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nce against prostitutes post assault treatment of victims of sexual assault rape acquaintance by deception corrective date effects factors gang genocidal history laws marital pregnancy prevention prison statistics statutory threat unacknowledged wartime sexual assault campus child in service mass secondary victimisation sexual violence virgin cleansing myth widow cleansing disfigurement acid attack breast ironing female genital mutilation gishiri cutting infibulation foot binding other issues gaslighting dating abuse domestic violence outline management and pregnancy droit du seigneur eve teasing forced abortion force feeding forced marriage forced pregnancy forced sterilisation intimate partner violence marriage by abduction marry your rapist law online gender based violence raptio religious violence christianity and domestic violence islam and domestic violence sexual bullying toxic masculinity witch trials international legal framework dedaw cedaw vdpa devaw belém do pará maputo istanbul related topics prosecution of gender targeted crimes women s shelter 25 november 6 february by country sex and the law victimology violence against lgbtq people transfemicide v t e the kashmir conflict has been beset by large scale usage of sexual violence by multiple belligerents since its inception mass rapes were carried out by dogra troops as well as hindu and sikh mobs during the 1947 jammu massacres 1 2 and by pakistani militia when the conflict broke out in 1947 including the mirpur massacre 3 numerous scholars and human rights agencies assert that since the onset of the insurgency in jammu and kashmir in 1988 rape has been leveraged as a weapon of war by indian security forces comprising the indian army 4 central reserve police force crpf and border security personnel 5 6 7 however the government rejects such charges separatist militants have also committed rapes which remain under researched but are not comparable in scale to that of the indian state forces 8 9 history of the conflict see also violence against women during the partition of india there have been many incidents of rape in the princely state of jammu and kashmir a large number of muslim women were abducted and raped in the jammu region of the state during the 1947 jammu massacres in october november 1947 which were carried out by extremist hindus and sikhs aided and abetted by the forces of the dogra state headed by the maharaja hari singh 10 11 in october 1947 armed pashtun tribesmen from pakistan who had support from the pakistani administration and army invaded kashmir and committed atrocities such as raping and looting the locals including muslim girls 12 during the beginning of first kashmir war they took place in and around muzaffarabad and baramulla 3 13 rape was also reported in the mirpur region of today s azad kashmir during the 1947 mirpur massacre which was carried out against the hindu and sikh refugees many women were also abducted 14 15 16 rape by militants post 1988 see also insurgency in jammu and kashmir and exodus of kashmiri hindus in 1989 attacks on kashmiri hindus escalated and muslim insurgents selectively raped tortured and killed kashmiri pandits burnt their temples idols and holy books the pandits fled en masse from the state after which their houses were burnt by militants and their artwork and sculptures were destroyed 17 while cases of systematic rape of kashmiri muslim women by the indian military are well documented the details and scale of sexual violence against kashmiri pandit women remain yet to be researched 18 according to human rights watch despite threats by islamist groups to women since 1990 reports of rape by militants were rare in the early years of the conflict since 1991 reports of rape by islamic militants have increased in some cases women have been raped and then killed after being abducted by rival militant groups and held as hostages for their male relatives in other cases members of armed militant groups have abducted women after threatening to shoot the rest of the family unless she is handed over to a militant leader local people sometimes refer to these abductions and rapes as forced marriages 19 in 1992 a case of rape and murder by militants attracted publicity partly because the incident provoked street protests condemning the militants for the crimes 20 according to the 1993 human rights watch report rape by militants is less common but has increased in frequency over the years 21 a 2010 us state department report blamed separatist insurgents in kashmir and other parts of the country of committing several serious abuses including the killing of security personnel as well as civilians and of engaging in widespread torture rape beheadings kidnapping and extortion 22 some incidents of rape by militants appear to have been motivated by the fact that the victims or their families are accused of being informers or of being opposed to the militants or supporters of rival militant