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nd an outer longitudinal one 10 there are a higher concentration of goblet cells in the rectal mucosa than other parts of the gastrointestinal tract 9 the lining of the rectum changes sharply at the line where the rectum meets the anus here the lining changes from the column shaped cells of the rectum to multiple layers of flat cells 9 cross section microscopic shot of the rectal wall dog rectum cross section 40 microscopic cross section of the rectum of a dog 400 showing a high concentration of goblet cells in amongst the column shaped lining goblet cells can be seen as the circular cells with a clear inner material cytoplasm function this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2022 learn how and when to remove this message the rectum acts as a temporary storage site for feces the rectum receives fecal material from the descending colon transmitted through regular muscle contractions called peristalsis 11 as the rectal walls expand due to the materials filling it from within stretch receptors from the nervous system located in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to pass feces a process called defecation 11 an internal and external anal sphincter and resting contraction of the puborectalis prevent leakage of feces fecal incontinence as the rectum becomes more distended the sphincters relax and a reflex expulsion of the contents of the rectum occurs expulsion occurs through contractions of the muscles of the rectum 11 the urge to voluntarily defecate occurs after the rectal pressure increases to beyond 18 mmhg and reflex expulsion at 55 mmhg in voluntary defecation in addition to contraction of the rectal muscles and relaxation of the external anal sphincter abdominal muscle contraction and relaxation of the puborectalis muscle occurs this acts to make the angle between the rectum and anus straighter and facilitate defecation 11 clinical significance the inside of a normal human rectum in a 70 year old seen during colonoscopy retroflexed view of the human rectum seen at colonoscopy showing anal verge a digital rectal exam is conducted to investigate or diagnose conditions including of the prostate examination main article rectal exam for the diagnosis of certain ailments a rectal exam may be done these include faecal impaction prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy in men faecal incontinence and internal haemorrhoids 12 forms of medical imaging used to examine the rectum include ct scans and mri scans an ultrasound probe may be inserted into the rectum to view nearby structures such as the prostate colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy are forms of endoscopy that use a guided camera to directly view the rectum the instruments may have the ability to take biopsies if needed for diagnosis of diseases such as cancer a proctoscope is another instrument that is used to visualise the rectum body temperature can also be taken in the rectum rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25 mm 0 98 in into the rectum via the anus a mercury thermometer should be inserted for 3 to 5 minutes a digital thermometer should remain inserted until it beeps normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38 c 97 to 100 f and is about 0 5 c 0 9 f above oral mouth temperature and about 1 c 1 8 f above axilla armpit temperature citation needed availability of less invasive temperature taking methods including tympanic ear and forehead thermometers has facilitated reduced use of this method route of administration main article rectal administration some medications are also administered via the rectum latin per rectum 13 by their definitions suppositories are inserted and enemas are injected into the rectum 14 15 medications might be given via the rectum to relieve constipation to treat conditions near the rectum such as fissures or haemorrhoids or to give medications that are systemically active when taking them by mouth is not possible 16 people do not tend to like medications administered by this route because of both cultural issues discomfort and issues that may affect the medication working such as leakage 16 constipation main article constipation one cause of constipation is faecal impaction in the rectum in which a dry hard stool forms citation needed constipation is most commonly due to dietary and lifestyle factors such as inadequate hydration immobility and lack of dietary fibre although there are many potential causes 17 such causes may include obstruction because of narrowing local disease such as crohn s disease fissures or haemorrhoids or diseases affecting the neurological