Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
war, british, of, boer, and, phase, the, africa, boers, second, first, offensive, september, 1900, for, transvaal, south, contents, name, origins, october, december, 1899, january, third, guerrilla, may, 1902, foreign, volunteers, conclusion, nonwhite, roles, concentration, camps, crimes, trial, imperial, involvement, other, nations, aftermath, analysis, see, also, notes, references, citations, historiography, further, reading, external, links, european, settlement, scramble, witwatersrand, gold, rush, jameson, raid, arming, case, negotiations, fail, army, deployed, organization, skills, besiege, ladysmith, mafeking, kimberley, relief, attempts, buller, replaced, roberts, relieves, sieges, capture, pretoria, retreat, prisoners, sent, overseas, oath, neutrality, use, blockhouses, scorched, earth, campaign, against, civilians, peace, committees, joiners, orange, free, state, western, eastern, cape, colony, australia, canada, india, new, zealand, rhodesia, union, military, legacy, effect, on, international, politics, cost, horses, commemorations,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1765), and (652), war (401), #british (304), boer (287), was (210), were (202), south (180), from (171), boers (143), for (143), with (120), africa (120), 000 (110), had (98), 1902 (95), 1899 (84), their (82), that (77), african (73), cape (72), first (68), they (66), 1900 (64), transvaal (63), history (62), edit (61), second (55), anglo (54), isbn (54), after (54), camps (52), this (49), battle (49), his (49), retrieved (48), new (48), army (45), colony (45), but (44), troops (44), may (43), many (43), which (43), during (41), who (40), britain (39), empire (38), die (38), river (37), under (36), october (35), 978 (35), orange (34), state (34), forces (34), into (34), 1901 (33), canadian (33), wars (32), general (32), been (32), february (31), other (31), 2012 (31), concentration (31), pretoria (31), such (31), over (31), against (31), free (30), military (30), roberts (30), some (30), not (30), africans (30), them (29), buller (29), all (28), force (28), london (28), also (28), when (28), march (27), needed (27), there (27), ladysmith (27), mounted (27), republic (26), van (26), australian (26), natal (26), two (26), morant (26), became (26), men (26), australia (25), campaign (25), lord (25), government (25), kruger (25), would (25), most (25), units (25), september (24), press (24), soldiers (24), killed (24), black (23), archived (23), john (23), original (23), town (23), january (23), leach (23), about (22), page (22), mafeking (22), white (22), botha (22), major (22), its (22), one (22), made (22), captured (22), articles (21), guerrilla (21), zealand (21), december (21), did (21), volunteers (21), around (21), could (21), sent (21), republics (20), these (20), main (20), only (20), between (20), where (20), casualties (20), august (19), kitchener (19), horses (19), although (19), while (19), time (19), 2010 (18), irish (18), party (18), johannesburg (18), attack (18), world (18), used (18), commandos (18), kimberley (18), however (18), more (18), wet (18), afrikaans (17), dutch (17), siege (17), university (17), then (17), died (17), much (17), including (17), took (17), bvc (17), 2017 (16), november (16), june (16), rebellion (16), gold (16), part (16), civilians (16), peace (16), both (16), see (16), children (16), guns (16), known (16), earth (16), have (16), led (16), out (16), united (15), canada (15), 1910 (15), western (15), rifles (15), cavalry (15), 100 (15), prisoners (15), horse (15), like (15), scorched (15), wounded (15), end (15), uitlanders (15), use (14), july (14), national (14), day (14), years (14), 2nd (14), 2000 (14), service (14), jan (14), offensive (14), field (14), fighting (14), because (14), infantry (14), citation (14), large (14), days (14), phase (14), policy (13), 1914 (13), century (13), jameson (13), raid (13), north (13), 2020 (13), union (13), women (13), line (13), man (13), 2009 (13), 2008 (13), life (13), being (13), camp (13), later (13), what (13), imperial (13), artillery (13), tactics (13), than (13), fought (13), through (13), forced (13), edward (13), corps (13), column (13), three (13), near (13), columns (13), cronjé (13), 2021 (12), dead (12), 2019 (12), involving (12), kingdom (12), third (12), hill (12), east (12), sir (12), further (12), 2011 (12), president (12), rhodes (12), left (12), command (12), before (12), conflict (12), total (12), 500 (12), support (12), eventually (12), well (12), early (12), colenso (12), relieve (12), ordered (12), across (12), australians (12), handcock (12), active (12), indigenous (12), attacked (12), railway (12), april (11), west (11), 1898 (11), william (11), colonial (11), journal (11), online (11), article (11), retreat (11), public (11), paul (11), case (11), armed (11), bloemfontein (11), down (11), among (11), guerrillas (11), commonwealth (11), native (11), set (11), until (11), capture (11), fire (11), court (11), supply (11), wikipedia (10), robert (10), salisbury (10), control (10), six (10), 1895 (10), indian (10), american (10), queen (10), 1st (10), freedom (10), 1994 (10), committee (10), afrikaner (10), massacre (10), 1999 (10), oclc (10), 2022 (10), volume (10), frederick (10), books (10), experience (10), tweede (10), doi (10), canadians (10), thomas (10), rhodesia (10), blockhouses (10), cost (10), portugal (10), officers (10), paardeberg (10), members (10), local (10), came (10), modern (10), several (10), minister (10), despite (10), attacks (10), attempted (10), overseas (10), territory (10), contingents (10), christiaan (10), position (10), off (10), crimes (10), link (9), unsourced (9), statements (9), company (9), 1896 (9), uprising (9), french (9), george (9), ireland (9), english (9), witwatersrand (9), treaty (9), late (9), politics (9), four (9), direction (9), vryheidsoorlog (9), suid (9), leaders (9), studies (9), wessels (9), 2015 (9), com (9), pakenham (9), society (9), memorial (9), india (9), front (9), methuen (9), southern (9), lost (9), light (9), heavy (9), victory (9), prime (9), suffered (9), defeat (9), formed (9), went (9), fighters (9), even (9), german (9), quickly (9), portuguese (9), scouts (9), spion (9), kop (9), pows (9), fort (9), result (9), within (9), again (9), toggle (8), last (8), 2026 (8), missing (8), 2024 (8), number (8), conflicts (8), org (8), 1897 (8), movement (8), political (8), reform (8), afrikaners (8), piet (8), series (8), 2013 (8), warfare (8), gooch (8), 1996 (8), battles (8), witton (8), 2002 (8), peter (8), prisoner (8), smuts (8), regiment (8), order (8), long (8), louis (8), fight (8), colonel (8), served (8), disease (8), foreign (8), held (8), poor (8), back (8), surrender (8), death (8), milner (8), given (8), broke (8), form (8), along (8), began (8), those (8), remained (8), few (8), maj (8), visser (8), surrendered (8), move (8), tugela (8), terms (7), using (7), links (7), cs1 (7), others (7), states (7), revolt (7), 1915 (7), 1906 (7), 1885 (7), 1881 (7), 1880 (7), alliance (7), commando (7), 1977 (7), election (7), border (7), trial (7), people (7), great (7), settlement (7), 1884 (7), commanders (7), home (7), cass (7), image (7), breytenbach (7), geskiedenis (7), afrika (7), vol (7), staatsdrukker (7), advance (7), positions (7), countries (7), european (7), pdf (7), museum (7), charles (7), times (7), leliefontein (7), name (7), vereeniging (7), commander (7), controlled (7), still (7), magersfontein (7), involvement (7), colonies (7), victoria (7), city (7), particularly (7), weeks (7), become (7), themselves (7), brigade (7), side (7), effect (7), saw (7), attempt (7), make (7), place (7), rebels (7), former (7), send (7), take (7), returned (7), farms (7), occupied (7), areas (7), another (7), action (7), too (7), capturing (7), battalion (7), due (7), modder (7), raised (7), independent (7), firing (7), col (7), trooper (7), orders (7), murder (7), shooting (7), lines (7), relief (7), district (7), reinforcements (7), rey (7), away (7), annexed (7), stormberg (7), bechuanaland (7), morocco (7), non (6), international (6), 1894 (6), 1886 (6), 1879 (6), ceylon (6), 1810 (6), 1806 (6), congress (6), independence (6), conference (6), rush (6), 1979 (6), has (6), related (6), breaker (6), bushveldt (6), carbineers (6), oxford (6), medical (6), 1998 (6), 2004 (6), country (6), powell (6), scramble (6), present (6), imperialism (6), way (6), jones (6), neutrality (6), 145 (6), historical (6), 158 (6), sides (6), 2016 (6), information (6), 105 (6), executed (6), bbc (6), communication (6), interests (6), five (6), chief (6), authorities (6), following (6), sieges (6), serving (6), her (6), called (6), conditions (6), fact (6), families (6), kept (6), combat (6), raiding (6), released (6), region (6), alfred (6), charge (6), community (6), nearly (6), offered (6), strong (6), auxiliaries (6), far (6), won (6), lieutenant (6), losses (6), since (6), found (6), capital (6), though (6), joined (6), martial (6), him (6), charged (6), sgt (6), increasingly (6), smaller (6), towns (6), generals (6), elands (6), burghers (6), replaced (6), elandslaagte (6), rifle (6), towards (6), redvers (6), subsection (6), search (5), mobile (5), text (5), maint (5), citations (5), 1982 (5), 1962 (5), quebec (5), 1904 (5), 1905 (5), 1891 (5), 1890 (5), zulu (5), 1839 (5), 1815 (5), 1795 (5), 1763 (5), saint (5), uitlander (5), greater (5), 2014 (5), strike (5), farm (5), crossing (5), post (5), house (5), james (5), vaal (5), 1983 (5), blood (5), royal (5), official (5), 1908 (5), 179 (5), bergendal (5), nov (5), boereoorlog (5), speaking (5), s2cid (5), legacy (5), surridge (5), human (5), pretorius (5), bitter (5), how (5), citizens (5), 1974 (5), chamberlain (5), cite (5), illustrated (5), dragoons (5), never (5), help (5), put (5), internees (5), week (5), morning (5), 115 (5), 110 (5), 101 (5), sahistory (5), sol (5), plaatje (5), diamond (5), mauser (5), tactical (5), origins (5), ultimatum (5), gave (5), pro (5), leader (5), earlier (5), campaigns (5), cross (5), each (5), food (5), regular (5), besieged (5), mules (5), brought (5), value (5), advanced (5), caused (5), germany (5), resulting (5), opposition (5), supplies (5), high (5), 133 (5), give (5), intelligence (5), leading (5), escaped (5), proved (5), signed (5), oath (5), followed (5), involved (5), mines (5), defend (5), grew (5), without (5), any (5), volunteer (5), throughout (5), included (5), invasion (5), deployed (5), roles (5), small (5), less (5), therefore (5), approximately (5), arrived (5), allowed (5), parts (5), little (5), months (5), squad (5), bolton (5), shot (5), response (5), captain (5), hunt (5), relation (5), committing (5), offense (5), heese (5), destroyed (5), pietersburg (5), letter (5), civilian (5), cochrane (5), garrison (5), officer (5), internment (5), thousands (5), drives (5), period (5), numbers (5), finally (5), established (5), hand (5), netherlands (5), here (5), larger (5), area (5), dundee (5), eastern (5), raids (5), negotiations (5), blockhouse (5), launched (5), failed (5), sought (5), defeats (5), baden (5), contents (4), commons (4), references (4), location (4), external (4), 2025 (4), 3rd (4), 1900s (4), 1890s (4), france (4), 1976 (4), crisis (4), emergency (4), 1948 (4), maritz (4), expedition (4), matabeleland (4), 1893 (4), 1882 (4), basutoland (4), 1856 (4), 1854 (4), jamaica (4), 1812 (4), seven (4), king (4), 17th (4), workers (4), venda (4), 1980 (4), 1911 (4), incident (4), arms (4), commission (4), apartheid (4), coup (4), engagement (4), resistance (4), civil (4), events (4), harold (4), lee (4), special (4), 104 (4), historiography (4), maps (4), 1907 (4), grant (4), trench (4), met (4), emily (4), hobhouse (4), cambridge (4), york (4), writing (4), 2003 (4), wilcox (4), andré (4), keith (4), our (4), 1993 (4), fransjohan (4), encyclopedia (4), publishing (4), biography (4), 1991 (4), onselen (4), arthur (4), soldier (4), 1964 (4), strategy (4), management (4), issn (4), sons (4), armies (4), dynamite (4), gandhi (4), clodfelter (4), future (4), sydney (4), angloboerwar (4), own (4), good (4), report (4), news (4), behind (4), rest (4), 118 (4), 203 (4), 109 (4), limited (4), 163 (4), diary (4), 120 (4), helena (4), belmont (4), taylor (4), making (4), why (4), role (4), analysis (4), consisted (4), year (4), are (4), port (4), 300 (4), significant (4), example (4), arrival (4), serve (4), 156 (4), estimated (4), equivalent (4), especially (4), problems (4), continued (4), enemy (4), placed (4), better (4), sweeper (4), imprisonment (4), declared (4), wanted (4), aftermath (4), hard (4), mozambique (4), yet (4), treated (4), cause (4), neutral (4), staff (4), countryside (4), giving (4), rhodesian (4), division (4), consisting (4), garrisons (4), ammunition (4), unit (4), outnumbered (4), ridge (4), minimal (4), zand (4), flank (4), half (4), strength (4), hours (4), skirmishes (4), attached (4), want (4), provided (4), convicted (4), wide (4), volunteered (4), effectively (4), picton (4), opened (4), testified (4), moved (4), hamilton (4), northern (4), lts (4), inquiry (4), clear (4), whole (4), troopers (4), commanding (4), vast (4), bad (4), ten (4), interned (4), success (4), feared (4), fresh (4), ended (4), notably (4), severe (4), midlands (4), withdraw (4), veld (4), succeeded (4), drive (4), loss (4), attempts (4), committees (4), capitals (4), anti (4), steyn (4), defensive (4), henry (4), surrounded (4), junction (4), mining (4), create (4), talana (4), penn (4), symons (4), rights (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), view (3), you (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), pages (3), reference (3), wikidata (3), publisher (3), needing (3), language (3), sources (3), short (3), description (3), peoples (3), relations (3), cecil (3), militia (3), 1960 (3), malayan (3), 1946 (3), mohmand (3), 1920 (3), 1919 (3), afghan (3), 1917 (3), 1916 (3), 1903 (3), 1889 (3), central (3), burmese (3), 1870 (3), 1868 (3), 1864 (3), 1857 (3), persian (3), 1852 (3), 1845 (3), land (3), maratha (3), 1816 (3), 1809 (3), 1807 (3), 1799 (3), 1798 (3), fourth (3), mysore (3), 1796 (3), coast (3), spanish (3), 18th (3), philip (3), conquest (3), organisations (3), trade (3), social (3), 1969 (3), dominion (3), slavery (3), protests (3), road (3), deal (3), reconciliation (3), reconstruction (3), church (3), 1992 (3), referendum (3), état (3), weapons (3), agreement (3), durban (3), boycott (3), mine (3), act (3), 1909 (3), settlers (3), 1652 (3), 1883 (3), 1843 (3), machine (3), young (3), shown (3), media (3), reitz (3), office (3), mark (3), murray (3), britse (3), iii (3), confusion (3), concessions (3), toronto (3), hospital (3), warwick (3), potgieter (3), regiments (3), sibbald (3), rousseau (3), 2007 (3), cameron (3), churchill (3), roger (3), random (3), 394 (3), 483 (3), law (3), economic (3), michael (3), regimental (3), brien (3), johannes (3), joseph (3), art (3), mons (3), judd (3), swaziland (3), inglis (3), study (3), 147 (3), book (3), grundlingh (3), albert (3), 278 (3), lessons (3), power (3), magazine (3), nash (3), health (3), richard (3), der (3), 1986 (3), source (3), projects (3), blake (3), sense (3), 214 (3), auckland (3), hall (3), full (3), trackers (3), davey (3), 1987 (3), 107 (3), 106 (3), victims (3), 140 (3), 2005 (3), neil (3), david (3), 117 (3), 135 (3), gun (3), smith (3), follow (3), supplied (3), domestic (3), 134 (3), creation (3), ian (3), khaki (3), hero (3), escape (3), 114 (3), heath (3), 211 (3), lay (3), expected (3), private (3), felt (3), damage (3), wounds (3), helped (3), separate (3), list (3), elizabeth (3), 180 (3), once (3), equipment (3), 700 (3), 600 (3), 400 (3), relative (3), course (3), results (3), nations (3), powers (3), victories (3), already (3), start (3), groups (3), often (3), rather (3), mainly (3), surrendering (3), route (3), determined (3), antiquated (3), battlefield (3), middle (3), assault (3), train (3), sustenance (3), rapid (3), counter (3), adopted (3), chose (3), sympathetic (3), prison (3), recognised (3), important (3), key (3), namibia (3), pledge (3), signing (3), referred (3), exile (3), partly (3), administration (3), group (3), unable (3), return (3), abandon (3), ranks (3), lasting (3), instead (3), aid (3), facilities (3), crossed (3), refuge (3), soon (3), population (3), becoming (3), eager (3), burnham (3), 155 (3), matabele (3), lack (3), notable (3), despised (3), remain (3), reason (3), substantial (3), stage (3), best (3), seemed (3), 146 (3), ambulance (3), assist (3), dispatched (3), cut (3), tasked (3), intention (3), pieces (3), exception (3), successfully (3), witpoort (3), fortified (3), advancing (3), doornkop (3), retreated (3), 142 (3), right (3), initial (3), 141 (3), 800 (3), otter (3), justice (3), paid (3), largest (3), appeal (3), harry (3), reported (3), irregular (3), desire (3), self (3), believed (3), sentenced (3), eight (3), night (3), alleged (3), guilty (3), killing (3), dubbed (3), buuren (3), robertson (3), witnesses (3), will (3), arrested (3), roelf (3), coming (3), hope (3), suffering (3), old (3), valdezia (3), oldham (3), patrol (3), duivelskloof (3), livestock (3), originally (3), typhoid (3), built (3), remaining (3), 370 (3), forcibly (3), appearance (3), system (3), organised (3), sweep (3), homes (3), influx (3), term (3), arming (3), settled (3), particular (3), started (3), conclusion (3), fellow (3), primarily (3), russia (3), europe (3), ill (3), treason (3), groenkloof (3), inhabitants (3), factor (3), viljoen (3), enclave (3), railways (3), effective (3), bakenlaagte (3), poort (3), rooiwal (3), tweebosch (3), driefontein (3), koos (3), isolated (3), 200 (3), model (3), groenkop (3), hostilities (3), joiners (3), decided (3), scattered (3), targets (3), planned (3), nooitgedacht (3), simply (3), locally (3), basin (3), she (3), core (3), drove (3), kilometres (3), sanna (3), cities (3), meanwhile (3), poplar (3), grove (3), heights (3), submission (3), water (3), prepared (3), disaster (3), divisions (3), commanded (3), told (3), gatacre (3), tried (3), plan (3), destructive (3), latest (3), krupp (3), enslin (3), graspan (3), rule (3), bombardment (3), shelling (3), kraaipan (3), farmers (3), morley (3), read (3), tax (3), influence (3), feeling (3), equipped (3), purchased (3), maxim (3), rounds (3), wassoulou (3), changes (3), tools (3), topic (2), languages (2), table (2), statistics (2), conduct (2), legal (2), contact (2), privacy (2), available (2), additional (2), site (2), inc (2), categories (2), wayback (2), category (2), lacking (2), reliable (2), archival (2), wikisource (2), containing (2), different (2), victorian (2), era (2), gascoyne (2), yale (2), israel (2), authority (2), aden (2), 1990 (2), sarawak (2), oman (2), 1956 (2), 1959 (2), 1945 (2), indonesia (2), palestine (2), ethiopia (2), 1936 (2), 1939 (2), waziristan (2), 1931 (2), 1930 (2), tirah (2), 1923 (2), 1918 (2), nigeria (2), somaliland (2), 20th (2), benin (2), zanzibar (2), mashonaland (2), 1888 (2), egyptian (2), 1863 (2), opium (2), 1848 (2), 1849 (2), sikh (2), 1847 (2), 1850 (2), río (2), plata (2), 1846 (2), 1842 (2), 1837 (2), 1838 (2), lower (2), 1831 (2), 1832 (2), 1824 (2), 1819 (2), gulf (2), 1817 (2), 1818 (2), guadeloupe (2), 1814 (2), 1811 (2), xhosa (2), egypt (2), 1804 (2), 1803 (2), 1805 (2), 1800 (2), 19th (2), rohilkhand (2), 1789 (2), 1934 (2), 1782 (2), 1775 (2), 1774 (2), 1773 (2), 1765 (2), 1762 (2), 1761 (2), 1756 (2), nova (2), 1715 (2), anne (2), 1688 (2), child (2), tangier (2), 1654 (2), 1653 (2), 1641 (2), virginia (2), pan (2), azania (2), orde (2), progressive (2), occupy (2), labour (2), hnp (2), 1973 (2), civic (2), defunct (2), volkstaat (2), gevaar (2), nationalism (2), culture (2), phala (2), riots (2), soweto (2), truth (2), development (2), bophuthatswana (2), ciskei (2), transkei (2), operation (2), constitutional (2), street (2), project (2), mass (2), destruction (2), affair (2), sporting (2), resolution (2), 591 (2), isolation (2), vote (2), internal (2), rand (2), convention (2), trek (2), blaauwberg (2), 1961 (2), 1984 (2), republiek (2), griqualand (2), 1780 (2), hennie (2), barnard (2), tom (2), wikiquote (2), parliament (2), deneys (2), miller (2), maurice (2), bibliography (2), tot (2), feb (2), 1971 (2), dec (2), offensief (2), oct (2), boere (2), reading (2), reports (2), yap (2), leong (2), hong (2), kong (2), excerpt (2), true (2), story (2), elria (2), veldslae (2), klipriviersberg (2), sun (2), 920383 (2), completed (2), webb (2), watt (2), afrikaanse (2), swardt (2), eric (2), lansdowne (2), stirling (2), gordon (2), highlanders (2), extract (2), spies (2), searle (2), 307 (2), england (2), pulsifer (2), eds (2), sean (2), winston (2), affect (2), career (2), pocock (2), viii (2), burgers (2), firstworldwar (2), 1991a (2), 573 (2), 571 (2), 42742 (2), struggle (2), 526 (2), 3595118 (2), jstor (2), review (2), chapter (2), leary (2), rouge (2), 1988 (2), costs (2), nathan (2), 1941 (2), morris (2), linnegar (2), ministry (2), every (2), 304 (2), marsh (2), 482 (2), mcelwee (2), purnell (2), 229 (2), 223 (2), ontario (2), denis (2), huw (2), compromised (2), jacson (2), cites (2), jeffery (2), casement (2), haydon (2), gronum (2), tafelberg (2), deployment (2), engelse (2), oorlog (2), grattan (2), entente (2), formulation (2), 1108 (2), 17511340910943796 (2), granatstein (2), 258 (2), rise (2), global (2), taking (2), farwell (2), eveleigh (2), 309 (2), davis (2), cloete (2), cartwright (2), 207 (2), unreliable (2), sam (2), chase (2), 2018 (2), daily (2), bearer (2), davidson (2), filatova (2), 7981 (2), figures (2), farmer (2), bester (2), carl (2), 213 (2), named (2), defined (2), 121 (2), disaffection (2), outrage (2), today (2), chris (2), 513 (2), 495 (2), www (2), ferreira (2), twentieth (2), windsor (2), dictionary (2), militar (2), overview (2), phillips (2), wellington (2), pride (2), christopher (2), branch (2), claims (2), aboriginal (2), 103 (2), college (2), via (2), 122 (2), 123 (2), 113 (2), version (2), fully (2), observation (2), controversy (2), 1080 (2), 138 (2), pow (2), speed (2), melbourne (2), born (2), andrew (2), macmillan (2), bye (2), gray (2), marshal (2), mcalpine (2), alistair (2), steele (2), offers (2), francis (2), bloomsbury (2), 4728 (2), 0595 (2), measuringworth (2), pen (2), sword (2), tribe (2), zulus (2), origin (2), encyclopædia (2), britannica (2), editor (2), hart (2), 119 (2), chesterton (2), nationalist (2), passed (2), daniel (2), written (2), travelled (2), compared (2), distances (2), covered (2), watch (2), prestige (2), 157 (2), 108 (2), wales (2), notes (2), usually (2), commemorations (2), meat (2), consumed (2), paste (2), 166 (2), voyages (2), average (2), per (2), transit (2), passage (2), reasons (2), failure (2), distant (2), 350 (2), grand (2), interest (2), 859 (2), 171 (2), mostly (2), predominantly (2), question (2), dominance (2), highlighted (2), enthusiasm (2), apparent (2), dragged (2), recruits (2), concern (2), conscription (2), conservative (2), sympathised (2), headed (2), expanded (2), dublin (2), lynch (2), depriving (2), encourage (2), beginning (2), marching (2), captivity (2), encampments (2), mixed (2), otherwise (2), 116 (2), least (2), 136 (2), strathcona (2), useful (2), counterinsurgency (2), learned (2), containment (2), anything (2), harassment (2), coupled (2), reaction (2), sourcing (2), ordination (2), allies (2), opposed (2), suppressed (2), fines (2), rising (2), bittereinders (2), decade (2), agreed (2), subject (2), continue (2), 162 (2), scholars (2), identities (2), freed (2), same (2), servants (2), officials (2), work (2), burning (2), competing (2), 160 (2), affected (2), quality (2), dealings (2), opinion (2), opportunity (2), allowing (2), seek (2), caldas (2), rainha (2), 159 (2), america (2), stayed (2), americans (2), participate (2), personal (2), klondike (2), russell (2), suited (2), formal (2), addition (2), guides (2), police (2), efforts (2), parole (2), hands (2), uppers (2), deny (2), leaving (2), itself (2), guards (2), borders (2), whom (2), hastily (2), immediately (2), zealander (2), greeted (2), fifth (2), 151 (2), imminent (2), asked (2), contingent (2), thus (2), dispute (2), maintained (2), importance (2), created (2), contributed (2), employed (2), combatant (2), encountered (2), encircled (2), baggage (2), charges (2), pressure (2), running (2), withdrew (2), walter (2), reached (2), fear (2), rear (2), guard (2), section (2), pound (2), almost (2), allow (2), actions (2), 144 (2), recapture (2), borden (2), together (2), halt (2), mounting (2), holding (2), ones (2), very (2), achieved (2), objective (2), lead (2), riflemen (2), secure (2), various (2), trapped (2), engagements (2), initially (2), decision (2), laurier (2), confederation (2), widely (2), uncertain (2), whether (2), executions (2), impact (2), jail (2), film (2), missed (2), fall (2), cartoon (2), sustained (2), governing (2), received (2), pattern (2), elsewhere (2), coloureds (2), carried (2), sending (2), affairs (2), provide (2), subjects (2), 124 (2), prosecutions (2), indictments (2), knowledge (2), matter (2), lieut (2), lenahan (2), represent (2), promised (2), relayed (2), duties (2), argued (2), said (2), hubert (2), slaying (2), neglect (2), duty (2), captains (2), morrison (2), accused (2), taken (2), concluded (2), till (2), now (2), must (2), can (2), prevailed (2), enlist (2), miles (2), outside (2), gone (2), friend (2), staden (2), treatment (2), wagon (2), deaths (2), boys (2), arnold (2), brown (2), dale (2), mention (2), protested (2), member (2), berlin (2), shoot (2), revenge (2), killings (2), imprisoned (2), money (2), incidents (2), poorly (2), administered (2), outset (2), implemented (2), hygiene (2), constant (2), rations (2), shelter (2), vulnerable (2), shortage (2), tented (2), majority (2), systematic (2), crops (2), homesteads (2), prevent (2), tens (2), nation (2)
