Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
pole, attachment, hardware, equipment, utility, contents, use, description, access, dead, end, poles, history, markings, route, environmental, impact, see, also, references, external, links, materials, power, distribution, wires, and, communication, cables, other, by, type, brandings, coordinates, on, tags,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (336), and (153), pole (130), poles (118), for (75), are (66), #utility (63), from (62), power (54), with (53), wood (48), used (42), lines (35), line (30), distribution (27), archived (26), this (25), telegraph (24), steel (24), cable (24), edit (23), concrete (23), united (21), wires (21), may (20), also (20), electrical (20), hardware (20), electric (19), original (19), were (19), that (18), other (17), energy (17), voltage (17), states (17), pdf (17), can (17), usually (17), use (15), was (15), equipment (15), system (15), cables (15), they (15), not (14), have (14), some (14), retrieved (13), transmission (13), grid (13), such (13), insulators (13), two (13), areas (13), but (13), ground (13), attachment (13), articles (12), electricity (12), telephone (12), com (12), mounted (12), carry (12), made (12), wooden (11), phase (11), plant (11), three (11), frc (11), service (11), which (11), provide (11), august (10), wire (10), high (10), storage (10), requirements (10), treated (10), pmcpole (10), one (10), materials (10), them (10), called (10), support (10), wayback (9), timber (9), post (9), protection (9), overhead (9), rural (9), many (9), preservative (9), www (9), ansi (9), their (9), between (9), along (9), more (9), into (9), space (9), february (8), 2012 (8), 2008 (8), january (8), current (8), machine (8), 2016 (8), creosote (8), standard (8), long (8), however (8), first (8), these (8), communication (8), attached (8), wikipedia (7), about (7), non (7), unsourced (7), pine (7), transformer (7), strength (7), october (7), metal (7), company (7), 2009 (7), fiber (7), utilities (7), help (7), railway (7), only (7), route (7), where (7), lower (7), date (7), copper (7), each (7), most (7), end (7), using (6), statements (6), 2024 (6), all (6), 2025 (6), national (6), building (6), composite (6), american (6), british (6), coordinates (6), public (6), been (6), found (6), structures (6), citation (6), needed (6), section (6), during (6), when (6), often (6), due (6), type (6), substations (6), directly (6), customer (6), lightning (6), toggle (5), safety (5), commons (5), page (5), link (5), links (5), description (5), products (5), gas (5), fuel (5), log (5), renewable (5), load (5), factor (5), environmental (5), demand (5), generic (5), association (5), joint (5), related (5), washington (5), its (5), western (5), australia (5), history (5), reinforced (5), north (5), after (5), stobie (5), transformers (5), years (5), information (5), still (5), network (5), there (5), common (5), tags (5), sub (5), markings (5), species (5), higher (5), top (5), sometimes (5), manufacturer (5), posts (5), carried (5), seen (5), either (5), conductors (5), customers (5), countries (5), urban (5), through (5), straight (5), cooke (5), lateral (5), dead (5), voltages (5), main (5), provides (5), aerial (5), drop (5), local (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), code (4), under (4), site (4), references (4), pylons (4), street (4), org (4), control (4), list (4), tall (4), oil (4), structural (4), insulated (4), out (4), single (4), hydro (4), station (4), conductor (4), following (4), routes (4), inspection (4), various (4), telecom (4), has (4), example (4), standards (4), april (4), maintenance (4), south (4), attachments (4), residential (4), right (4), resistance (4), underground (4), railways (4), built (4), much (4), general (4), kingdom (4), way (4), uninsulated (4), around (4), becoming (4), maryland (4), name (4), practice (4), specific (4), number (4), set (4), world (4), being (4), brand (4), class (4), aluminum (4), generally (4), length (4), corrosion (4), supported (4), must (4), coaxial (4), connected (4), europe (4), means (4), morse (4), climbing (4), astm (4), drilled (4), supporting (4), primary (4), secondary (4), communications (4), grounded (4), neutral (4), above (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), contact (3), additional (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), last (3), june (3), category (3), wikidata (3), 2010 (3), short (3), telecommunications (3), japan (3), lumber (3), natural (3), see (3), split (3), tar (3), board (3), beam (3), fossil (3), device (3), protective (3), circuit (3), failure (3), management (3), tower (3), generation (3), thermal (3), sources (3), quality (3), article (3), waste (3), applied (3), birds (3), read (3), institute (3), 2011 (3), every (3), across (3), now (3), department (3), agriculture (3), specifications (3), july (3), refusal (3), meet (3), overland (3), office (3), engineers (3), engineering (3), case (3), types (3), oppenheimer (3), portal (3), concerns (3), soil (3), considered (3), including (3), pentachlorophenol (3), places (3), design (3), thus (3), visual (3), adding (3), impact (3), would (3), separated (3), place (3), norfolk (3), another (3), open (3), signal (3), tag (3), bottom (3), installed (3), located (3), valuable (3), just (3), installation (3), nails (3), below (3), marked (3), fir (3), referred (3), height (3), although (3), year (3), mark (3), brandings (3), typically (3), metres (3), light (3), horizontal (3), depending (3), similar (3), television (3), traffic (3), loading (3), outside (3), fibre (3), optic (3), twisted (3), pair (3), phases (3), early (3), sections (3), bare (3), low (3), 19th (3), century (3), yellow (3), instead (3), fire (3), invented (3), systems (3), off (3), feet (3), america (3), wheatstone (3), buried (3), trees (3), great (3), construction (3), any (3), easily (3), crossarm (3), material (3), reliable (3), work (3), steps (3), linemen (3), known (3), pre (3), industry (3), include (3), holes (3), bolts (3), fiberglass (3), tia (3), eia (3), 222 (3), manufacture (3), gauge (3), cast (3), reduce (3), purpose (3), requires (3), lights (3), like (3), drops (3), vertical (3), while (3), down (3), rod (3), arrester (3), 120 (3), 230 (3), fuse (3), commonly (3), distances (3), tools (3), subsection (3), add (2), languages (2), table (2), statistics (2), conduct (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), license (2), categories (2), containing (2), video (2), expanded (2), incomplete (2), november (2), needing (2), september (2), 2020 (2), dates (2), infrastructure (2), authority (2), forestry (2), preservation (2), reclaimed (2), forest (2), engineered (2), distillation (2), biomass (2), rail (2), fence (2), sawdust (2), ties (2), black (2), liquid (2), fiberboard (2), plastic (2), oriented (2), strand (2), joist (2), laminated (2), cross (2), truss (2), railroad (2), plate (2), production (2), bark (2), tax (2), source (2), carbon (2), capacity (2), relay (2), generator (2), earth (2), leakage (2), fault (2), devices (2), start (2), substation (2), return (2), pumped (2), connection (2), balancing (2), response (2), services (2), cycle (2), based (2), wind (2), biofuel (2), solar (2), marine (2), nuclear (2), petroleum (2), shale (2), coal (2), compressed (2), study (2), order (2), vehicle (2), usda (2), development (2), programs (2), methods (2), photographs (2), external (2), removal (2), doi (2), chemicals (2), why (2), canada (2), how (2), those (2), plates (2), taiwan (2), understanding (2), osgeo (2), bridges (2), gpo (2), david (2), 2014 (2), 2022 (2), james (2), electrification (2), need (2), does (2), australian (2), point (2), northern (2), charles (2), economic (2), 3159 (2), 3174 (2), rizwan (2), 2023 (2), e14976 (2), heliyon (2), march (2), what (2), bury (2), pylon (2), large (2), electronics (2), environment (2), animals (2), recent (2), toxic (2), safe (2), rest (2), expense (2), avoiding (2), pollution (2), placed (2), ciconia (2), missing (2), needs (2), operated (2), spars (2), spaced (2), removed (2), suspended (2), traditionally (2), insulation (2), preventing (2), road (2), marking (2), before (2), subtransmission (2), delmarva (2), coordinate (2), follow (2), networks (2), east (2), upon (2), state (2), said (2), increases (2), travels (2), refers (2), second (2), branding (2), digit (2), war (2), collectors (2), older (2), value (2), character (2), southern (2), cedar (2), douglas (2), originally (2), maximum (2), meaning (2), butt (2), foot (2), uncommon (2), manufactured (2), surface (2), determined (2), relevant (2), red (2), structurally (2), climb (2), hazards (2), therefore (2), prevalent (2), prevention (2), prevent (2), decay (2), today (2), than (2), thicker (2), even (2), simple (2), against (2), new (2), digital (2), repeaters (2), act (2), 132 (2), near (2), quite (2), roads (2), less (2), solid (2), ceramic (2), catv (2), focs (2), without (2), tapered (2), forces (2), preservatives (2), performance (2), pressure (2), parts (2), germany (2), linked (2), adelaide (2), supply (2), iron (2), mid (2), 1844 (2), build (2), faults (2), his (2), inserted (2), inches (2), six (2), seven (2), baltimore (2), equivalent (2), samuel (2), patented (2), pioneer (2), commercial (2), 1843 (2), had (2), proved (2), william (2), fothergill (2), city (2), providing (2), loads (2), side (2), accessible (2), guy (2), people (2), vehicles (2), strain (2), tension (2), learn (2), cite (2), sets (2), workers (2), hazard (2), longer (2), gaffs (2), trucks (2), access (2), documents (2), telcordia (2), traditional (2), lag (2), bonding (2), tubular (2), typical (2), thin (2), antennas (2), welding (2), feasible (2), points (2), operational (2), practical (2), make (2), drill (2), could (2), taller (2), required (2), criteria (2), widespread (2), coastal (2), conditions (2), heavy (2), apparatus (2), 400 (2), premises (2), associated (2), fixtures (2), events (2), linking (2), increasingly (2), problem (2), path (2), get (2), cause (2), cutout (2), wye (2), delta (2), schematics (2), center (2), plus (2), step (2), 240 (2), ogw (2), carrying (2), carries (2), composites (2), slab (2), widely (2), apart (2), published (2), 100 (2), same (2), telecommunication (2), towers (2), who (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), english (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, developers, legal, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, clips, lists, 2021, webarchive, template, dmy, matches, telephony, furniture, https, index, php, title, utility_pole, oldid, 1360282439, yale, lux, databases, wikiproject, yakisugi, woodworking, processing, drying, recycling, papermaking, mulch, woods, green, bamboo, dry, destructive, certified, masts, framing, tanbark, brandy, potash, dugout, canoe, clapboard, billet, bavin, axe, historical, woodchips, wool, flour, ramial, chipped, liquor, barkdust, tannin, sandalwood, pitch, pyroligneous, acid, methanol, lye, smoke, lignin, dyes, cellulosic, ethanol, hemicellulose, nano, cellulose, birch, derivatives, rayon, pulpwood, pulp, paperboard, paper, corrugated, cardboard, fibers, pellet, firewood, firelog, biochar, charcoal, fuelwood, panel, plywood, particle, straw, mdf, masonite, hardboard, parallel, lvl, veneer, glued, treenail, stud, sill, siding, shingle, rafter, purlin, plank, panelling, molding, house, cabin, lath, flooring, flitch, cruck, cls, bressummer, batten, sectors, consumption, spark, dark, quark, spread, payments, commercialization, certificates, pigouvian, net, metering, feed, tariff, subsidies, cost, offsets, credits, availability, economics, policies, gfi, residual, numerical, interlock, kit, sulfur, hexafluoride, breaker, arc, interrupter, rolling, blackout, outage