groups 19 according to the human rights watch the rape victims of militants suffer ostracism and there is a code of silence and fear that prevents people from reporting such abuse it says that the investigation of cases of rape by militants is difficult because many kashmiris are reluctant to discuss it for the fear of violent reprisals 23 the increase in number of rape cases has resulted in an increased number of abortions leading in one case to murder of a doctor the doctor was accused of being an informer by the islamic militant groups hizbul mujahideen and al jehad 23 rape by indian forces post 1988 human rights abuses in jammu and kashmir notes international people s tribunal on human rights and justice in kashmir jammu kashmir human rights commission papa ii 1990 exodus of kashmiri hindus 1990 gawkadal massacre 1990 zakoora and tengpora massacre murder and rape of sarla bhat 1991 1991 kunan poshpora incident 1993 1993 lal chowk fire 1993 bijbehara massacre 1993 kishtwar massacre 1993 sopore massacre 1995 1995 kidnapping of western tourists in kashmir 1996 murder of jalil andrabi 1997 1997 sangrampora massacre 1998 1998 wandhama massacre 1998 chapnari massacre 1998 prankote massacre 2000 2000 chittisinghpura massacre 2001 2001 kishtwar massacres 2001 chalwalkote massacre 2001 jammu and kashmir legislative assembly car bombing 2002 2002 kaluchak massacre 2002 qasim nagar massacre 2002 raghunath temple attacks 2003 2003 nadimarg massacre 2004 2004 teli katha massacre 2006 2006 doda massacre 2009 2009 shopian rape and murder case 2013 march 2013 srinagar attack june 2013 srinagar attack 2016 2016 baramulla attack 2016 pampore attack 2016 pathankot attack 2017 2017 amarnath yatra attack 2019 2019 pulwama attack 2023 2023 rajouri attacks 2024 2024 reasi attack 2025 2025 pahalgam attack v t e background in the aftermath of the allegedly rigged 1987 elections in the state of jammu and kashmir where islamic parties were prevented from winning several seats in the state assembly 24 a popular anti indian separatist movement and militancy gained momentum in the kashmir valley a territory disputed between india and pakistan since 1947 to counter the insurgency india militarised the valley deploying a huge number of troops in the region the critics of the indian military presence in the valley contend that 600 000 troops are present in the state according to which the region possesses the highest ratio of troops to civilians in the world 25 26 since january 1990 indian forces committed a number of human rights violations against civilians including mass rape 27 rape as a weapon of war according to a 1993 human rights watch hrw report the security forces use rape as a method of retaliation against kashmiri civilians during reprisal attacks after militant ambushes 28 29 30 most rape cases according to the same report have occurred during cordon and search operations 29 according to a 1996 hrw report security personnel in kashmir have used rape as a counterinsurgency tactic 31 scholar inger skhjelsbaek states that the pattern of rape in kashmir is that when soldiers enter civilian residences they kill or evict the men before raping the women inside 28 scholar shubh mathur calls rape an essential element of the indian military strategy in kashmir 32 according to seema kazi there is no difference between the motivations behind rape in kashmir with those which caused rapes to be committed in rwanda and the balkans kazi opines that rape in kashmir is a cultural weapon of war and that the rape of kashmiri women by indian security forces in the background of a mainly hindu country repressing a muslim populace functions as a tool of subordinating kashmiri males and the wider kashmiri community 33 34 she also states that rape is used to demoralize the kashmiri resistance and that there have been documented cases of soldiers confessing that they were commanded to rape kashmiri women 35 36 at the 52nd united nations commission on human rights professor william baker gave testimony that rape in kashmir was not merely a case of isolated incidents involving undisciplined soldiers rather the security forces were actively deploying rape on the kashmiri populace as a method of humiliation and frightening 37 he cited as evidence his interviews with several victims whose family members including husbands and children were made to witness their rapes 38 an amnesty international report in 1992 stated that rape is conducted during counter offensives against militants as part of a bid to methodically shame local kashmiri communities 39 dr maiti a professor of political science at burdwan university has condemned the oppressive indian use of rape noting that most of the kashmiri rape victims have been civilians 40 extent a study in 2005 by médecins sans frontières concluded that the rate of sexual violence against kashmiri women was one of the highest among the world s conflict zones with 11 6 of respondents out of a total 510 people in their survey reporting personal experience