Text of the page (random words):
nd boer war 1899 1902 new zealand troops marching down wellesley street auckland to embark for south africa when war seemed imminent new zealand offered its support on 28 september 1899 prime minister richard seddon asked parliament to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles thus becoming the first british colony to send troops to the war the british position in the dispute with the transvaal was moderate and righteous he maintained he stressed the crimson tie of empire that bound new zealand to the mother country and the importance of a strong british empire for the colony s security 148 10 contingents of volunteers totalling nearly 6 500 men from new zealand with 8 000 horses fought in the conflict along with doctors nurses veterinary surgeons and school teachers 149 70 new zealanders died from enemy action with another 158 killed accidentally or by disease 150 the first new zealander killed was farrier bradford at jasfontein farm on 18 december 1899 151 the war was greeted with enthusiasm when the war was over and peace greeted with patriotism and national pride 152 this is best shown by the fact that the third fourth and fifth contingents from new zealand were funded by public conscription 151 rhodesia edit rhodesian military units such as the british south africa police rhodesia regiment and southern rhodesian volunteers served in the war south africa edit during the war the british army included substantial contingents from south africa itself there were large communities of english speaking immigrants and settlers in natal and cape colony which formed volunteer units that took the field or local town guards at one stage of the war a colonial division consisting of five light horse and infantry units under brigadier general edward brabant took part in the invasion of the orange free state part of it withstood a siege by christiaan de wet at wepener on the borders of basutoland another large source of volunteers was the uitlander community many of whom hastily left johannesburg in the days immediately preceding the war rhodesian volunteers leaving salisbury for service in the second boer war 1899 later during the war kitchener attempted to form a boer police force as part of his efforts to pacify the occupied areas and effect a reconciliation with the boer community the members of this force were despised as traitors by the boers still in the field citation needed boers who attempted to remain neutral after giving their parole to british forces were derided as hensoppers hands uppers and often coerced into giving support to the boer guerrillas which was one reason for british scorched earth campaigns throughout the countryside and detention of boers in concentration camps to deny anything of use to the guerrillas 153 154 like the canadian and particularly the australian and new zealand contingents many volunteer units formed by south africans were light horse or mounted infantry well suited to the countryside and manner of warfare some regular british officers scorned their comparative lack of formal discipline but the light horse units were hardier and more suited to campaigning than the overloaded british cavalry who were still obsessed with the charge by lance or sabre i at their peak 24 000 south africans served in the field in colonial units notable units in addition to the imperial light horse were the south african light horse rimington s guides kitchener s horse and the imperial light infantry citation needed other nations edit main article united states of america in the second boer war the united states of america stayed neutral but some americans were eager to participate early in the war lord roberts cabled major frederick russell burnham a veteran of both matabele wars but then prospecting in the klondike to serve on his personal staff as chief of scouts burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any american who served in the war american mercenaries participated on both sides 155 portugal had considerable dealings with the south african republic through portuguese mozambique the war broke out while portugal was engaged in its own pacification campaigns in africa and after the 1890 british ultimatum portuguese public opinion was highly favourable to the boers but the portuguese government chose not to hostilize the united kingdom 156 instead it took the opportunity to mend bilateral relations and reaffirm the anglo portuguese alliance