, islanding, cascading, brownout, modes, reactive, tso, operator, super, smart, gallop, mains, country, interconnector, shore, direct, retailing, busbar, dynamic, distributed, contingency, ancillary, virtual, rankine, microgeneration, micro, chp, inverter, resource, inertial, induction, dispatchable, cooling, combined, cogeneration, sustainable, wave, tidal, osmotic, geothermal, biogas, dioxide, seasonal, superconducting, magnetic, battery, flywheel, air, hydroelectricity, variability, frequency, repowering, reliability, flow, peak, nameplate, merit, home, investment, droop, speed, base, backfeeding, automatic, concepts, delivery, photo, collection, throughout, abroad, ann, garden, hungarian, appreciation, society, media, mateus, zrostlikova, gomes, silva, ribeiro, marriott, electrokinetic, comprehensive, chromatographic, 1193, 97862454, s2cid, 1007, s10800, 010, 0089, 1183, journal, electrochemistry, epa, ocspp, 2015, agency, overview, birdfact, sit, everything, explained, aplic, bird, nests, columbia, 2013, little, pol, 電力座標, 2007, numbers, december, wiki, 2019, leginfo, legislature, gov, malicious, injuries, highways, telegraphs, 2017, britishtelephones, chambers, thinksmallcell, potential, outdoor, small, cell, bulletins, laboratory, taylor, specialist, administration, 1978, preservers, effectiveness, preserver, international, codes, rob, linn, 1996, etsa, story, mcmullen, ron, rom, nomination, heritage, recognition, joining, frews, pond, territory, kieve, jeffrey, 1973, 655205099, oclc, social, rasheed, javed, hajra, asfra, afzaal, muhammad, ahmad, sajid, rashid, 37095914, pmid, 10121627, pmc, 2405, 8440, issn, 1016, 2023heliy, 914976r, bibcode, eco, sustainability, analysis, precast, manufacturing, pakistan, harness, rick, coalition, volga, raptor, electrocutions, florida, commission, consumer, assistance, grigsby, leonard, 2001, usa, crc, press, 8493, 8578, isbn, handbook, fiona, pei, says, exploring, ways, choosing, upgrades, electricalclassroom, traction, stanchion, lamppost, charging, sport, involving, throwing, caber, toss, historically, filled, pcb, pcbs, persist, adverse, effects, polychlorinated, biphenyl, considerable, improvement, weathering, offered, infusion, term, drawbacks, raised, toxicity, specifically, biodegradation, release, phenolic, compounds, research, continues, explore, render, disposal, preserve, nesting, regarded, form, reason, population, density, scenic, beauty, justify, architects, pretty, nest, romania, white, storks, expansion, beside, bridge, former, ireland, dungannon, portadown, too, jamming, occur, accomplish, four, per, spar, exists, highlands, scotland, wired, suffolk, brandon, wymondham, locations, multiple, method, especially, burying, expensive, situation, extensively, prior, 1965, necessitated, passed, over, attenuated, boxes, decommissioned, eccles, replacement, saugus, massachusetts, faded, reads, 733, crisfield, poor, man, gps, region, reference, sign, ordnance, survey, edf, anglia, area, geometry, upper, plane, went, favor, shortages, few, unique, increasing, regardless, property, unauthorized, misdemeanor, felony, california, law, cited, nail, abbreviation, abbreviations, salts, next, determine, ranges, smaller, increments, hyphen, brands, separate, nailed, chromated, arsenate, concerning, vintage, accordance, burned, resulting, birth, position, specification, essentially, eye, level, rule, thumb, logo, beneath, preceded, month, salisbury, preserved, withstand, elements, dangerous, indicating, unsafe, proximity, alphanumeric, designation, 242, initialism, official, batch, treatment, picture, 2003, size, letters, medium, stout, age, items, thanks, improvements, coupled, lowered, costs, premature, concern, compared, nace, developing, procedures, identify, hold, holding, analogue, demultiplexing, illustration, providers, share, ownership, renting, governs, sizes, fall, guidelines, forth, rus, bulletin, 1724e, 