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m and civilify the intelligence sector the state security laws of the prior regime were scrapped and initially the security services were comparatively restrained many intelligence functions reverted to the regular police and military in a more limited capacity with greater respect for civil liberties 2 however growing insecurity including the ongoing second sudanese civil war and coup plots led to a resurgence of the security apparatus in 1987 the government declared a state of emergency amid intensifying conflicts by 1988 the sadiq al mahdi government enacted a new state security act 1988 and formed new security forces under its provisions 2 this effectively resurrected an internal intelligence organisation though on a smaller scale than nimeiry s sso the new security entity operating under the prime minister s supervision was granted broad powers of arrest and detention to combat insurgencies and conspiracies reports from that time indicate that military intelligence and police special branch officers were again coordinating closely to monitor dissidents rebels and even islamist groups like hassan al turabi s national islamic front which was then in opposition 2 despite these measures the civilian government s control over the intelligence apparatus was weak factionalism and economic crisis plagued the regime on 30 june 1989 a group of army officers led by brigadier omar al bashir tacitly backed by the national islamic front seized power in a coup the coup succeeded in part because elements of the military intelligence and security forces either supported it or were neutralised the new junta would soon rebuild an even more formidable internal security system 2 republic of sudan 1985 2019 edit from 1989 onward sudan s military intelligence apparatus was reorganised and greatly expanded under president omar al bashir s islamist regime the junta called the revolutionary command council for national salvation rccns immediately imposed emergency rule and created a parallel islamist security organisation commonly known as islamic security or security of the revolution this organisation led by an nif cadre on the rccns was given a mandate to protect the revolution effectively acting as a secret police with authority above other law enforcement 4 it served as a watchdog over the regular armed forces and police guarding against internal plots and was infamous for indiscriminate arrests and torture in clandestine ghost houses 4 during the early 1990s government surveillance intensified dramatically civilians suspected of dissidence were harassed church services were monitored the press was censored and neighborhood popular committees even used control of ration cards to spy on households these years saw the rise of sudan s modern mukhabarat intelligence state 4 formally bashir s regime introduced new legislation to legitimise its security apparatus a national security act of 1990 established the post coup national security system 2 this was followed by the national security act of 1995 which granted extraordinarily broad powers to the intelligence agencies including preventive detention of suspects for up to six months without charge and near total immunity for security officers detainees had no right to judicial review or appeal under this lawredress org these acts laid the legal foundation for an intelligence organisation that was both powerful and shielded from accountability 2 seal of the former niss in practice this organisation evolved into the national intelligence and security service niss arabic جهاز الأمن والمخابرات الوطني السوداني romanized jihaaz al amn wal mukhaabaraat al watani though the name niss was commonly used later especially after the late 1990s sudan s mukhabarat in the 1990s already functioned as a unified internal and external intelligence service under direct presidential control 6 the niss was officially codified by the national security forces act of 1999 which not only ratified its existence but also perpetuated its exceptional powers and lack of oversight 6 7 a subsequent national security act in 2010 during an interim peace period retained these broad powers despite calls to curtail the agency s mandate by law niss officers had powers of arrest search seizure and could detain individuals for prolonged periods in the name of national security 8 9 throughout bashir s 30 year rule niss emerged as the most powerful arm of the regime eclipsing the military s own intelligence wing in domestic matters 10 niss effectively functioned as sudan s secret police tasked with silencing political opposition and rebellion it conducted widespread domestic surveillance censored media and ran a network of detention centers known for torturing regime opponents infamous ghost houses 10 the agency also kept close watch over government institutions and even other security organisations a deliberate strategy to prevent any single power center from challenging al bashir 10 military intelligence within the army continued to operate focusing on military affairs and internal army discipline but it was closely monitored by niss and largely subordinated in the realm of internal security al bashir fostered rivalry between the army s military intelligence niss and other forces as a coup proofing measure giving them overlapping responsibilities and separate lines of command 10 crucially the regime integrated various paramilitary and militia forces into the intelligence security nexus in the second sudanese civil war and later conflicts military intelligence and niss coordinated counterinsurgency operations often using proxy militias during the darfur conflict niss officers notably major general salah gosh who became niss director in 2004 were deeply involved in organising and directing the janjaweed militias and other counter insurgency campaigns 11 as international pressure grew over darfur genocide niss simultaneously positioned itself as a global intelligence player for instance gosh cultivated ties with the cia by sharing valuable intelligence on al qaeda and other islamists sudan had hosted osama bin laden in the 1990s and sudanese mukhabarat had amassed detailed files on his network 11 by the mid 2000s it is widely accepted that in addition to its domestic operations the niss ran operations and agents throughout the middle east north africa and western europe the secretive organisation s most well known operation was its massive intelligence network in iraq which it was able to build by recruiting foreign fighters passing through khartoum on their way to iraq citation needed domestically niss was regularised as a fighting force by 2008 with its officers granted military ranks and the agency taking formal command of multiple paramilitary units 10 at this time niss became the parent organisation of the newly created rapid support forces rsf a paramilitary force officially formed in 2013 out of the janjaweed militias 10 12 the rsf led by mohamed hamdan dagalo hemedti was deployed as an internal shock force in conflict zones darfur south kordofan blue nile and as a praetorian guard for al bashir 10 hemedti a close ally of al bashir was even nicknamed hemayti my protector by the president 10 during al bashir s era several figures became synonymous with sudan s intelligence establishment salah abdallah salah gosh stands out as niss director 2004 2009 and again 2018 2019 13 he was regarded as the regime s most feared enforcer 14 under gosh niss orchestrated crackdowns on civil society and engineered ruthless responses to protests such as using