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the party was initially opposed to further expansion of the electorate but eventually allowed passage of william ewart gladstone s representation of the people act 1884 in 1886 the party formed an alliance with lord hartington s and joseph chamberlain s new liberal unionist party and under the statesmen lord salisbury and arthur balfour held power for all but three of the following twenty years before suffering a heavy defeat in 1906 when it split over the issue of free trade young winston churchill denounced chamberlain s attack on free trade and helped to organise the opposition inside the unionist conservative party nevertheless balfour as party leader introduced protectionist legislation 46 churchill crossed the floor and formally joined the liberal party he rejoined the conservatives in 1925 in december balfour lost control of his party as the defections multiplied he was replaced by liberal prime minister henry campbell bannerman who called an election in january 1906 which produced a massive liberal victory liberal prime minister h h asquith enacted a great deal of reform legislation but the unionists worked hard at grassroots organizing two general elections were held in 1910 in january and in december the two main parties were now almost dead equal in seats but the liberals kept control with a coalition with the irish parliamentary party 47 48 in 1912 the liberal unionists merged with the conservative party in ireland the irish unionist alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged unionists who were opposed to irish home rule into one political movement its mps took the conservative whip at westminster essentially forming the irish wing of the party until 1922 in britain the conservative party was known as the unionist party because of its opposition to home rule 49 50 under bonar law s leadership in 1911 1914 the party morale improved the radical right wing was contained and the party machinery strengthened it made some progress toward developing constructive social policies 51 first world war further information history of the united kingdom during the first world war while the liberals were mostly against the first world war until the invasion of belgium conservative leaders were strongly in favour of aiding france and stopping germany the liberal party was in full control of the government until its mismanagement of the war effort under the shell crisis badly hurt its reputation an all party coalition government was formed in may 1915 in late 1916 the liberal david lloyd george became prime minister but the liberals soon split and the conservatives dominated the government especially after their landslide in the 1918 election the liberal party never recovered but the labour party gained strength after 1920 52 nigel keohane finds that the conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914 but the war pulled the party together allowing it to emphasise patriotism as it found new leadership and worked out its positions on the irish question socialism electoral reform and the issue of intervention in the economy the fresh emphasis on anti socialism was its response to the growing strength of the labour party when electoral reform was an issue it worked to protect their base in rural england 53 it aggressively sought female voters in the 1920s often relying on patriotic themes 54 1920 1945 main article interwar britain sir winston churchill who was prime minister during world war ii and in the 1950s in 1922 bonar law and stanley baldwin led the breakup of the coalition and the conservatives governed until 1923 when a minority labour government led by ramsay macdonald came to power the conservatives regained power in 1924 but were defeated in 1929 as a minority labour government took office in 1931 following the collapse of the labour minority government it entered another coalition which was dominated by the conservatives with some support from factions of both the liberal party and the labour party national labour and national liberals 55 in may 1940 during the second world war a more balanced coalition was formed 55 the national government which under the leadership of sir winston churchill saw the united kingdom through the second world war however the party lost the 1945 general election in a landslide to the resurgent labour party 56 57 the concept of the property owning democracy was coined by noel skelton in 1923 and became a core principle of the party 58 1945 1975 post war consensus main articles post war consensus and post war britain 1945 1979 popular dissatisfaction while serving in opposition during the late 1940s the conservative party exploited and incited growing public anger at food rationing scarcity controls austerity and government bureaucracy it used the dissatisfaction with the socialist and egalitarian policies of the labour party to rally middle class supporters and build a political comeback that won them the 1951 general election 59 modernising the party harold macmillan is closely associated with the post war settlement in 1947 the party published its industrial charter which marked its acceptance of the post war consensus on the mixed economy and labour rights 60 david maxwell fyfe chaired a committee into conservative party organisation that resulted in the maxwell fyfe report 1948 49 the report required the party to do more fundraising by forbidding constituency associations from demanding large donations from candidates with the intention of broadening the diversity of mps in practice it may have had the effect of lending more power to constituency parties and making candidates more uniform 61 winston churchill the party leader brought in a party chairman to modernise the party frederick marquis 1st earl of woolton rebuilt the local organisations with an emphasis on membership money and a unified national propaganda appeal on critical issues 62 with a narrow victory at the 1951 general election despite losing the popular vote churchill was back in power apart from rationing which was ended in 1954 most of the welfare state enacted by labour was accepted by the conservatives and became part of the post war consensus that was satirised as butskellism and that lasted until the 1970s 63 64 the conservatives were conciliatory towards trade unions but they did privatise the steel and road haulage industries in 1953 65 during the conservatives thirteen year tenure in office pensions went up by 49 in real terms sickness and unemployment benefits by 76 in real terms and supplementary benefits by 46 in real terms however family allowances fell by 15 in real terms 66 thirteen wasted years was a popular slogan attacking the conservative record primarily from labour in addition there were attacks by the right wing of the conservative party itself for its tolerance of socialist policies and reluctance to curb the legal powers of labour unions the conservatives were re elected in 1955 and in 1959 with larger majorities the conservative prime ministers churchill anthony eden harold macmillan and alec douglas home promoted relatively liberal trade regulations and less state involvement throughout the 1950s and early 1960s the suez crisis of 1956 was a humiliating defeat for eden but his successor macmillan minimised the damage and focused attention on domestic issues and prosperity following controversy over the selections of macmillan and douglas home via a process of consultation known as the magic circle 67 68 a formal