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97 22 european law review 150 lashyn serhii 1 october 2021 the aporia of eu citizenship liverpool law review 42 3 361 377 doi 10 1007 s10991 021 09279 y issn 1572 8625 5th report on citizenship of the union com 2008 85 the first annual report on migration and integration com 2004 508 found by 2004 18 5m third country nationals were resident in the eu crd 2004 art 2 2 defines family member as a spouse long term partner descendant under 21 or depednant elderly relative that is accompanying the citizen see also metock v minister for justice equality and law reform 2008 c 127 08 holding that four asylum seekers from outside the eu although they did not lawfully enter ireland because their asylum claims were ultimately rejected were entitled to remain because they had lawfully married eu citizens see also r secretary of state for the home department v immigration appeal tribunal and surinder singh 1992 3 cmlr 358 see also the communist manifesto 1998 c 85 96 1998 ecr i 2691 2004 c 456 02 2004 ecr i 07573 2001 c 184 99 2001 ecr i 6193 2005 c 209 03 2005 ecr i 2119 2005 c 147 03 2014 c 333 13 see asscher v staatssecretaris van financiën 1996 c 107 94 1996 ecr i 3089 holding a director and sole shareholder of a company was not regarded as a worker with a relationship of subordination craig de búrca 2015 ch 22 barnard 2013 chs 10 11 and 13 1995 c 55 94 1995 ecr i 4165 gebhard 1995 c 55 94 37 tfeu art 54 treats natural and legal persons in the same way under this chapter itwf and finnish seamen s union v viking line abp and oü viking line eesti 2007 c 438 05 2007 i 10779 34 1974 case 2 74 1974 ecr 631 see also klopp 1984 case 107 83 holding a paris avocat requirement to have one office in paris though indistinctly applicable to everyone was an unjustified restriction because the aim of keeping advisers in touch with clients and courts could be achieved by modern methods of transport and telecommunications and without living in the locality 2011 c 565 08 2011 c 565 08 52 kamer van koophandel en fabrieken voor amsterdam v inspire art ltd 2003 c 167 01 cf employee involvement directive 2001 86 ec 1988 case 81 87 1988 ecr 5483 1999 c 212 97 1999 ecr i 1459 see also überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh 2002 c 208 00 on dutch minimum capital laws the classic arguments are found in wz ripley main street and wall street little brown co 1927 louis k liggett co v lee 288 u s 517 1933 per brandeis j and w cary federalism and corporate law reflections on delaware 1974 83 4 yale law journal 663 see further s deakin two types of regulatory competition competitive federalism versus reflexive harmonisation a law and economics perspective on centros 1999 2 cyels 231 2002 c 208 00 92 93 2008 c 210 06 see further national grid indus 2011 c 371 10 an exit tax for a dutch company required justification not justified here because it could be collected at the time of transfer and vale epitesi 2012 c 378 10 hungary did not need to allow an italian company to register craig de búrca 2015 p 815 it seems that the cjeu s rulings lacking any deep understanding of business law policies have brought about other corporate law changes in europe that were neither intended by the court nor by policy makers tfeu arts 56 and 57 1974 case 33 74 cf debauve 1980 case 52 79 art 56 does not apply to wholly internal situations where an activity are all in one member state belgium v humbel 1988 case 263 86 but contrast schwarz and gootjes schwarz v finanzamt bergisch gladbach 2007 c 76 05 wirth v landeshauptstadt hannover 1993 c 109 92 2001 c 157 99 2001 ecr i 5473 2001 c 157 99 48 55 2001 c 157 99 94 and 104 106 see watts v bedford primary care trust 2006 c 372 04 and commission v spain 2010 c 211 08 2010 c 137 09 2010 i 13019 1995 c 384 93 1995 ecr i 1141 2004 c 36 02 2004 ecr i 9609 2009 c 42 07 2007 ecr i 7633 directive 2006 123 ec of the european parliament and of the council of 12 december 2006 on services in the internal market 27 december 2006 cf j stiglitz the price of inequality 2011 ch 9 and 349 eur lex 12008e063 en eur lex eur lex europa eu capital movement directive 1988 88 361 eec annex i including i investment in companies ii real estate iii securities iv collective investment funds v money market securities vi bonds vii service credit viii loans ix sureties and guarantees x insurance rights xi inheritance and personal loans xii physical financial assets xiii other capital movements 2000 c 251 98 22 e g commission v belgium 2000 c 478 98 holding that a law forbidding belgian residents getting securities of loans on the eurobond was unjustified discrimination it was disproportionate in preserving as belgium argued fiscal coherence or supervision see commission v united kingdom 2001 c 98 01 and commission v netherlands 2006 c 282 04 ag maduro s opinion on golden shares in kpn nv and tpg nv 2007 c 112 05 2010 c 171 08 1 2 tfeu art 345 see delors report report on economic and monetary union in the ec 1988 e g j stiglitz too