through the signing of the second treaty of windsor by which britain recognized portuguese claims in africa and reaffirmed its pledge to help defend portugal as well as its overseas empire against all enemies future and present in exchange for portugal not declaring neutrality and providing aid against the boers namely by blocking the passage of weapons and ammunitions through its territory and allowing britain the use of its port facilities 157 156 in 1900 700 boers crossed into mozambique to seek refuge but this group soon grew to 1400 2500 158 159 700 900 were transported to caldas da rainha in portugal where they were kept until the end of the war 158 159 yet the boers were treated reasonably well and their relationship with the portuguese authorities and population was cordial with boer c plokhooy writing that life at caldas da rainha is certainly becoming pleasant and who dares grumble about it grumbles without cause 158 aftermath and analysis edit memorial to soldiers in quebec city the war cast long shadows over the history of the south african region the predominantly agrarian society of the former boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earth policy the devastation of boer and black african populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region many exiles and former boer prisoners were unable to return to their farms others attempted to but were forced to abandon them as unworkable given the damage caused by farm burning during the scorched earth policy destitute boers and black africans swelled the ranks of the unskilled urban poor competing with the uitlanders in the mines 160 alfred lord milner was the british high commissioner of southern africa he was involved from the start of the war and had a role in the peace process and the creation of the union of south africa the postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by lord milner and his oxford educated milner s kindergarten this group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region eventually leading to the union of south africa in the aftermath of the war an imperial administration freed from accountability to a domestic electorate set about reconstructing an economy that was by then predicated unambiguously on gold at the same time british civil servants municipal officials and their cultural adjuncts were hard at work in the heartland of the former boer republics helping to forge new identities first as british south africans and then later still as white south africans citation needed some scholars identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910 although challenged by a boer rebellion only four years later they did much to shape south african politics between the two world wars and to the present day 161 many boers referred to the war as the second of the freedom wars the most resistant of boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as bittereinders or irreconcilables and at the end of the war some boer fighters such as deneys reitz chose exile rather than sign an oath like the following to pledge allegiance to britain 162 the bearer prisoner name has been released from prison of war camp camp name on signing that he acknowledge terms of surrender and becomes a british subject over the following decade many returned to south africa and never signed the pledge some like reitz eventually reconciled themselves to the new status quo but others did not union of south africa edit main article union of south africa one of the most important events in the decade after the war was the creation of the union of south africa later the republic of south africa it proved a key ally to britain as a dominion of the british empire during the world wars at the start of the first world war a crisis ensued when the south african government led by louis botha and other former boer fighters such as jan smuts declared support for britain and agreed to send troops to take over the german colony of german south west africa namibia many boers were opposed to fighting for britain especially against germany which had been sympathetic to their struggle some bittereinders and their allies took part in a revolt known as the maritz rebellion the rebellion was quickly suppressed and the leading boer rebels escaped lightly especially compared with leading irish rebels of the easter rising with imprisonment of 6 7 years and heavy fines two years later they were released from prison as louis botha recognised the value of reconciliation military legacy edit the war was the harbinger of a new type of combat guerrilla warfare 133 the counterinsurgency techniques and lessons learned restriction of movement containment of space targeting of anything that could give sustenance to guerrillas harassment through sweeper groups coupled with rapid reaction forces sourcing and co ordination of intelligence and nurturing of native allies were used by the british and other forces in future guerrilla campaigns including to counter malayan communist rebels during the malayan emergency in world war ii the british adopted