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Text of the page (random words):
thin the same jvm furthermore common programmer errors that often led to data corruption or unpredictable behavior such as accessing off the end of an array or using an uninitialized pointer are not allowed to occur several features of java combine to provide this safety including the class model the garbage collected heap and the verifier the jvm verifies all bytecode before it is executed this verification consists primarily of three types of checks branches are always to valid locations data is always initialized and references are always type safe access to private or package private data and methods is rigidly controlled the first two of these checks take place primarily during the verification step that occurs when a class is loaded and made eligible for use the third is primarily performed dynamically when data items or methods of a class are first accessed by another class the verifier permits only some bytecode sequences in valid programs e g a jump branch instruction can only target an instruction within the same method furthermore the verifier ensures that any given instruction operates on a fixed stack location 17 allowing the jit compiler to transform stack accesses into fixed register accesses because of this that the jvm is a stack architecture does not imply a speed penalty for emulation on register based architectures when using a jit compiler in the face of the code verified jvm architecture it makes no difference to a jit compiler whether it gets named imaginary registers or imaginary stack positions that must be allocated to the target architecture s registers in fact code verification makes the jvm different from a classic stack architecture of which efficient emulation with a jit compiler is more complicated and typically carried out by a slower interpreter additionally the interpreter used by the default jvm is a special type known as a template interpreter which translates bytecode directly to native register based machine language rather than emulate a stack like a typical interpreter 18 in many aspects the hotspot interpreter can be considered a jit compiler rather than a true interpreter meaning the stack architecture that the bytecode targets is not actually used in the implementation but merely a specification for the intermediate representation that can well be implemented in a register based architecture another instance of a stack architecture being merely a specification and implemented in a register based virtual machine is the common language runtime 19 the original specification for the bytecode verifier used natural language that was incomplete or incorrect in some respects a number of attempts have been made to specify the jvm as a formal system by doing this the security of current jvm implementations can more thoroughly be analyzed and potential security exploits prevented it will also be possible to optimize the jvm by skipping unnecessary safety checks if the application being run is proven to be safe 20 secure execution of remote code edit a virtual machine architecture allows very fine grained control over the actions that code within the machine is permitted to take it assumes the code is semantically correct that is it successfully passed the formal bytecode verifier process materialized by a tool possibly off board the virtual machine this is designed to allow safe execution of untrusted code from remote sources a model used by java applets and other secure code downloads once bytecode verified the downloaded code runs in a restricted sandbox which is designed to protect the user from misbehaving or malicious code as an addition to the bytecode verification process publishers can purchase a certificate with which to digitally sign applets as safe giving them permission to ask the user to break out of the sandbox and access the local file system clipboard execute external pieces of software or network formal proof of bytecode verifiers have been done by the javacard industry formal development of an embedded verifier for java card byte code 21 bytecode interpreter and just in time compiler edit for each hardware architecture a different java bytecode interpreter is needed when a computer has a java bytecode interpreter it can run any java bytecode program and the same program can be run on any computer that has such an interpreter when java bytecode is executed by an interpreter the execution will always be slower than the execution of the same program compiled into native machine language this problem is mitigated by just in time jit compilers for executing java bytecode a jit compiler may translate java bytecode into native machine language while executing the program the translated parts of the program can then be executed much more quickly than they could be interpreted this technique gets applied to those parts of a program frequently executed this way a jit compiler can significantly speed up the overall execution time