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repeated rape alone is still just rape but rape with the intent to impregnate is something more 11 24 lisa sharlach argues that this definition is too narrow because these mass rapes should not be defined as genocide based solely on those raped having been forcibly impregnated 11 rape as genocide main article international framework of sexual violence per the united nations security council resolution 1820 declared on 2008 rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide 25 according to amnesty international the use of rape during times of war is not a by product of conflicts but rather a pre planned and deliberate military strategy 26 in the last quarter of a century the majority of conflicts have shifted from wars between nation states to communal and intrastate civil wars during these conflicts the use of rape as a weapon against the civilian population by state and non state actors has become more frequent journalists and human rights organizations have documented campaigns of genocidal rape during conflicts in former yugoslavia sierra leone rwanda liberia sudan uganda and during the civil war in the democratic republic of the congo 27 the strategic aims of these mass rapes are twofold the first is to instill terror in the civilian population with the intent to forcibly dislocate them from their land note 2 28 the second is to degrade the chance of possible return and reconstitution by having inflicted humiliation and shame on the targeted population and to decrease social cohesion of a targeted group 27 targeted rape has also been used to force those who might resist genocide into submission 29 these effects are strategically important for non state actors as it is necessary for them to remove the targeted population from the land rape as genocide is often used for campaigns which involve ethnic cleansing and genocide as the objective is to destroy or forcefully remove the target population and ensure they do not return 27 one objective of genocidal rape is forced pregnancy so that the aggressing actor not only invades the targeted population s land but their bloodlines and families as well however those unable to bear children are also subject to sexual assault victims ages can range from children to women in their eighties 30 31 documented instances main article wartime sexual violence armin wegner s description the armenian women and girls are generally very beautiful looking at you is the dark and beautiful face of babesheea who was robbed by kurds raped and freed only after ten days like a wild beast the turkish soldiers officers soldiers and gendarmes swept down on this welcome prey all the crimes that had ever been committed against women were committed here they cut off their breasts mutilated their limbs and their corpses lay naked defiled or blackened by the heat on the fields 32 rape was widespread during the armenian genocide which was committed by the ottoman turks during the death marches of armenian civilians through anatolia in 1915 turkish soldiers frequently raped and killed armenian women and children in many cases turkish and kurdish civilians also participated in these crimes 33 turks took armenian women and girls into sexual slavery or forced them into marriage those women forced into marriage also had to convert to islam 34 some perpetrators believed that women and girls could be successfully assimilated into muslim turkish culture unlike men and boys 35 after the genocide ended women and girls who had been forced into marriage often could not return to their former lives they had no family left no source of income or otherwise feared the stigma of having married a turk 36 additionally turks publicly raped the wives daughters and other female relatives of important armenian men in addition to dehumanizing the victims these targeted rapes intimidated the armenian leadership into submission and dissuaded them from resisting 29 some armenian women and girls were sold as sex slaves the turkish soldiers stripped them naked and displayed them at auction their nudity in a conservative society served to further dehumanize them and strip them of agency many were forced into marriage or prostitution 37 during the greek genocide another of the late ottoman genocides turkish troops and civilians abducted greek village women and raped them for hours or days turkish villagers raped one woman for eight days in a row she died soon after one man who protested the violation of his wife was sodomized 38 in the pontos region bands of brigands led by topal osman went from village to village plundering raping women and killing at will 3 as in the armenian genocide it was common for turkish troops to kill the men and rape the women the women often died later during the long marches to syria massacres were especially prevalent along the black sea coast while the russians invaded and the turkish troops fell back in one pontic