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mer sgi employees had founded 3dfx in 1994 their voodoo graphics extension card relied on pci to provide cheap 3d graphics for pc s towards the end of 1996 the cost of edo dram dropped significantly a card consisted of a dac a frame buffer processor and a texture mapping unit along with 4 mb of edo dram the ram and graphics processors operated at 50 mhz it provided only 3d acceleration and as such the computer also needed a traditional video controller for conventional 2d software nvidia bought 3dfx in 2000 in 2000 nvidia grew revenues 96 62 sgi had made opengl control of the specification was passed to the khronos group in 2006 sdram edit in 1993 samsung introduced its km48sl2000 synchronous dram and by 2000 sdram had replaced virtually all other types of dram in modern computers because of its greater performance for more information see synchronous dynamic random access memory sdram history double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory ddr sdram is introduced in 2000 compared to its predecessor in pc clones single data rate sdr sdram the ddr sdram interface makes higher transfer rates possible by more strict control of the timing of the electrical data and clock signals acpi edit released in december 1996 acpi replaced advanced power management apm the multiprocessor specification and the plug and play bios pnp specification 63 internally acpi advertises the available components and their functions to the operating system kernel using instruction lists methods provided through the system firmware unified extensible firmware interface uefi or bios which the kernel parses acpi then executes the desired operations such as the initialization of hardware components using an embedded minimal virtual machine first generation acpi hardware had issues 64 windows 98 first edition disabled acpi by default except on a whitelist of systems 2010s edit semiconductor fabrication edit in 2011 intel announced the commercialisation of tri gate transistor 65 the tri gate design is a variant of the finfet 3d structure finfet was developed in the 1990s by chenming hu and his colleagues at uc berkeley 66 through silicon via is used in high bandwidth memory hbm a successor of ddr sdram hbm was released in 2013 in 2016 and 2017 intel tsmc and samsung begin releasing 10 nanometer chips at the 10 nm scale quantum tunneling especially through gaps becomes a significant phenomenon 67 2020s edit in may 2022 chinese officials ordered government agencies and state backed companies to remove personal computers produced by american corporations and replace them with equipment from domestic companies the state mandated order is expected to result in the removal of about 50 million computers with hp and dell expected to lose the most future business from the mandate 68 market size edit in 2001 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48 000 in 1977 more than 500 million pcs were in use in 2002 and one billion personal computers had been sold worldwide since mid 1970s till this time of the latter figure 75 percent were professional or work related while the rest sold for personal or home use about 81 5 percent of pcs shipped had been desktop computers 16 4 percent laptops and 2 1 percent servers united states had received 38 8 percent 394 million of the computers shipped europe 25 percent and 11 7 percent had gone to asia pacific region the fastest growing market as of 2002 69 almost half of all the households in western europe had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40 percent of homes in united kingdom compared with only 13 percent in 1985 70 the third quarter of 2008 marked the first time laptops outsold desktop pcs in the united states 71 as of june 2008 the number of personal computers worldwide in use hit one billion mature markets like the united states western europe and japan accounted for 58 percent of the worldwide installed pcs about 180 million pcs 16 percent of the existing installed base were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008 the whole installed base grew 12 percent annually 72 73 see also edit history of laptops history of mobile phones history of software timeline of electrical and electronic engineering computer museum and personal computer museum expensive desk calculator mit computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory educ 8 a 1974 pre microprocessor micro computer mark 8 a 1974 microprocessor based microcomputer programma 101 a 1965 programmable calculator with some attributes of a personal computer scelbi another 1974 microcomputer simon computer a 1949 demonstration of computing principles list of pioneers in computer science references edit pocket computer may replace shopping list the new york times 3 november 1962 9100a desktop calculator 1968 pdf hewlett packard retrieved 13 february 2008 cite journal cite journal requires journal help hewlett packard 25 october 1966 restoring the balance between analysis and 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4 december 2008 retrieved 11 august 2015 computers in use pass 1 billion mark gartner reuters 23 june 2008 retrieved 11 august 2015 further reading edit veit stan 1993 stan veit s history of the personal computer worldcomm p 304 isbn 978 1 56664 030 5 douglas k smith douglas k smith robert c alexander 1999 fumbling the future how xerox invented then ignored the first personal computer authors choice press pp 276 isbn 978 1 58348 266 7 freiberger paul swaine michael 2000 fire in the valley the making of the personal computer mcgraw hill companies pp 463 isbn 978 0 07 135892 7 allan roy a 2001 a history of the personal computer the people and the technology allan publishing p 528 isbn 978 0 9689108 0 1 sherman josepha 2003 the history of the personal computer franklin watts p 64 isbn 978 0 531 16213 2 laing gordon 2004 digital retro the evolution and design of the personal computer sybex p 192 isbn 978 0 7821 4330 0 external links edit a history of the personal computer archived 2 july 2006 at th...
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