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ions toggle analysis and interpretations subsection 5 1 azerbaijani position 5 2 soviet position 5 3 armenian position 5 4 other positions 5 5 international recognition 6 see also 7 notes 8 references 9 bibliography toggle the table of contents march days 28 languages العربية azərbaycanca تۆرکجه کوردی čeština deutsch español eesti فارسی français հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano ქართული қазақша кыргызча македонски bahasa melayu norsk bokmål polski română русский српски srpski türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1918 inter ethnic clashes and bolshevik takeover attempt in baku this article is about the 1918 inter ethnic clashes and bolshevik takeover attempt in baku for polish student and intellectual protests of 1968 see 1968 polish political crisis march days part of the armenian azerbaijani war azerbaijani victims in baku date 30 march 2 april 1918 location baku governorate transcaucasian commissariat result bolshevik and dashnaktsutyun victory musavat lost control in baku baku commune was established in april 1918 belligerents bolsheviks armenian revolutionary federation musavat party caucasian native cavalry division commanders and leaders stepan shahumyan mahammad amin rasulzade strength bolsheviks 6 000 regular troops russian fleet gunboats 1 dashnaks 4 000 militiamen 1 10 000 troops and militiamen 1 casualties and losses unknown unknown 2 500 armenian civilians 2 3 000 12 000 azerbaijani and other muslim civilians 3 4 a v t e southern front of the russian civil war 1917 1st kharkiv 1918 mughan shamkhor donbas don 1st kiev ice march steppe march iași don march days 1st crimea transcaucasia kuban goychay sukhumi sochi tsaritsyn kurdamir livny baku dibrivka allied intervention 1919 voronezh povorino katerynoslav march northern caucasus ukraine 2nd kiev khotyn uprising 1st donbas hryhoriv uprising binagadi chapan rebellion cherek vyoshenskaya uprising manych river alexandrovsky fort bender uprising 2nd kharkiv advance on moscow mamontov raid southern front counteroffensive odessa 3rd kiev peregonovka nizhyn poltava orel kursk voronezh kastornoye khopyor don pavlohrad katerynoslav 3rd kharkiv 4th kiev 2nd donbas 1920 rostov novocherkassk odessa north caucasus novorossiysk azerbaijan yalama sarvan tartar ganja lankaran guba ochakov anzali ulagay s landing obytichnyi spit armenia northern taurida dagestan uprising tambov rebellion perekop chonhar 2nd crimea bolshevik makhnovist conflict 1921 anapa february georgia mountainous armenia the march days or march events azerbaijani mart hadisələri was a period of inter ethnic strife and clashes which took place between 30 march 2 april 1918 in the city of baku and adjacent areas of the baku governorate of the transcaucasian commissariat 5 6 facilitated by a political power struggle between bolsheviks with the support of the armenian revolutionary federation dashnaktsutiun 7 8 9 on one side and the azerbaijani musavat party on another the events led to rumours of a possible muslim revolt 10 11 12 13 on the part of bolshevik and dashnak forces 14 15 and the establishment of the short lived baku commune in april 1918 16 the majority of historic sources and accounts interpret the march days in the context of civil war unrest 17 18 7 19 20 the clashes resulted in interethnic bloodletting according to ronald grigor suny 21 the massacres committed by armenians in particular are interpreted by some scholars as retaliation for the armenian genocide 1 22 these were followed by the september days where 10 000 30 000 ethnic armenians were massacred by army of islam and their local azerbaijani allies upon capturing baku 23 24 background edit see also armenian tatar massacres of 1905 1906 and caucasus campaign political situation edit following the february revolution a special transcaucasian committee including armenian azerbaijani and georgian representatives was established to administer parts of the south caucasus under the control of the russian provisional government after the october revolution on 11 november 1917 this committee was replaced by the transcaucasian commissariat also known as the sejm with headquarters in tbilisi the sejm opposed bolshevism and sought separation of the south caucasus from bolshevik russia to prevent that on 13 november 1917 a group of bolsheviks and left socialist revolutionaries sr proclaimed the baku soviet a governing body which assumed power over the territory of baku governorate under the leadership of bolshevik stepan shahumyan although the baku soviet included azerbaijanis and armenians who were neither bolsheviks nor necessarily sympathetic towards bolshevik ideas 1 the two nationalist parties and members of the sejm the musavat 25 and armenian revolutionary federation refused to recognize its authority the baku based musavat dominated the muslim