important for bankers 11 june 2003 the guardian and j stiglitz the price of inequality 2011 ch 9 and 349 see r hale coercion and distribution in a supposedly non coercive state 1923 38 political science quarterly 472 rb reich saving capitalism for the many not the few 2015 chs 2 4 7 and 21 see for example s deakin and f wilkinson rights vs efficiency the economic case for transnational labour standards 1994 23 4 industrial law journal 289 see teu art 3 3 and directives and regulations issued under tfeu arts 101 109 and 145 172 1976 case 43 75 10 see louis k liggett co v lee 288 u s 517 1933 see tfeu part iii arts 26 197 further ao hirschmann exit voice and loyalty 1970 see british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 106 stating tfeu article 102 is aimed not only at practices which may cause prejudice to consumers directly but also at those which are detrimental to them through their impact on an effective competition structure tfeu art 169 tfeu art 169 3 and the cfreu art 38 1 2 see banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 case c 618 10 39 and océano grupo editorial and salvat editores 2000 c 240 98 to c 244 98 and 2000 ecr i 4941 25 product liability directive 1985 85 374 eec recital 1 and 6 pld 1985 arts 1 and 3 utccd 1993 93 13 ec and see h collins good faith in european contract law 1994 14 ojls 229 banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 case c 618 10 see further for the history behind the parallel in german contract law bgb 307 münchener kommentar zum bürgerlichen gesetzbuch 307 rn 32 rwe ag v verbraucherzentrale nrw ev 2013 c 92 11 2013 c 488 11 2013 case c 415 11 2014 case c 34 13 tfeu art 147 tfeu art 153 1 see further o kahn freund hugo sinzheimer in labour law and politics in the weimar republic 1981 103 the technique of bourgeois society and its law is to cover social facts and factors of social existence with abstractions property contract legal person all these abstractions contain within them socially opposed and contradictory phenomena property used for production and property used for consumption agreements between equal parties and agreements between unequal parties capitalist and worker through abstraction it is possible to extend legal rules which are appropriate to the social phenomenon for which they were originally developed to other social phenomena thereby concealing the exercise of social power behind a veil of law a supiot beyond employment changes in work and the future of labour law in europe 2001 s deakin and f wilkinson the law of the labour market 2005 90 see the charter s text european social charter 1961 art 2 1 wtd 2003 art 7 referring to four weeks and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of weekly as meaning a seven day period the choice to phrase time off as weeks was interpreted by the uk supreme court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time rather than separate days in the uk context russell v transocean international resources ltd 2011 uksc 57 19 see further jm keynes economic possibilities of our grandchildren 1930 arguing a 15 hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared e g institutions for occupational retirement provision directive 2003 arts 11 12 17 18 e g pensions act 2004 ss 241 243 udhr art 24 holidays with pay convention 1970 no 132 and see also the european social charter 1961 art 2 1 wtd 2003 art 7 in the uk the implementing working time regulations 1998 state 5 6 weeks is needed although this is also 28 days as a week was originally taken to refer to a 5 day working week wtd 2003 arts 2 5 and 8 13 wtd 2003 arts 6 and 17 and pfeiffer v deutsches kreuz kreisverband waldshut ev 2005 c 397 01 boyle v equal opportunities commission 1998 c 411 96 requires pay be at least the same level as statutory sick pay safety and health at work directive 1989 art 11 see also the health and safety of atypical workers directive 1991 extends these protections to people who do not have typical full time or permanent employment contracts 2010 c 555 07 echr art 11 this codified traditions in democratic member states before world war ii see for example crofter hand woven harris tweed co ltd v veitch 1941 ukhl 2 2002 echr 552 2008 echr 1345 demir and baykara v turkey 2008 echr 1345 see further enerji yapi yol sen v turkey 2009 application no 68959 01 2007 c 438 05 2007 c 319 05 and c 319 06 e g the rome i regulation 1991 c 6 90 statute for a european company regulation 2001 no 2157 2001 statute for a european company regulation 2001 art 3 employee involvement directive 2001 annex see for example bce inc v 1976 debentureholders 2008 3 scr 560 contrast lubbe v cape plc 2000 ukhl 41 and chandler v cape plc 2012 ewca civ 525 see the thirteenth company law directive 2004 2004 25 ec insolvency regulation ec 1346 2000 centros ltd v erhversus og selkabssyrelsen 1999 c 212 97 kamer van koophandel en fabrieken voor amsterdam v inspire art ltd 2003 c 167 01 1 2 see ld brandeis other people s money and how the bankers use it 1914 and e mcgaughey does