live ammunition on demonstrators in 2018 19 11 earlier nafie ali nafie was another key architect he headed internal security in the 1990s and was known for establishing the regime s notorious torture centers nafie later served as a top presidential advisor these men along with other niss and military intelligence chiefs used the tools of surveillance and coercion to keep bashir in power for decades by fragmenting the security sector army niss police and paramilitaries checking each other bashir ensured that the intelligence apparatus remained loyal to him personally 10 sudanese transition to democracy 2019 2021 edit on 11 april 2019 a massive civilian uprising and pressure from within the security forces led to omar al bashir s ouster it was bashir s own security chiefs including military and niss leaders who ultimately forced him to step down 10 15 including gosh who was replaced by lt gen abu bakr mustafa on 14 april 2019 16 17 after the coup sudan s new transitional military council tmc the de facto executive power in sudan moved swiftly to reorganise the intelligence apparatus responding to protesters demands to dismantle the deep state of the old regime 18 the tmc dissolved the niss and announced the formation of a rebranded agency the general intelligence service gis in july 2019 19 20 official reasons cited for the name rebranding included coping with the political change in the country and becoming more professional in protecting the country and safeguarding its national security against very complicated threats 21 the gis was essentially the successor to niss but with promises on paper of reform including a stated focus on information gathering rather than political repression the notorious operations division of niss which had been responsible for much of the heavy handed internal security operations was slated for disbandment niss personnel were given options to retire or to be absorbed into the regular army or the rsf 11 according to the washington post most of the former niss agents chose neither to remain in gis nor to accept the option to join alternative sudanese armed services and instead to accept a monetary package the initially proposed value of the severance pay was around us 2 500 and was later reduced to around us 250 19 on 14 january 2020 several of the former niss agents angry at the reduced value of the severance mutinied 20 19 15 government security forces regained control of the rebelling former niss employees within several hours hemetti of the sovereignty council attributed responsibility for the mutiny to former niss head salah gosh who had fled abroad and stated that the mutiny should not be considered to be a coup attempt the washington post interpreted the incident as probably a haphazard show of anger by frustrated corps members who are now out of a job rather than an attempt to overthrow the regime 19 the head of gis abu bakr mustafa resigned as a result of the event 15 under the subsequent civilian military transitional government 2019 2021 efforts were made to draft new security legislation to place the gis under civilian oversight and curtail its arrest powers in practice however the gis headed by generals such as abu bakr dambalab and later lt gen jamal abdelmajeed and lt gen ahmed mufaddal 22 remained dominated by the military establishment the agency continued to conduct internal intelligence and counter intelligence though with somewhat lower profile during the transition it still monitored political activities and maintained surveillance on potential saboteurs while pledging to respect the law more than its predecessor notably inter service dynamics persisted the rsf now an officially recognised force developed its own intelligence wing and often acted independently 23 while the army s military intelligence department regained a central role in shaping security policy following al bashir s fall 2021 coup and civil war edit on 25 october 2021 sudan s military led by gen abdel fattah al burhan and rsf chief hemedti staged a coup that ended the civilian led transition 24 this put the intelligence apparatus fully back under military control the gis under al burhan s rule has reportedly resumed some of the practices of niss including detention of leaders of the resistance committees and other protest leaders and surveillance of activists 25 26 the rsf initially a partner to the military during the coup later became a rival on 15 april 2023 fighting erupted between the rsf and the sudanese armed forces saf this schism within sudan s security organs is rooted partly in al bashir era fragmentation 27 military intelligence directorate edit as outlined above the military intelligence has been part and separate from the civilian branch of the intelligence sometimes named by news outlets interchangeably 28 since 1992 the military intelligence operates under the military intelligence directorate arabic هيئة الاستخبارات العسكرية mid overseen by the military the mid has been accused of committing human right abuses during the civil war 2023 present 29 30 the current director is lit gen mohamed ali ahmed sabir who was sanctioned by the eu on 16 december 2024 for harassment arbitrary arrests and detention of members of civil society as well as acts of sexual and gender based violence and torture 31 see also edit tsimdo 2024 military alliance in africa references edit sudan appoints new director of general intelligence sources www usnews com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 security for all reforming sudan s national security services pdf redress september 2009 1 2 sudan capabilities and loyalties of the military pdf cia december 1982 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 sudan security organizations flags maps economy history climate natural resources current issues international agreements population social statistics political system photius com retrieved 26 may 2025 post sudans 13 july 2023 ex sudanese first vice president dies sudans post retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 university of glasgow research research units a z network on intelligence and security practices in african countries list of african intelligence agencies www gla ac uk retrieved 26 may 2025 document amnesty org retrieved 22 april 2019 caryl christian 3 october 2012 an idealist on death row foreign policy retrieved 21 february 2015 the sudanese secret police the notorious national intelligence and security services niss howden daniel 28 june 2012 has the arab spring now spread to sudan the independent retrieved 21 february 2015 and the hated secret police the niss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sudan s uprising the fall of a dictator journal of democracy retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 3 4 salah gosh and the survival of sudan s old regime jamestown org retrieved 26 may 2025 sudan s rsf pledges to liberate rebel stronghold in south kordofan sudan tribune 10 june 2014 retrieved 5 january 2016 the militia was activated and restructured again in august last year under the command of niss wheeler skye 14 august 2009 sudan president replaces intelligence chief reuters retrieved 5 january 2016 factbox leading sudanese security figures reuters 15 april 2019 retrieved 26 may 2025 1 2 3 sudan army quells khartoum mutiny by pro bashir troops bbc 14 january 2020 retrieved 26 may 2025 sudan s military council names new intelligence chief france 24 14 april 2019 retrieved 22 april 2019 sudan s intelligence chief salah gosh resigns military c...
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