of sexual abuse 41 42 43 44 the study also found that in comparison to many other regions experiencing conflict such as chechnya sierra leone and sri lanka the number of witnesses to rape in kashmir was far greater 13 of respondents in the study stated that they had witnessed a rape after 1989 45 while the proportion of those who had heard about a rape since 1989 figured at 63 the proportion of respondents who had heard about more than five rape incidents stood at 59 9 the proportion of those who had personally been witness to even more than five incidents of rape was 5 1 9 46 according to kazi international awareness is low about the large extent of sexual violence in kashmir 47 scholar dara kay cohen from harvard university lists the conflict in kashmir alongside bosnia and rwanda as among the worst of the so called mass rape wars 48 according to human rights watch 44 49 there are no reliable statistics on the number of rapes committed by security forces in kashmir human rights groups have documented many cases since 1990 but because many of the incidents have occurred in remote villages it is impossible to confirm any precise number there can be no doubt that the use of rape is common and routinely goes unpunished it was reported that indian forces committed gang rape of 882 kashmiri women in 1992 alone 50 the humanitarian law project international educational development documented more than 200 cases of war rape from january 1994 51 many cases are not reported because of the shame and stigma associated with rape in kashmir 52 human rights groups state that 150 top officers of the rank of major or above have participated in torture as well as sexual violence and that the indian government was covering up such acts 53 54 in 2016 kashmiri human rights activist and lawyer parvez imroz has said that a vast majority of cases of sexual harassment by indian forces in kashmir go unreported 55 rape by security forces has notably occurred in areas of militant presence or activity 56 it has also happened to women from the gujjar community who live on the periphery of kashmiri society according to journalist freny manecksha who tried to document conflict related rapes in kashmir in 2012 2013 their remote location has left them more susceptible to sexual violence 57 in october 2013 chief minister omar abdullah informed the jammu kashmir legislative assembly that between 1989 and 2013 5 125 cases of rape and 14 953 cases of molestation had been registered across the state of the 17 736 cases rape and molestation combined that were challenged in courts only 579 resulted in convictions giving a conviction rate of about 3 26 percent the majority of these cases did not involve state security forces security forces were accused in 70 rape cases 41 in kashmir and 29 in jammu and 55 molestation cases 44 in kashmir and 11 in jammu state police personnel were separately implicated in 59 rape cases 15 in kashmir and 44 in jammu and 34 molestation cases 12 in kashmir and 22 in jammu 58 aftermath drastic physical and emotional consequences are experienced by the victims because society believes their honour is lost the male relations of the rape victim also experience collective shaming the conservative nature of kashmiri society means that males are reputed by their communities as having failed in protecting the purity of their women if they have been sexually assaulted according to molen and bal the authorities have deliberately inflicted collective dishonor and in fact defeat through appropriating kashmiri men s control of women s izzat 59 according to hafsa kanjwal in sagar research journal of university of texas austin that since kashmiri society wrongly heaps the blame of rape upon the victims they continue to experience psychological problems and they accept the idea that they have been shamed and lost their purity this feeling often leads to not just depression but also to breakdown in marriages breakup of families and in some cases suicide 60 in one example a 16 year old teenager hameeda was deemed to be a spoiled good and spurned by her family after an indian army officer raped her in 2004 her marriage also broke down while she sought compensation and due to communal shaming she developed depression 59 molen and bal observe that there is a societal trend to refrain seeking matrimonial matches in areas where incidents of rape are publicly known 59 in the villages of kunan and poshpora there were cases of men spurning their wives after they had been raped by indian soldiers other husbands upon encouragement from militants did take back their wives but would abuse them one rape victim recounted that her husband considered her defiled by another male and still blamed her in some cases the relationships of the rape victims with their sons also deteriorated girls who have not been raped but are related to rape victims are also stigmatized by society rape victims have also reported experiencing taunts fro...
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