national councils mncs a representative body which eventually formed the first parliament of the azerbaijan democratic republic adr mammad hasan hajinski chaired the temporary executive committee for the mncs while mammed amin rasulzade alimardan topchubashev fatali khan khoyski and other prominent political figures were among the 44 azerbaijani delegates to the sejm meanwhile the arf which was established in tbilisi formed a 27 member armenian delegation to the sejm the leader of the baku soviet shahumyan kept contacts with arf and viewed it as a source of support for eliminating musavat influence in baku 26 stepan shahumyan an ethnic armenian leader of the bolshevik baku soviet after the october revolution the russian army fell apart and its units fled the front lines en masse often harassing local residents concerned with the situation the sejm established a military council of nationalities with armenian azerbaijani and georgian representatives which had troops at its disposal 27 when a large group of russian soldiers withdrew from the ottoman front line in january 1918 the head of the council georgian menshevik noe ramishvili ordered their disarmament the russian soldiers were stopped near shamkhor station and upon a refusal to surrender were attacked by azerbaijani bands in what became known as the shamkhor massacre 27 the baku soviet played out this incident into its favor against the sejm notes 1 on 10 24 february 1918 the sejm adopted a declaration of independence in the meantime to support armenian resistance against the ottoman empire the british government attempted to re organize and train a group of armenians from the caucasus under the leadership of general lionel dunsterville in baghdad 28 the allies had also provided armenians with 6 500 000 rubles 3 250 000 of 1918 value in financial assistance 18 in addition the armenian national organization of the caucasus formed an armenian military committee in petrograd under general bagradouni and called upon all armenian military personnel scattered throughout russia to mobilize on the caucasus front 29 in response to this call by early march 1918 a large number of armenians had gathered in baku joining a group of 200 trained officers accompanied by general bagradouni and the arf co founder stepan zorian mr rostom 29 the azerbaijanis grew increasingly suspicious that shahumyan who was an ethnic armenian was conspiring with the dashnaks against them the units of the caucasian native cavalry division composed of caucasian muslims who had served in the imperial russian army thus nicknamed the savage division disarmed a pro bolshevik garrison in lankaran and dagestani insurgents under imam najmuddin of gotzo drove the bolsheviks out of petrovsk severing baku s land communications with bolshevik russia 30 the armistice of erzincan followed by the treaty of brest litovsk signed on 3 march 1918 formalized russia s exit from world war i according to richard g hovannisian a secret annex to the treaty of brest litovsk obligated the bolsheviks to demobilize and dissolve ethnic armenian bands on territories previously under russian control 31 at the subsequent trabzon peace conference the ottoman delegation called for a unified position of the sejm before the negotiations could be completed the bolsheviks grew increasingly concerned about the emerging transcaucasian federation and in the given situation had to choose between musavat and arf in the struggle to dominate transcaucasia s largest city thus the baku soviet was drawn into the nationalistic struggle between the azerbaijanis and the armenians trying to utilize one people against the other 32 as baku produced 7 million tons of oil per year about 15 of global oil production during world war i the city remained in the sights of the major warring powers even though most of the oil fields were owned by azerbaijanis and less than 5 per cent by armenians most of the production distribution rights in baku were owned by foreign investors primarily the british at the beginning of 1918 germany transferred general friedrich freiherr kress von kressenstein from the sinai and palestine campaign to establish the german caucasus expedition with the aim of capturing baku in response in february 1918 the british dispatched general lionel dunsterville with troops to baku through enzeli in order to block the german move and to protect the british investments 33 demographics and armed groups edit postcard from iran iranian consul m s vezare maragai near muslim victims in baku after march days before world war i the population of baku including the bailoff promontory the white town the oil fields and the neighboring villages amounted to over 200 000 distributed as follows 74 000 temporary migrants from various parts of russia 56 000 azerbaijani natives of the town and district 25 000 armenians 18 000 persians 6 000 jews 4 000 