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portal beacon mode service geosynchronous satellite human spaceflight list of passive satellites timeline of solar system exploration references edit asif siddiqi sputnik and the soviet space challenge university press of florida 2003 isbn 081302627x p 96 whitehouse david 28 october 2002 first dog in space died within hours bbc news world edition archived from the original on 17 july 2013 retrieved 10 may 2013 the animal launched on a one way trip on board sputnik 2 in november 1957 was said to have died painlessly in orbit about a week after blast off now it has been revealed she died from overheating and panic just a few hours after the mission started sputnik 2 russian space web 3 november 2012 archived from the original on 2 february 2023 retrieved 7 january 2023 what is a space probe nasa gov archived from the original on 30 august 2021 retrieved 9 january 2023 barnes brooks 12 september 2013 in a breathtaking first nasa s voyager 1 exits the solar system the new york times issn 0362 4331 archived from the original on 7 april 2019 retrieved 1 august 2022 potter sean 9 december 2018 nasa s voyager 2 probe enters interstellar space nasa archived from the original on 21 may 2022 retrieved 1 august 2022 france launches first satellite upi 26 november 1965 retrieved 4 march 2023 11 february 1970 this day in history japan launches its first satellite history channel 2 march 2010 archived from the original on 5 march 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 timeline major milestones in chinese space exploration reuters 22 november 2020 archived from the original on 5 march 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 judge ben 28 october 2020 28 october 1971 britain s only independent satellite launch money week archived from the original on 5 march 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 sandlas v p 31 august 2018 blast from the past an insider s account of india s first successful experimental satellite launch archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 frankel glenn 20 september 1988 israel launches its first satellite into orbit washington post archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 iran launches first satellite draws concern los angeles times 3 february 2009 archived from the original on 5 march 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 north korea launches first satellite into orbit space news 14 december 2012 archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 4 march 2023 south korea launches first satellite with homegrown rocket nbc news 22 june 2022 archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 5 march 2023 air university space primer chapter 10 spacecraft design structure and operation pdf usaf archived from the original pdf on 21 december 2016 retrieved 13 october 2007 chapter 11 typical onboard systems jpl archived from the original on 28 april 2015 retrieved 10 june 2008 wiley j larson james r wertz 1999 space mission analysis and design 3rd ed microcosm pp 354 isbn 978 1 881883 10 4 howard ayanna january 2011 rethinking public private space travel space policy 29 4 266 271 bibcode 2013sppol 29 266a doi 10 1016 j spacepol 2013 08 002 lu k khodarev 1979 space communications the great soviet encyclopedia archived from the original on 10 may 2013 retrieved 10 may 2013 the transmission of information between the earth and spacecraft between two or more points on the earth via spacecraft or using artificial means located in space a belt of needles a cloud of ionized particles and so on and between two or more spacecraft wiley j larson james r wertz 1999 space mission analysis and design 3rd ed microcosm p 409 isbn 978 1 881883 10 4 micrometeoroid and orbital debris mmod protection pdf nasa archived from the original pdf on 29 october 2009 retrieved 10 may 2013 hall nancy 5 may 2015 welcome to the beginner s guide to propulsion nasa archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 7 january 2023 zhang bin october 2014 a verification framework with application to a propulsion system expert systems with applications 41 13 5669 5679 doi 10 1016 j eswa 2014 03 017 chen yang april 2017 dynamic modeling and simulation of an integral bipropellant propulsion double valve combined test system pdf acta astronautica 133 346 374 bibcode 2017acaau 133 346c doi 10 1016 j actaastro 2016 10 010 archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 7 january 2023 patterson michael august 2017 ion propulsion nasa archived from the original on 31 december 2018 retrieved 7 january 2023 wiley j larson james r wertz 1999 space mission analysis and design 3rd ed microcosm pp 460 isbn 978 1 881883 10 4 