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back results as output parameters they can call defined functions and other stored procedures including the same stored procedure up to a set number of times they can be selectively provided access to unlike other queries stored procedures have an associated name which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries also because the code need not be sent from the client every time as it can be accessed by name it reduces network traffic and somewhat improves performance 34 execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as necessary t sql edit main article t sql t sql transact sql is microsoft s proprietary procedural language extension for sql server it provides repl read eval print loop instructions that extend standard sql s instruction set for data manipulation dml and data definition ddl instructions including sql server specific settings security and database statistics management it exposes keywords for the operations that can be performed on sql server including creating and altering database schemas entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring and managing the server itself client applications that consume data or manage the server will leverage sql server functionality by sending t sql queries and statements which are then processed by the server and results or errors returned to the client application for this it exposes read only tables from which server statistics can be read management functionality is exposed via system defined stored procedures which can be invoked from t sql queries to perform the management operation it is also possible to create linked servers using t sql linked servers allow a single query to process operations performed on multiple servers 35 sql server native client a k a snac edit sql server native client is the native client side data access library for microsoft sql server version 2005 onwards it natively implements support for the sql server features including the tabular data stream implementation support for mirrored sql server databases full support for all data types supported by sql server asynchronous operations query notifications encryption support as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session sql server native client is used under the hood by sql server plug ins for other data access technologies including ado or ole db the sql server native client can also be directly used bypassing the generic data access layers 36 on november 28 2011 a preview release of the sql server odbc driver for linux was released 37 sql clr edit main article sql clr microsoft sql server 2005 includes a component named sql clr common language runtime via which it integrates with net framework unlike most other applications that use net framework sql server itself hosts the net framework runtime i e memory threading and resource management requirements of net framework are satisfied by sqlos itself rather than the underlying windows operating system sqlos provides deadlock detection and resolution services for net code as well with sql clr stored procedures and triggers can be written in any managed net language including c and vb net managed code can also be used to define udt s user defined types which can persist in the database managed code is compiled to cli assemblies and after being verified for type safety registered at the database after that they can be invoked like any other procedure 38 however only a subset of the base class library is available when running code under sql clr most apis relating to user interface functionality are not available 38 when writing code for sql clr data stored in sql server databases can be accessed using the ado net apis like any other managed application that accesses sql server data however doing that creates a new database session different from the one in which the code is executing to avoid this sql server provides some enhancements to the ado net provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code such connections are called context connections and are set by setting context connection parameter to true in the connection string sql server also provides several other enhancements to the ado net api including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database it also provides access to the xml features in sql server including xquery support these enhancements are also available in t sql procedures in consequence of the introduction of the new xml datatype query value nodes functions 39 service edit sql server also includes an assortment of add on services while these are not essential for the operation of the database system they provide value added services on top of the core database management system these services either run as a part of some sql server component or out of process as windows service and presents their own api to control and interact with them sql server agent edit sql server agent is a component of microsoft sql server which schedules jobs and handles other automated tasks 40 it runs as a windows service so it can start automatically when the system boots or it can be started manually typical system tasks performed include scheduling maintenance plans such as backups handling reporting services subscriptions and performing log shipping sub tasks backup copy restore check user tasks such as scheduling some t sql or command line statement are also common sqlagent has support for operators and alerts so that administrators can be notified e g by email machine learning services edit the sql server machine learning services operates within the sql server instance allowing people to do machine learning and data analytics without having to send data across the network or be limited by the memory of their own computers the services come with microsoft s r and python distributions that contain commonly used packages for data science along with some proprietary packages e g revoscalepy revoscaler microsoftml that can be used to create machine models at scale analysts can either configure their client machine to connect to a remote sql server and push the script executions to it or they can run a r or python scripts as an external script inside a t sql query the trained machine learning model can be stored inside a database and used for scoring 41 service broker edit used inside an instance programming environment for cross instance applications service broker communicates over tcp ip and allows the different components to be synchronized via exchange of messages the service broker which runs as a part of the database engine provides a reliable messaging and message queuing platform for sql server applications 42 service broker services consists of the following parts 43 message types contracts queues service programs routes the message type defines the data format used for the message this can be an xml object plain text or binary data as well as a null message body for notifications the contract defines which messages are used in an conversation between services and who can put messages in the queue the queue acts as storage provider for the messages they are internally implemented as tables by sql server but do not support insert update or delete functionality the service program receives and processes service broker messages usually the service program is implemented as stored procedure or clr application routes