control of the bowel or slow bowel transit time including spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis use of medications such as opioids and conditions such as diabetes mellitus as well as severe illness 17 high calcium levels and low thyroid activity may also cause constipation 17 testing may be carried out to investigate the cause this may include blood tests such as biochemistry calcium levels thyroid function tests 17 a digital rectal examination may be performed to see if there is stool in the rectum and whether there is an obstruction 17 when symptoms such as weight loss bleeding through the rectum or pain are present additional investigations such as a ct scan may be ordered 17 if constipation persists despite simple treatments testing may also include anal manometry to measure pressures in the anus and rectum electrophysiological studies and magnetic resonance proctography 17 in general however constipation is treated by improving factors such as hydration exercise and dietary fibre 17 laxatives may be used constipation that persists may require enemas or suppositories sometimes use of the fingers or hand manual evacuation is required citation needed although peristalsis in the colon delivers material to the rectum laxatives such as bisacodyl or senna that induce peristalsis in the large bowel do not appear to initiate peristalsis in the rectum they induce a sensation of rectal fullness and contraction that frequently leads to defecation but without the distinct waves of activity characteristic of peristalsis 18 inflammation proctitis is inflammation of the anus and the rectum ulcerative colitis one form of inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers that affect the rectum this may be episodic over a person s lifetime these may cause blood to be visible in the stool as of 2014 update the cause is unknown cancer rectal cancer a subgroup of colorectal cancer specific to the rectum other diseases other diseases of the rectum include rectal prolapse referring to the prolapse of the rectum into the anus or external area this is commonly caused by a weakened pelvic floor after childbirth in the context of mesenteric ischemia the upper rectum is sometimes referred to as sudeck s point and is of clinical importance as a watershed region between the inferior mesenteric artery circulation and the internal iliac artery circulation via the middle rectal artery and thus prone to ischemia sudeck s point is often referred to along with griffith s point at the splenic flexure as a watershed region society and culture sexual stimulation see also anal sex due to the proximity of the anterior wall of the rectum to the vagina in females or to the prostate in males and the shared nerves thereof the rectum is an erogenous zone and its stimulation or penetration can result in sexual arousal 19 history etymology english rectum is derived from the latin intestinum rectum 20 straight gut 21 22 a calque 23 24 of ancient greek ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον derived from ἀπευθύνειν to make straight 25 and ἔντερον gut 25 attested in the writings of greek physician galen 23 24 during his anatomic investigations on animal corpses galen observed the rectum to be straight instead of curved as in humans 23 24 the expressions ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον and intestinum rectum are therefore not appropriate descriptions of the rectum in humans apeuthysmenon 26 is the latinization of ἀπευθυσμένον and euthyenteron 27 has a similar meaning εὐθύς straight 25 much of the knowledge of the anatomy of the rectum comes from detailed descriptions provided by andreas vesalius in 1543 28 see also gastrointestinal tract murphy drip pectinate line rectal prolapse rectal thermometry references nosek thomas m section 6 6ch2 s6ch2_30 essentials of human physiology archived from the original on 2016 03 24 12 colon and rectum pdf ajcc cancer staging atlas american joint committee on cancer 2006 p 109 archived from the original pdf on 2018 06 12 retrieved 2017 09 10 1 2 wolff bg fleshman jw beck de pemberton jh wexner sd church jm garcia aguilar j roberts pl saclarides tj eds 2007 the ascrs textbook of colon and rectal surgery new york springer isbn 978 0 387 24846 2 wang yun hwa w wiseman jeffrey 2023 anatomy abdomen and pelvis rectum statpearls statpearls publishing pmid 30725930 retrieved 24 may 2023 1 2 gray s anatomy 2016 pp 1146 7 1 2 gray s anatomy 2016 p 1137 sneh agarwal january march 2012 anatomy of the pelvic floor and anal sphincters pdf jimsa 25 1 archived from the original pdf on 2019 08 19 retrieved 2018 08 19 1 2 3 4 gray s anatomy 2016 p 1151 