there is no necessary connection between the java programming language and java bytecode a program written in java can be compiled directly into the machine language of a real computer and programs written in other languages than java can be compiled into java bytecode java bytecode is intended to be platform independent and secure 22 some jvm implementations do not include an interpreter but consist only of a just in time compiler 23 java native interface edit main article java native interface the java native interface or native method interface is a foreign function interface non java programming framework which enables java code running in a java virtual machine jvm to call and be called by native applications programs specific to a hardware and operating system platform and libraries written in other languages such as c c and assembly java 22 introduces the foreign function and memory api which can be seen as the successor to java native interface native methods are enabled by jni to handle situations when an application cannot be written entirely in the java programming language e g when the standard java class library does not support the platform specific features or program library the jni framework lets a native method use java objects in the same way that java code uses these objects a native method can create java objects and then inspect and use these objects to perform its tasks a native method can also inspect and use objects created by java application code jni also allows direct access to assembly code without even going through a c bridge 3 accessing java applications from assembly is possible in the same way jvm in the web browser edit at the start of the java platform s lifetime the jvm was marketed as a web technology for creating rich web applications as of 2018 update most web browsers and operating systems bundling web browsers do not ship with a java plug in nor do they permit side loading any non flash plug in the java browser plugin was deprecated in jdk 9 24 the npapi java browser plug in was designed to allow the jvm to execute so called java applets embedded into html pages for browsers with the plug in installed the applet is allowed to draw into a rectangular region on the page assigned to it because the plug in includes a jvm java applets are not restricted to the java programming language any language targeting the jvm may run in the plug in a restricted set of apis allow applets access to the user s microphone or 3d acceleration although applets are not able to modify the page outside its rectangular region adobe flash player the main competing technology works in the same way in this respect as of june 2015 update according to w3techs java applet and silverlight use had fallen to 0 1 each for all web sites while flash had fallen to 10 8 25 javascript jvms and interpreters edit since may 2016 javapoly allows users to import unmodified java libraries and invoke them directly from javascript javapoly allows websites to use unmodified java libraries even if the user does not have java installed on their computer 26 transpilation to javascript edit with the continuing improvements in javascript execution speed combined with the increased use of mobile devices whose web browsers do not implement support for plugins there are efforts to target those users through transpilation to javascript it is possible to either transpile the source code or jvm bytecode to javascript compiling the jvm bytecode which is universal across jvm languages allows building upon the language s existing compiler to bytecode the main jvm bytecode to javascript transpilers are teavm 27 the compiler contained in dragome web sdk 28 bck2brwsr 29 and j2js compiler 30 leading transpilers from jvm languages to javascript include the java to javascript transpiler contained in google web toolkit j2cl 31 clojurescript clojure grooscript apache groovy scala js scala and others 32 see also edit automated exception handling common language runtime comparison of application virtualization software comparison of java virtual machines java native interface java performance java processor k virtual machine kvm list of java virtual machines list of jvm languages computer programming portal notes edit 32 bit x86 support was removed starting with jdk 21 windows 1 and jdk 25 linux 2 references edit jep 479 remove the windows 32 bit x86 port openjdk jep 503 remove the 32 bit x86 port openjdk jdk 26 bill venners inside the java virtual machine archived 2021 01 25 at the wayback machine chapter 5 the java community process sm program jsrs java specification requests detail jsr 924 jcp org archived from the original on 2020 12 24 retrieved 2015 06 26 the java community process sm program jsrs java specification requests detail jsr 202 jcp org archived from the original on 2012 02 26 retrieved 2015 06 26 the java virtual machine specification archived 2008 07 09 at the wayback machine the first archived 2008 10 12 at the wayback machine and second archived 2011 09 25 at the