are network addresses where the service broker is located on the network 43 also service broker supports security features like network authentication using ntlm kerberos or authorization certificates integrity checking and message encryption 43 replication services edit sql server replication services are used by sql server to replicate and synchronize database objects either in entirety or a subset of the objects present across replication agents which might be other database servers across the network or database caches on the client side replication services follows a publisher subscriber model i e the changes are sent out by one database server publisher and are received by others subscribers sql server supports three different types of replication 44 transaction replication each transaction made to the publisher database master database is synced out to subscribers who update their databases with the transaction transactional replication synchronizes databases in near real time 45 merge replication changes made at both the publisher and subscriber databases are tracked and periodically the changes are synchronized bi directionally between the publisher and the subscribers if the same data has been modified differently in both the publisher and the subscriber databases synchronization will result in a conflict which has to be resolved either manually or by using pre defined policies rowguid needs to be configured on a column if merge replication is configured 46 snapshot replication snapshot replication publishes a copy of the entire database the then snapshot of the data and replicates out to the subscribers further changes to the snapshot are not tracked 47 analysis services edit main article sql server analysis services sql server analysis services ssas adds olap and data mining capabilities for sql server databases the olap engine supports molap rolap and holap storage modes for data analysis services supports the xml for analysis standard as the underlying communication protocol the cube data can be accessed using mdx and linq 48 queries 49 data mining specific functionality is exposed via the dmx query language analysis services includes various algorithms decision trees clustering algorithm naive bayes algorithm time series analysis sequence clustering algorithm linear and logistic regression analysis and neural networks for use in data mining 50 reporting services edit main article sql server reporting services sql server reporting services ssrs is a report generation environment for data gathered from sql server databases it is administered via a web interface reporting services features a web services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications reports are created as rdl files 51 reports can be designed using recent versions of microsoft visual studio visual studio net 2003 2005 and 2008 52 with business intelligence development studio installed or with the included report builder once created rdl files can be rendered in a variety of formats 53 54 including excel pdf csv xml bmp emf gif jpeg png and tiff 55 and html web archive notification services edit main article sql server notification services originally introduced as a post release add on for sql server 2000 56 notification services was bundled as part of the microsoft sql server platform for the first and only time with sql server 2005 57 58 sql server notification services is a mechanism for generating data driven notifications which are sent to notification services subscribers a subscriber registers for a specific event or transaction which is registered on the database server as a trigger when the event occurs notification services can use one of three methods to send a message to the subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event these methods include smtp soap or by writing to a file in the filesystem 59 notification services was discontinued by microsoft with the release of sql server 2008 in august 2008 and is no longer an officially supported component of the sql server database platform integration services edit main article sql server integration services sql server integration services ssis provides etl capabilities for sql server for data import data integration and data warehousing needs integration services includes gui tools to build workflows such as extracting data from various sources querying data transforming data including aggregation de duplication de normalization and merging of data and then exporting the transformed data into destination databases or files 60 full text search service edit the sql server full text search service architecture sql server full text search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for unstructured text stored in sql server databases the full text search index can be created on any column with character based text data it allows for words to be searched for in the text columns while it can be performed with the sql like operator using sql server full text search service can be more efficient full text search service allows for inexact matching of the source string indicated by a rank value which can range from 0 to 1000 a higher rank means a more accurate match it also allows linguistic matching inflectional search i e linguistic variants of a word such as a verb in a different tense will also be a match for a given word but with a lower rank than an exact match proximity searches are also supported i e if the words searched for do not occur in the sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other they are also considered a match t sql exposes special operators that can be used to access the fts capabilities 61 62 the full text search engine is divided into two processes the filter daemon process msftefd exe and the search process msftesql exe these processes interact with the sql server the search process includes the indexer that creates the full text indexes and the full text query processor the indexer scans through text columns in the database it can also index through binary columns and use ifilters to extract meaningful text from the binary blob for example when a microsoft word document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a database the ifilters are hosted by the filter daemon process once the text is extracted the filter daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer the indexer filters out noise words i e words like a and etc which occur frequently and are not useful for search with the remaining words an inverted index is created associating each word with the columns they were found in sql server itself includes a gatherer component that monitors changes to tables and invokes the indexer in case of updates 63 when a full text query is received by the sql server query processor it is handed over to the fts query processor in the search process the fts query processor breaks up the query into the constituent words filters out the noise words and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the linguistic variants for each word the words are then queried against the inverted index and a rank of their accurateness is computed the results are returned to the client via the sql server process 63 sqlcmd edit sqlcmd is a command line application that comes with microsoft sql server and exposes the management features of sql server it allows sql queries 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