1 2 3 wheater s 2013 p 273 wheater s 2013 pp 252 4 1 2 3 4 ganong s 2019 p 492 4 o connor nj talley s 2009 clinical examination a systematic guide to physical diagnosis 6th ed chatswood n s w elsevier australia pp 179 180 isbn 978 0 7295 3905 0 davidson s 2018 p 17 definition of enema www merriam webster com retrieved 2020 07 04 definition of suppository www merriam webster com retrieved 2020 07 04 1 2 hua s 2019 10 16 physiological and pharmaceutical considerations for rectal drug formulations frontiers in pharmacology 10 1196 doi 10 3389 fphar 2019 01196 pmc 6805701 pmid 31680970 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 davidson s 2018 pp 786 7 hardcastle jd mann cv october 1968 study of large bowel peristalsis gut 9 5 512 20 doi 10 1136 gut 9 5 512 pmc 1552760 pmid 5717099 walton alice bryte stelmar jenna carter eric duralde erin 2021 anal sex practices and rectal erogenous zones an anatomic questionnaire based study federative committee on anatomical terminology fcat 1998 terminologia anatomica stuttgart thieme schreger ch 1805 synonymia anatomica synonymik der anatomischen nomenclatur in fürth ed im bureau für literatur lewis ct short c 1879 a latin dictionary founded on andrews edition of freund s latin dictionary oxford clarendon press 1 2 3 hyrtl j 1880 onomatologia anatomica geschichte und kritik der anatomischen sprache der gegenwart wien wilhelm braumüller k k hof und universitätsbuchhändler 1 2 3 triepel h 1910 die anatomischen namen ihre ableitung und aussprache mit einem anhang biographische notizen dritte auflage ed wiesbaden verlag j f bergmann 1 2 3 liddell hg scott r jones hs mckenzie r 1940 a greek english lexicon oxford clarendon press kossmann r 1895 die gynäcologische anatomie und ihre zu basel festgestellte nomenclatur monatsschrift für geburtshülfe und gynaekologie 2 6 447 472 gabler e winkler tc 1881 latijnsch hollandsch woordenboek over de geneeskunde en natuurkundige wetenschappen 2nd ed leiden a w sijthoff beck de roberts pl saclarides tj senagore aj stamos mj nasseri y 2011 the ascrs textbook of colon and rectal surgery second edition springer science business media p 1 isbn 978 1 4419 1581 8 sources barrett ke barman sm yuan jx brooks h 2019 ganong s review of medical physiology 26th ed new york isbn 9781260122404 oclc 1076268769 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link ralston sh penman id strachan mw hobson rp 2018 davidson s principles and practice of medicine 23rd ed elsevier isbn 978 0 7020 7028 0 solomon ep schmidt rr adragna pj 1990 human anatomy physiology 2nd ed philadelphia sunders college publishing isbn 0 03 011914 6 standring s ed 2016 gray s anatomy the anatomical basis of clinical practice 41st ed philadelphia isbn 9780702052309 oclc 920806541 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link young b o dowd g woodford p 2013 wheater s functional histology a text and colour atlas 6th ed philadelphia elsevier isbn 9780702047473 external links cross section image pembody body15a plastination laboratory at the medical university of vienna cross section image pelvis pelvis e12 15 plastination laboratory at the medical university of vienna anatomy image 7808 the suny downstate medical center archived from the original on march 5 2016 see tfd anatomy photo 43 11 0101 suny downstate medical center archived from the original on march 5 2016 v t e anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract excluding the mouth upper pharynx muscles spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral pterygomandibular raphe pharyngeal raphe buccopharyngeal fascia pharyngobasilar fascia pyriform sinus esophagus sphincters upper lower glands crop stomach curvatures greater lesser angular incisure cardia body fundus pylorus gastric mucosa gastric folds microanatomy gastric pits gastric glands cardiac glands fundic glands pyloric glands foveolar cells parietal cells gastric chief cells enterochromaffin like cells lower small intestine microanatomy intestinal villi microvilli intestinal glands enterocytes enteroendocrine cells goblet cells paneth cells duodenum suspensory muscle major duodenal papilla minor duodenal papilla duodenojejunal flexure brunner s glands jejunum no substructures ileum ileocecal valve peyer s patches microfold cells large intestine cecum appendix colon ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix rectum transverse folds ampulla anal canal anus anal columns anal valves anal sinuses pectinate line internal anal sphincter anocutaneous line external anal sphincter wall serosa adventitia subserosa muscular layer submucosa circular folds 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