volga tatars 3 800 lezgins 2 600 georgians 5 000 germans 1 500 poles and many other nationalities numbering less than 1 000 each azerbaijanis formed the majority among natives and owned the greater part of land including the oil fields they also constituted most of the labor force and small trading class as well as some commercial and financial posts the petroleum industry was largely owned by a small number of foreign capitalists 34 prior to the 1918 march events the major armed groups in baku consisted of 6 000 men from the remnants of the russian caucasus army which had withdrawn from the ottoman front line about 4 000 men of the armenian militia organized under the arf dashnaktsutiun 35 and an undefined number of soldiers of the caucasian native cavalry division disbanded in january 1918 36 events of 30 march 2 april 1918 edit bazarnaya street modern day azerbaijan avenue during the march days in 1918 when the staff of the disbanded caucasian native cavalry division arrived in baku on 9 march 1918 the soviet immediately arrested its commander general talyshinski the move sparked protests from the azerbaijani population with occasional calls to offer armed resistance to the soviet according to the historian firuz kazemzadeh shahumyan could have prevented bloodshed had he been less impulsive and stubborn only a few days earlier shahumyan had received a telegram from lenin in which he was advised to learn diplomacy but this advice was ignored notes 2 the march 1918 confrontation was triggered by an incident with the steamship evelina on 27 march 1918 fifty former caucasian native cavalry division servicemen arrived in baku on this ship to attend the funeral of their colleague mamed tagiyev son of a famous azerbaijani oil magnate and philanthropist haji zeynalabdin taghiyev m tagiyev had been killed in a skirmish by russian armenian forces in lankaran 6 37 when the soldiers got back on board the evelina to sail out of baku on 30 march 1918 the soviet received information that the muslim crew of the ship was armed and waiting for a signal to revolt against the soviet while the report lacked foundation the soviet acted on it disarming the crew which tried to resist 38 39 3 other sources claim that notes 3 azerbaijanis were alarmed by the growing military strength of the armenians in baku and called for the help of the caucasian native cavalry division units in lenkoran their arrival caused great concern among both bolsheviks and armenians and when officials were sent down to the dockside to try to discover what their intentions were they were driven back by gunfire a number of them being killed eventually these newcomers were disarmed by a stronger bolshevik force but when more units of the caucasian native cavalry division arrived on 1 april in macdonell s words the baku cauldron boiled over no one really knows who fired the first shot but very soon baku became a battlefield with trenches and barricades being hastily prepared throughout the city 1 ismailiyya building by 6 p m on 30 march 1918 baku was filled with fighting 40 the soviet side led by shahumyan realized that full civil war was starting and its own forces were insufficient against azerbaijani masses led by musavat allies were found among the mensheviks srs and the kadets right wing liberals which promised to support the bolsheviks as the champions of the russian cause 41 in response to these musavat s achiq söz newspaper noted that while bolsheviks and mensheviks were fighting all year both were uniting against musavat even with the kadets and the dashnaks the paper attributed such alliance to national factors and concluded that the soviet s attempt to provoke one nationality against another instead of fighting a class war was a tragic capitulation of democracy 42 on the morning of 31 march azerbaijanis opposed to the bolshevik disarming of the caucasian native cavalry division held protests in baku demanding to arm the muslims the azerbaijani bolshevik organization hümmet attempted to mediate the dispute proposing that the arms taken from the caucasian native cavalry division be transferred to the custody of the hümmet shahumyan agreed to this proposal but on the afternoon of 31 march when muslim representatives appeared before the baku soviet leadership to take the arms shots were already being heard in the city and the soviet commissar prokofy dzhaparidze refused to provide the arms he informed the hümmet leadership that musavat had launched a political war 3 19 the talks broke off abruptly when the soviet s soldiers were fired upon the bolsheviks accused the muslims of responsibility for the incident stopped negotiations and opened hostilities later shahumyan admitted that the bolsheviks deliberately used a pretext to attack their political opponents we needed to give a rebuff and we exploited...
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