village dozens of women and girls leapt into a river to avoid rape turkish troops rounded up women at vazelon monastery a greek orthodox monastery and raped them before killing them 39 many women and girls were also raped during the death marches to syria 4 during sayfo or the assyrian genocide turkish soldiers followed the same pattern they massacred the young men and deported the women children and elderly many women were raped during deportation or sold to muslim civilians as sex slaves 40 women were abducted and forced to convert to islam 41 in urmia which had a large assyrian population before the genocide both turkish and kurdish civilians raped or abducted assyrian girls 42 in one village perpetrators subjected girls as young as eight to rape 43 in another girls as young as six or seven who had been hiding on a rooftop were raped 7 many rape victims later died turkish irregulars raped some women as they were dying 44 in the democratic republic of the congo drc it is estimated that in 2011 alone there were 400 000 rapes 45 in the drc genocidal rape is focused on the destruction of family and communities an interview with a survivor gave an account of gang rape forced cannibalism of a fetus taken from an eviscerated woman and child murder 46 during the bangladesh liberation war in 1971 members of the pakistani military and supporting bihari and razakar militias raped between 200 000 47 and 400 000 48 bangladeshi women in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape some women may have been raped as many as eighty times in a night 49 in the ongoing darfur genocide the janjaweed militias have carried out actions described as genocidal rape with not just women but children also being raped as well as babies being bludgeoned to death and the sexual mutilation of victims being commonplace 50 during the second sino japanese war the imperial japanese army during the battle of nanjing carried out what has come to be known as the rape of nanjing which has been described by political scientist adam jones as one of the most savage instances of genocidal rape the violence saw tens of thousands of women gang raped and killed 51 the international military tribunal for the far east estimated that 20 000 women were raped including infants and the elderly 52 a large portion of these rapes were systematized in a process where soldiers would search door to door for young girls with many women taken captive and gang raped 53 the women were often killed immediately after being raped often through explicit mutilation 54 or by stabbing a bayonet long stick of bamboo or other objects into the vagina young children were not exempt from these atrocities and were cut open to allow japanese soldiers to rape them 55 on 19 december 1937 the reverend james m mccallum wrote in his diary 56 i know not where to end never i have heard or read such brutality rape rape rape we estimate at least 1 000 cases a night and many by day in case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval there is a bayonet stab or a bullet people are hysterical women are being carried off every morning afternoon and evening the whole japanese army seems to be free to go and come as it pleases and to do whatever it pleases during the rwandan genocide the violence took a gender specific form with women and girls being targeted in a systematic campaign of sexual assault it is estimated that between 250 000 and 500 000 were victims of rape 57 45 those who survived the genocidal rape found themselves stigmatised and many also discovered that they were infected with hiv this has resulted in these women being denied their rights to property and inheritance as well as their employment chances being restricted 58 the first woman charged and convicted for genocidal rape was pauline nyiramasuhuko 59 in 1996 beverly allen wrote rape warfare the hidden genocide in bosnia herzegovina and croatia in which the term genocidal rape was first introduced she used the term to describe the actions of the serbian armed forces who had a policy of rape with the intention of genocide 60 in her book she compares genocidal rape to biological warfare 61 during the conflict in bosnia allen gave a definition of genocidal rape as a military policy of rape for the purpose of genocide currently practiced in bosnia herzegovina and croatia by the yugoslav army the bosnian serb forces and the irregular serb forces known as chetniks 62 coverage of the mass rapes during the ethnic cleansing carried out by the serbian forces in the 1990s began the analysis over the use of rape as a part of genocide catharine mackinnon argues that the mass rapes during the conflict were a simultaneous expression of misogyny and genocide and argues that rape can be used as a form of extermination note 3 11 63 the acts of violence which were committed against women during the partition of india have also been cited as examples of genocidal rape dyan mazurana et al argued that the patterns