corporate governance exclude the ultimate investor 2016 16 1 journal of corporate law studies 221 see m gold worker directors in the uk and the limits of policy transfer from europe since the 1970s 2005 20 historical studies in industrial relations 29 35 dodd frank wall street reform and consumer protection act 2010 957 inserting securities exchange act 1934 6 b 10 institutions for occupational retirement provision directive 2003 2003 41 ec ucits directive 2009 art 19 3 o see n moloney eu securities and financial markets regulation 3rd edn 2014 on the original conception of the need for securities market regulation see aa berle and gc means the modern corporation and private property 1932 part iii ucits v directive 2014 91 eu 2004 39 ec art 18 on conflicts of interest 2011 61 eu art 3 2 2011 61 eu respectively arts 22 23 13 and annex ii 14 and 30 eur lex 32009l0138 en eur lex eur lex europa eu 2004 case t 201 04 1052 konkurrensverket v teliasonera sverige 2011 c 52 09 22 glaxosmithkline services unlimited v commission 2009 c 513 06 63 british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 106 europemballage corporation and continental can company inc v commission 1973 case 6 72 26 also teu art 3 3 states the eu s goals as aiming at full employment and social progress and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment höfner and elser v macrotron gmbh 1991 c 41 90 see federación española de empresas de tecnología sanitaria fenin v commission 2003 t 319 99 opinion of ag jacobs in albany international bv v stichting bedrijfspensioenfonds textielindustrie 1999 c 67 96 tfeu art 49 distinguishes the right of establishment for self employed persons from the right to set up and manage undertakings transfers of understakings directive 2001 23 ec art 1 b defines an economic entity as an organised grouping of resources contrast fnv kunsten informatie en media v staat der nederlanden 2014 c 413 13 and clarification that solo self employed persons will not be subject to competition law in communication from the commission guidelines on the application of union competition law to collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self employed persons 2022 c 374 02 see the clayton act 1914 s 6 ilo freedom of association and protection of the right to organise convention 1948 no 87 which protects anyone including self employed who works for a living echr article 11 freedom of association subject only to proportionate restrictions in a democracy wouters v algemene raad van de nederlandsche orde van advocaten 2002 c 309 99 2002 ecr i 1577 meca medina and majcen v commission 2006 c 519 04 p 2006 ecr i 6991 see societe technique miniere v maschinenbau ulm gmbh 1996 ecr 234 249 and javico international and javico ag v yves saint laurent parfums sa 1998 ecr i 1983 25 see courage ltd v crehan 2001 c 453 99 the matters to be taken into account include the economic and legal context and the respective bargaining power and conduct of the two parties to the contract akzo chemie bv v commission 1991 c 62 86 60 cf hoffmann la roche co ag v commission 1979 case 85 76 41 very large shares are in themselves evidence of a dominant position british airways plc v commission 2003 t 219 99 211 224 225 given the nearest rival only had a 5 5 market share società italiana vetro spa v commission 1992 t 68 89 358 compagnie maritime belge transports sa v commission 2000 c 395 96 41 45 viho europe bv v commission 1996 c 73 95 16 europemballage corp and continental can co inc v commission 1973 case 6 72 26 list in treaties not an exhaustive enumeration united brands co v commission 1978 case 27 76 250 252 comp c 1 36 915 deutsche post ag interception of cross border mail 25 july 2001 para 166 akzo chemie bv v commission 1991 c 62 86 71 72 france telecom sa v commission 2009 c 202 07 2012 c 457 10 p 98 and 132 1 2 curia documents curia europa eu 1974 cases 6 7 73 2004 case t 201 04 british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 68 2004 case t 201 04 2017 c 413 14 2022 t 286 09 renv merger regulation 2004 139 2004 ec arts 1 and 2 3 e g tetra laval bv v commission 2002 t 5 02 155 e g m bajgar g berlingieri s calligaris c criscuolo and j timmis industry concentration in europe and north america january 2019 oecd productivity working paper no 18 2 2014 c 434 13 e g ici ltd v commission 1972 cases 48 57 69 66 ceced 2000 oj l187 47 48 51 also philips osram 1994 oj l378 37 see further h collins the european civil code the way forward 2009 brussels i regulation 2012 1215 2012 rome i regulation ec 593 2008 arts 3 and 8 rome ii regulation ec no 864 2007 copyright term directive 2006 2006 116 ec art 1 copyright and information society directive 2001 29 eur lex 02015l2436 20151223 en eur lex eur lex europa eu european social charter 1961 arts 7 10 and 17 icescr 1966 art 13 2 c cf in the uk the higher education act 2004 ss 23 24 and 31 39 tuition fees and plans and higher education higher amount regulations 2010 regs 4 5a...
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