concepts of raiding from the boer commandos when they set up special raiding forces and in acknowledgement chose the name british commandos unloading the hospital train with wounded british soldiers around 1900 nurse constance louisa agg s album after the boer war the british army underwent reform focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units 163 it was determined that the traditional role of cavalry was antiquated and improperly used on the battlefield in the boer war and the first world war was the proof that mounted attacks had no place in twentieth century combat 163 cavalry was put to better use after the reforms in the theatres of the middle east and world war i and the idea of mounted infantry was useful in times when war was more mobile 163 an example was during the first world war during the battle of mons in which the british cavalry held the belgian town against german assault 164 canadian soldiers of lord strathcona s horse en route to south africa in 1899 the boer war was the beginning of types of conflict involving machine guns shrapnel and observation balloons which were all used extensively in the first world war 133 both sides used a scorched earth policy to deprive the marching enemy of food and both had to corral civilians into makeshift huts by concentrating them into camps 136 for example at buffelspoort british soldiers were held in captivity in boer encampments after surrendering their arms and civilians were often mixed in with service personnel because the boers did not have the resources to do otherwise 116 000 women children and boer soldiers were confined to the commonwealth concentration camps of which at least 28 000 would die 145 the british saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens 165 the boers saw them as a british attempt to coerce the boers into surrender 166 with the camp inmates mainly families of boer fighters seen as deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates 167 even in the 21st century the controversy around the british tactics continued to make headlines 168 effect on british and international politics edit further information opposition to the second boer war memorial window from st patrick s cathedral dublin by an túr gloine many irish republicans sympathised with the boer side 169 rather than the british side on which fought the royal irish regiment many irish nationalists sympathised with the boers as oppressed by british imperialism much like they viewed themselves irish miners already in the transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two irish commandos the second irish brigade was headed by an australian of irish parents colonel arthur lynch groups of irish volunteers went to fight with the boers despite the fact that there were many irish troops fighting in the british army including the royal dublin fusiliers j in britain the pro boer campaign expanded k with writers often idealising the boer society the war highlighted the dangers of britain s policy of non alignment and deepened her isolation the 1900 uk general election also known as the khaki election was called by the prime minister lord salisbury on the back of british victories there was much enthusiasm for the war at this point resulting in a victory for the conservative government however support waned as it became apparent the war would not be easy and it dragged on partially contributing to the conservatives spectacular defeat in 1906 there was outrage at scorched earth tactics and conditions in the concentration camps it became apparent there were serious problems with public health in britain as up to 40 of recruits in britain were unfit for conscription and suffered from medical problems such as rickets and other poverty related illnesses this came at a time of increasing concern for the poor in britain 22 000 empire troops were killed britain had expected a swift victory against a mostly unmilitarised and predominantly agricultural based opponent 170 britain was the world s most technologically advanced military the results caused many both domestically and internationally to question the dominance of the british empire especially as nations like the us germany and japan had become major powers cost edit it is estimated that the cost of the war to the british government was 211 156 000 171 equivalent to 26 394 500 000 in 2022 172 cost of war over its entire course year cost at the time 171 relative value in 2024 1899 1900 23 000 000 3 197 000 000 1900 1901 63 737 000 8 859 400 000 1901 1902 67 670 000 9 406 100 000 1902 1903 47 500 000 6 602 500 000 sub total 201 907 000 28 065 100 000 interest 9 249 000 1 285 600 000 grand total 211 156 000 29 350 700 000 horses edit a horse destined to serve in the war being offloaded in port elizabeth the number of horses killed was unprecedented in modern warfare the wastage was particularly heavy among british forces for several reasons overloading of horses with unnecessary equipment and saddlery failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs 173 174 the average life expectancy of a bri...
|
