajelani chabak sarli distribution edit ardabil province khalkhal county asbu derav kolur kehel askestan shal diz gandomabad karin lerd gilavan karnaq kajal fa kajali khoresh rostam namin county tarom anbaran minabad mirzanaq kolosh sarvabad pilehrud fa jeyd towlash upper anbaran east azerbaijan province heris county chay kandi marand county harzand e atiq harzand e jadid galin qayah harzandi kaleybar county kalasur khunirud damirchi varzaqan county karangan gozarkhani karingani nakhchivan autonomous republic ordubad rayon kilit kiliti alborz province karaj county asara jey azadbar abharak adaran arangeh avizar ayegan bagh e pir purkan tekyeh e sepahsalar jurab charan hasanak dar khvares khur khuzankola dardeh darvan sorkheh darreh sar ziarat sarv dar siah kalan sijan sira shelnak shahrestanak kalvan kalha kondor kushk e bala kohneh deh kiasar kiasarlat garmab gasil gashnadar laniz leylestan malek faliz murud meydanak nesa nasht e rud nowjan varangeh rud varian varzan velayat rud valeh vineh karaji fa eshtehard county eshtehard sehhatabad ahmadabad jafarabad mehdiabad fardabad mokhtarabad abdollahabad kushkabad palangabad moradabad morad tappeh qezel hesar rahmanieh oposhteh gong jaru nekujar bujafar taleqan county taleqani fa tehran province damavand county kilan absard markazi province zarandieh county alvir vidar alviri vidari ashtian county tafresh county kahak komijan county vafs chehreqan farak gurchan vafsi qazvin province qazvin county kuchenan andaj alulak masoudabad zereshk voshteh taskin dastjerd e olya zarabad sapuhin mushqin vartavan halarud zanasuj avirak durchak suteh kosh keshabad e olya keshabad e sofla esmbord fa dikin soleymanabad garmarud e sofla maraghei shahrudi takestan county takestan esfarvarin qarqasin buin zahra county danesfahan shal sagzabad ebrahimabad kharuzan khuznin khiaraj abyek county ziaran samghabad tikhor tudaran aqchari khuznan jazmeh atanak qazi kalayeh ebrahimabad kahvan daral sarvar miankuh kazlak yuj razjerd shinqar ardabilak mianbar shekarnab chanasak mazraeh gharib nowdeh kiadeh ziarani tikhori zanjan county sheykh jaber ijrud county khoein saidabad e sofla sefid kamar halab garneh khoeini tarom county siyahvarud bandargah quhijan charazeh nukian hezarrud fa gilan province rudbar county eskabon anbuh aineh deh bivarzin pa rudbar pakdeh damash karamak e bala kalisham layeh miankushk fa naveh now deh viyeh yeknam semnan province garmsar county eyvanki district north khorasan province esfarayen county adkan bidvaz bojnord county qaleh ye mohammadi gifan e pain gifan e bala mianzu rezqaneh jajarm county sankhvast do borjeh tabar korf kharashah ghamiteh jorbat ark anduqan eslamabad fa shirvan county barzali borzolabad golian tati and talysh edit tati and talysh are northwestern iranian languages which are closely related although talysh and tati are two languages that have affected each other in various levels the degree of this effect in different places are not the same in fact the very closeness of the two languages has been a major reason for impossibility of drawing clear borderlines between them it happens that tati varieties can be seen in the heart of talysh districts or talysh varieties are found in the center of tati districts this claim is supported by focusing on linguistic characteristics of tati and talysh the history of the interrelation between the two languages geographical parameters of the area as we...
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