wayback machine editions are also available online tene gil iyengar balaji wolf michael 2011 c4 the continuously concurrent compacting collector pdf ismm 11 proceedings of the international symposium on memory management doi 10 1145 1993478 isbn 978 1 45030263 0 archived pdf from the original on 2017 08 09 ben evans 4 may 2020 the unsafe class unsafe at any speed blogs oracle com oracle corporation jep 454 foreign function memory api openjdk 7 april 2025 chapter 2 the structure of the java virtual machine archived from the original on 2021 09 15 retrieved 2021 09 15 the java virtual machine specification java se 7 edition pdf docs oracle com archived pdf from the original on 2021 02 04 retrieved 2015 06 26 staff frequently asked questions java interoperability scala lang org archived from the original on 2020 08 09 retrieved 2015 11 18 the java community process sm program jsrs java specification requests detail jsr 292 jcp org archived from the original on 2020 12 20 retrieved 2015 06 26 da vinci machine project openjdk java net archived from the original on 2020 11 11 retrieved 2015 06 26 new jdk 7 feature support for dynamically typed languages in the java virtual machine oracle com archived from the original on 2018 09 13 retrieved 2015 06 26 the verification process the java virtual machine specification sun microsystems 1999 archived from the original on 2011 03 21 retrieved 2009 05 31 hotspot runtime overview interpreter openjdk archived from the original on 2022 05 21 retrieved 2021 05 24 why not make clr register based issue 4775 dotnet runtime github archived from the original on 2023 04 20 retrieved 2021 05 24 freund stephen n mitchell john c 1999 a formal framework for the java bytecode language and verifier proceedings of the 14th acm sigplan conference on object oriented programming systems languages and applications oopsla 99 pp 147 166 citeseerx 10 1 1 2 4663 doi 10 1145 320384 320397 isbn 978 1581132380 s2cid 14302964 cite book cite uses deprecated parameter citeseerx help casset ludovic burdy lilian requet antoine 10 april 2002 formal development of an embedded verifier for java card byte code pdf inria national institute for research in digital science and technology at côte d azur university archived pdf from the original on 3 october 2022 david j eck introduction to programming using java archived 2014 10 11 at the wayback machine seventh edition version 7 0 august 2014 at section 1 3 the java virtual machine oracle jrockit introduction archived 2015 09 06 at the wayback machine release r28 at 2 understanding just in time compilation and optimization oracle deprecates the java browser plugin prepares for its demise ars technica 28 january 2016 archived from the original on 8 april 2016 retrieved 15 april 2016 historical yearly trends in the usage of client side programming languages june 2015 w3techs com retrieved 2015 06 26 krill paul 13 may 2016 javapoly js imports existing java code and invokes it directly from javascript infoworld archived from the original on 25 july 2016 retrieved 18 july 2016 teavm project home page teavm org archived from the original on 2015 06 27 retrieved 2015 06 26 dragome web sdk dragome com archived from the original on 2015 08 01 retrieved 2015 06 26 bck2brwsr apidesign wiki apidesign org archived from the original on 2015 06 27 retrieved 2015 06 26 wolfgang kuehn decatur j2js compiler archived 2013 09 29 at the wayback machine github j2cl transpile java to javascript for closure compiler hacker news news ycombinator com archived from the original on 2021 01 02 retrieved 2025 10 31 list of languages that compile to js jashkenas coffeescript wiki github github com 2015 06 19 archived from the original on 2020 01 31 retrieved 2015 06 26 clarifications and amendments to the java virtual machine specification second edition archived 2006 01 10 at the wayback machine includes list of changes to be made to support j2se 5 0 and jsr 45 jsr 45 archived 2006 02 05 at the wayback machine specifies changes to the class file format to support source level debugging of languages such as javaserver pages jsp and sqlj that are translated to java external links edit a deep dive into jvm start up news and views from members of the java team at oracle openjdk wiki thomas stüfe s blog jvm engineer at red hat java garbage collection distilled v t e java virtual machines comparison sun oracle hotspot c1 c2 graalvm graal substrate discontinued maxine squawk kvm major implementations hotspot graalvm ikvm jikes rvm openj9 lejos embedded lejos art others icedtea list of jvms discontinued harmony dalvik gcj jamvm jop juice jupiter kaffe sablevm mika vm msjvm superwaba takatuka nanovm tinyvm wonka vm category of discontinued jvms v t e java software platform platforms java me micro java se standard jakarta ee enterprise java card android sdk technologies sun oracle jdk openjdk jvm hotspot graal maxine squawk javafx platform applets servlets midlets jsp jsf web start jnlp p...
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