of rape and sexual violence carried out in the tigray war by the endf the edf and amhara regional militia and special forces against tigrayan civilians are consistent with acts of genocide potentially conducted with the intent of destroying the tigrayan people 64 see also outline of genocide studies footnotes any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part a national ethnical racial or religious group as such a killing members of the group b causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group c deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part d imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group e forcibly transferring children of the group to another group convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide art ii in the context of genocide violence against women may be aimed at the destruction of the integrity of the group through its women who embody its genetic and cultural continuity it is also rape unto death rape as massacre rape to kill and to make the victims wish they were dead it is rape as an instrument of forced exile rape to make you leave your home and never want to go back it is rape to be seen and heard and watched and told to others rape as spectacle it is rape to drive a wedge through a community to shatter a society to destroy a people it is rape as genocide references totten bartrop 2007 pp 159 160 barsoumian nanore 7 december 2011 devilish marks and rape in the time of genocide the armenian weekly retrieved 4 october 2022 1 2 shirinian george 2017 background to the late ottoman genocides genocide in the ottoman empire armenians assyrians and greeks 1913 1923 berghahn books p 55 isbn 9781785334337 deadly bands of çetes organized brigands especially those led by topal osman had been engaged in continuous shooting plundering and raping of the defenseless greek villagers in the pontus region with kemal s support they stepped up their campaign with the objective of clearing the greeks from the region by massacring the greek population in cities such as trebizond amasya pafra merzifon and many others 1 2 morris ze evi 2019 p 390 morris ze evi 2019 p 499 gaunt atto barthoma 2017 p 47 1 2 yacoub 2016 p 42 sexual violence in the holocaust perspectives from ghettos and camps in ukraine heinrich böll stiftung kyiv ukraine heinrich böll stiftung povijest doma www lobor grad hr archived from the original on 25 april 2017 retrieved 22 october 2025 ustaša fascist regime genocide war crimes britannica www britannica com retrieved 22 october 2025 1 2 3 4 sharlach 2000 pp 92 93 1 2 sajjad 2012 p 225 ghadbian 2002 p 111 mookherjee 2012 p 68 hayden robert m 2000 rape and rape avoidance in ethno national conflicts sexual violence in liminalized states american anthropologist 102 1 27 41 doi 10 1525 aa 2000 102 1 27 jstor 683536 doja albert 2025 how to think about the instrumental politics of mass rape a critical appraisal of feminist approaches the international journal of human rights 29 1 74 sharlach 2000 p 90 sri lanka rape of tamil detainees human rights watch 26 february 2013 retrieved 10 august 2024 1 2 miller 2009 p 53 fisher 1996 pp 91 133 sharlach 2000 pp 89 102 totten bartrop 2007 p 159 mackinnon 2006 pp 209 233 bisaz 2012 pp 90 91 resolution 1820 2008 adopted by the security council at its 5916th meeting on 19 june 2008 pdf united nations 19 june 2008 retrieved 17 october 2022 smith spark 2004 1 2 3 leaning bartels mowafi 2009 p 174 derderian 2005 p 1 1 2 derderian 2005 pp 5 6 genocide watch ten stages of genocide archived from the original on 1 august 2019 retrieved 1 august 2019 smith 2013 p 94 ihrig stefan 2016 justifying genocide germany and the armenians from bismark to hitler harvard university press pp 200 201 isbn 978 0 674 50479 0 barsoumian nanore 7 december 2011 devilish marks and rape in the time of genocide the armenian weekly retrieved 13 october 2022 derderian 2005 p 2 derderian 2005 p 4 derderian 2005 pp 13 14 derderian 2005 pp 10 11 morris ze evi 2019 p 386 morris ze evi 2019 p 389 morris ze evi 2019 p 372 gaunt atto barthoma 2017 p 25 morris ze evi 2019 p 378 yacoub 2016 p 158 gaunt atto barthoma 2017 p 156 1 2 poloni staudinger ortbals 2012 p 21 joeden forgey 2010 p 74 saikia 2011b p 157 riedel 2011 p 10 brownmiller 1975 p 83 rothe 2009 p 53 jones 2006 p 329 paragraph 2 p 1012 judgment international military tribunal for the far east japanese imperialism and the massacre in nanjing chapter x widespread incidents of rape museums cnd org retrieved 6 march 2011 a debt of blood an eyewitness account of the barbarous acts of the japanese invaders in nanjing 7 february 1938 dagong daily wuhan edition museums cnd org gao xingzu wu shimin hu yungong cha ruizhen japanese imperialism and the massacre in nanjing chapter x widespread incidents of rape museums cnd org retrieved 11 october 2012 hua ling hu american goddess at the rape of nanking the courage of minn...
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