davis phillips basics of space flight nasa archived from the original on 2 june 2019 retrieved 7 january 2023 schilling k flury w 11 april 1989 autonomy and on board mission management aspects for the cassini titan probe athena mars exploration rovers archived from the original pdf on 5 may 2013 retrieved 10 may 2013 current space missions exhibit a rapid growth in the requirements for on board autonomy this is the result of increases in mission complexity intensity of mission activity and mission duration in addition for interplanetary spacecraft the operations are characterized by complicated ground control access due to the large distances and the relevant solar system environment to handle these problemsn the spacecraft design has to include some form of autonomous control capability frequently asked questions athena for kids q is the rover controlled by itself or controlled by scientists on earth pdf athena mars exploration rovers 2005 archived from the original pdf on 29 october 2009 retrieved 10 may 2013 communication with earth is only twice per sol martian day so the rover is on its own autonomous for much of its journey across the martian landscape scientists send commands to the rover in a morning uplink and gather data in an afternoon downlink during an uplink the rover is told where to go but not exactly how to get there instead the command contains the coordinates of waypoints toward a desired destination the rover must navigate from waypoint to waypoint without human help the rover has to use its brain and its eyes for these instances the brain of each rover is the onboard computer software that tells the rover how to navigate based on what the hazcams hazard avoidance cameras see it is programmed with a given set of responses to a given set of circumstances this is called autonomy and hazard avoidance what is a space probe nasa gov archived from the original on 30 august 2021 retrieved 26 february 2023 space probes education nationalgeographic org archived from the original on 26 february 2023 retrieved 26 february 2023 ross s d 2006 the interplanetary transport network pdf american scientist 94 3 230 237 doi 10 1511 2006 59 994 archived pdf from the original on 20 october 2013 retrieved 27 june 2013 donaldson abbey a 12 february 2024 nasa to provide coverage of progress 87 launch space station docking nasa post hannah 16 september 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european space agency launches competition for cargo service vehicle science business sciencebusiness net retrieved 6 january 2026 china space station growth new supply ships retrieved 6 january 2026 jones andrew 22 december 2025 meet qingzhou china s next gen cargo craft for its tiangong space station video space retrieved 6 january 2026 williams matthew 18 november 2024 china s proposed cargo shuttle the haolong has entered development universe today retrieved 6 january 2026 v t e spaceflight general astrodynamics history timeline space race records accidents and incidents space launch space policy australia china european space agency european union india japan north korea south korea russia soviet union united states space law outer space treaty rescue agreement space liability convention registration convention moon treaty space warfare space command space force militarisation of space private spaceflight billionaire space race applications astronomy earth observation archaeology imagery and mapping reconnaissance weather and environment monitoring communications satellite internet radio telephone television satellite navigation outline of artificial satellites commercial use of space space launch market competition space architecture space exploration space research space technology space weather human spaceflight general astronaut commercial life support system animals in space bioastronautics space suit extravehicular activity overview effect weightlessness space toilet space tourism space colonization space diving programs vostok mercury voskhod gemini soyuz apollo skylab apollo soyuz space shuttle mir shuttle mir international space station shenzhou tiangong new shepard artemis health issues effect of spaceflight on the human body space adaptation syndrome health threat from cosmic rays space psychology psychological and sociological effects space and survival space medicine space nursing space sexology spacecraft launch vehicle rocket space capsule orbital module reentry capsule service module spaceplane robotic spacecraft satellite space probe lander rover self replicating spacecraft space telescope spacecraft propulsion rocket engine electric propulsion propellantless propulsion solar sail gravity assist destinations sub orbital orbital