election process was created and the first leadership election was held in 1965 won by edward heath 69 1965 1975 edward heath heath s 1970 74 government was known for taking the uk into the european economic community eec although the right wing of the party objected to his failure to control the trade unions at a time when a declining british industry saw many strikes as well as the 1973 75 recession since accession to the eec which developed into the european union british membership has been a source of heated debate within the party heath had come to power in june 1970 and the last possible date for the next general election was not until mid 1975 70 however a general election was held in february 1974 in a bid to win public support during a national emergency caused by the miners strike heath s attempt to win a second term at this snap election failed as a deadlock result left no party with an overall majority heath resigned within days after failing to gain liberal party support to form a coalition government labour won the october 1974 election with an overall majority of three seats 71 1975 1990 margaret thatcher further information premiership of margaret thatcher margaret thatcher is the first woman to be prime minister and the longest serving of the 20th century loss of power weakened heath s control over the party and margaret thatcher deposed him at the 1975 leadership election thatcher led her party to victory at the 1979 general election with a manifesto which concentrated on the party s philosophy 72 as prime minister thatcher focused on rejecting the mild liberalism of the post war consensus that tolerated or encouraged nationalisation strong labour unions heavy regulation and high taxes 73 she did not challenge the national health service and supported the cold war policies of the consensus but otherwise tried to dismantle and delegitimise it she built a right wing political ideology that became known as thatcherism based on social and economic ideas from british and american intellectuals such as friedrich hayek and milton friedman thatcher believed that too much socially democratic oriented government policy was leading to a long term decline in the british economy as a result her government pursued a programme of economic liberalism adopting a free market approach to public services based on the sale of publicly owned industries and utilities as well as a reduction in trade union power one of thatcher s largest and most successful policies assisted council house tenants in public housing to purchase their homes at favourable rates the right to buy had emerged in the late 1940s but was too great a challenge to the post war consensus to win conservative endorsement thatcher favoured the idea because it would lead to a property owning democracy an important idea that had emerged in the 1920s 58 some local conservative run councils enacted profitable local sales schemes during the late 1960s by the 1970s many working class people could afford to buy homes and eagerly adopted thatcher s invitation to purchase their homes at a sizeable discount the new owners were more likely to vote conservative as thatcher had hoped 74 75 thatcher led the conservatives to two further electoral victories in 1983 and in 1987 she was deeply unpopular in certain sections of society due to high unemployment and her response to the miners strike unemployment had doubled between 1979 and 1982 largely due to thatcher s monetarist battle against inflation 76 77 at the time of the 1979 general election inflation had been at 9 or under for the previous year then increased to over 20 in the first two years of the thatcher ministry but it had fallen again to 5 8 by the start of 1983 78 the period of unpopularity of the conservatives in the early 1980s coincided with a crisis in the labour party which then formed the main opposition victory in the falklands war in june 1982 along with the recovering british economy saw the conservatives returning quickly to the top of the opinion polls and winning the 1983 general election with a landslide majority due to a split opposition vote 76 by the time of the general election in june 1987 the economy was stronger with lower inflation and falling unemployment and thatcher secured her third successive electoral victory 79 the introduction of the community charge known by its opponents as the poll tax in 1989 is often cited as contributing to her political downfall internal party tensions led to a leadership challenge by the conservative mp michael heseltine and she resigned on 28 november 1990 80 1990 1997 john major john major succeeded thatcher and led the conservative government for six years john major won the party leadership election on 27 november 1990 and his appointment led to an almost immediate boost in conservative party fortunes 81 the election was held on 9 april 1992 and the conservatives won a fourth successive electoral victory contrary to predictions from opinion polls 82 83 the conservatives became the first party to attract 14 million votes in a general election 84 85 on 16 september 1992 the government suspended britain s membership of the european exchange rate mechanism erm after the pound fell lower than its minimum level in the erm a day thereafter referred to as black wednesday 86 soon after approximately one million householders faced repossession of their homes during a recession that saw a sharp rise in unemployment taking it close to 3 million people 87 the party subsequently lost much of its reputation for good financial stewardship the end of the recession was declared in april 1993 88 87 from 1994 to 1997 major privatised british rail the party was plagued by internal division and infighting mainly over the uk s role in the european union the party s eurosceptic wing represented by mps such as john redwood opposed further eu integration whilst the party s pro european wing represented by those such as chancellor of the exchequer kenneth clarke was broadly supportive the issue of the creation of a single european currency also inflamed tensions 89 major survived a leadership challenge in 1995 by redwood but redwood received 89 votes further undermining major s influence 90 the conservative government was increasingly accused in the media of sleaze their support reached its lowest ebb in late 1994 over the next two years the conservatives gained some credit for the strong economic recovery and fall in unemployment 91 but an effective opposition campaign by the labour party culminated in a landslide defeat for the conservatives in 1997 their worst defeat since the 1906 general election the 1997 election left the conservative party as an england only party with all scottish and welsh seats having been lost and not a single new seat having been gained anywhere 1997 2010 political wilderness following the defeat in 1997 the party was led by william hague 1997 2001 iain duncan smith 2001 2003 and michael howard 2001 2005 major resigned as party leader and was succeeded by william hague 92 the 2001 general election resulted in a net gain of one seat for the conservative party and returned a mostly unscathed labour party back to government 93 this all occurred months after the fuel protests of september 2000 had seen the conservatives briefly take a narrow lead over labour in the opinion polls 94 in 2001 iain duncan smith was elected leader of the party 92 although duncan smith was a strong eurosceptic 95 during 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