geocentric geosynchronous interplanetary interstellar intergalactic space launch direct ascent escape velocity expendable and reusable launch systems launch pad non rocket spacelaunch spaceport ground segment flight controller ground station pass mission control center category portal v t e cargo spacecraft earth orbit active cygnus cargo dragon 2 progress tianzhou htv x qingzhou in development dream chaser haolong nyx vortex retired atv dragon 1 tks htv kounotori proposed tgk pg soyuz gvk argo rfa argo mtks cancelled andrews cargo module arctus jupiter kistler k 1 s 550 omv lunar orbit in development dragon xl lunar surface in development argonaut blue moon starship programs nasa commercial orbital transportation services commercial resupply services gateway logistics services esa leo cargo return service comparison of space station cargo vehicles v t e mobile robots and uncrewed vehicles aerial unmanned aerial vehicle uav unmanned combat air vehicle ucav aerobot helicam list of unmanned aerial vehicle applications ornithopter ground walking humanoid android hexapod list other unmanned ground vehicle ugv automated guided vehicle agv self driving car automatic train operation ato list underwater unmanned underwater vehicle uuv autonomous underwater vehicle auv intervention auv i auv remotely operated underwater vehicle rouv underwater glider surface unmanned surface vehicle usv space uncrewed spacecraft list of probes list by program list of orbiters cargo spacecraft spaceflights to the iss space telescope list other domestic military rescue medical disability agricultural beam robotics microbotics nanorobotics robotics robot locomotion autonomous robot autonomous logistics radio controlled model remote control vehicle remote control animal categories radio control unmanned vehicles v t e spaceflight lists and timelines timeline of spaceflight general space exploration outline timeline spacecraft spaceflight records space race rocket and missile technology human spaceflight general crewed spacecraft timeline by program cargo spacecraft spaceflights 1961 1970 1971 1980 1981 1990 1991 2000 2001 2010 2011 2020 2021 present soviet russian vostok and voskhod soyuz mercury gemini apollo skylab shenzhou gaganyaan spacelab artemis civilian spaceflight orbital suborbital salyut expeditions spaceflights crewed uncrewed spacewalks visitors mir expeditions esa spaceflights crewed uncrewed spacewalks visitors iss expeditions esa visiting spaceflights crewed uncrewed spacewalks visitors deployed tiangong expeditions crewed spaceflights spacewalks shuttle crews missions rollbacks people astronauts by name by year of selection apollo gemini mercury african american arab asian chinese cosmonauts european ibero america indian muslim women space scientists space travelers by name by first flight by nationality billionaires timeline by nationality spaceflight related human fatalities eva 1965 1999 2000 2014 2015 2024 2025 present cumulative spacewalk records longest spacewalks spacewalkers solar system exploration timeline interplanetary voyages landings on other planets rovers artificial objects objects at lagrange points probes active future orbiters leaving the solar system lunar probes missions to the moon timeline of satellites sample return mission mars earth orbiting satellites communications satellite firsts cubesats pocketqube earth observation satellites timeline of first earth observation satellites geosynchronous orbit goes gps kosmos nro sentinel tdrs usa by country asia india philippines turkey cee albania bulgaria czechia poland slovakia slovenia ukraine americas brazil vehicles orbital launch systems comparison sounding rocket list spacecraft uncrewed crewed heaviest upper stages sounding rocket small lift launch vehicle medium lift launch vehicle heavy lift launch vehicle super heavy lift launch vehicle launches by rocket type ariane antares atlas atlas lv3b atlas lv3c black brant delta dm 19 delta 1 delta ii delta iii delta iv heavy delta iv medium delta iv electron firefly alpha falcon 9 and heavy 2010 2019 2020 2022 2023 gslv h ii kosmos long march minotaur new glenn proton pslv r 7 including semyorka molniya vostok voskhod and soyuz scout sls starship thor and delta thor agena thor dm 18 able thor dm 18 agena a thor dm 18 thor dm 21 agena b titan tsyklon v 2 tests vega vulcan zenit launches by spaceport satish dhawan agencies companies and facilities communications satellite companies comparison private spaceflight companies rocket launch sites space agencies spacecraft manufacturers other mission lists and timelines first orbital launches by country first satellites by country esa missions nasa 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