150, multiplexing, ottawa, ontario, normally, supplied, 1980s, trident, though, melbourne, cambs, buntingford, herts, russia, third, errant, predominately, unshielded, wound, core, affixed, rated, glass, poly, eastern, part, square, sawn, probably, until, refuses, accept, guaranteed, resisted, late, political, remains, powerful, undergrounding, bell, rapidly, destroyed, interior, vulnerable, collapsible, named, mostly, england, 1872, continent, centre, 1924, cyril, terrace, darwin, submarine, wrought, termites, granted, 000, mile, began, having, lead, sheathed, laying, tested, dug, stripped, sheath, bought, strung, advertisement, newspaper, sealed, proposals, will, received, undersigned, furnishing, 700, sound, chestnut, dimensions, wit, eight, diameter, tapering, five, hundred, eighty, miles, 036, 600, congress, suspending, driving, force, establishing, basis, founded, extended, previously, troublesome, failing, britain, native, sweden, norway, installations, later, sulphate, larch, slough, gardner, 1895, toledo, ohio, 1923, oldest, hakodate, push, brace, shorter, runs, angle, stronger, guys, always, caused, reaching, portion, populated, encased, tube, reflectors, reducing, chance, walking, crashing, ends, angles, direction, elsewhere, anchor, termination, heavier, crossarms, doubled, tripled, replaced, itself, riser, remove, message, please, challenged, citations, improve, brackets, arranged, pattern, hand, holds, repair, allowed, spikes, ascend, boots, fitted, loops, scandinavian, climbers, vast, majority, bucket, apprentice, lineman, covering, d4923, c136, opcs, cannot, hooks, teeth, staples, unacceptable, avoid, loosening, cover, family, combine, members, polyester, resin, variety, chemical, additives, produce, lightweight, weather, resistant, structure, hollow, wall, thickness, outer, polyurethane, coating, 002, should, requirement, ensure, robust, good, antenna, ledges, alternate, approach, field, process, undesirable, uneconomical, bit, twist, recommended, bolt, bolted, annular, advantages, enhanced, clearances, span, galvanized, because, rigidity, derived, limited, asce, 111, aci, 318, c935, c1089, drilling, users, wish, result, difficulties, banded, become, popular, attach, designs, round, stressed, spun, statically, hybrid, zones, excellent, sea, water, salt, fog, corrosive, marsh, weight, helps, resist, winds, possible, environments, several, intrinsic, characteristics, flexibility, placement, fit, exact, addition, fasteners, lags, screws, osp, head, switzerland, functional, contained, effective, grounding, isolation, connections, metallic, dielectric, components, transition, physical, directional, guying, accommodate, stresses, created, configurations, configuration, secure, facilities, facilitate, necessary, rearrangements, streetlights, holiday, powered, panels, auxiliary, unwanted, supports, decorations, certain, holidays, cellular, trolleys, foc, optical, thick, lashed, hundreds, interconnecting, exchanges, connect, loop, subscriber, exchange, computer, designated, lowest, room, maneuver, safely, servicing, worker, zone, fallen, resultant, sparks, introduced, bundled, wildfires, touch, running, pin, insulator, driven, others, fifth, currents, flowing, shock, strikes, ahead, extremely, present, surge, flashovers, clad, greek, letter, fourth, whose, spur, branching, streets, wide, range, 500, transform, provided, cylindrical, 230y400, event, overload, melts, pivots, indication, opened, manually, disconnect, hot, stick, cutouts, china, comprise, static, acts, protecting, both, wiring, reserved, themselves, transmitted, labeled, showing, triplex, phone, particular, variant, alternatives, processes, test, awpa, despite, life, approximately, climate, requiring, regular, remedial, treatments, damage, significant, deterioration, woodpecker, borates, naphthenate, rot, fungi, insects, pacific, silver, lodgepole, jack, clearance, reach, heights, least, meters, vary, terrain, owned, leases, ieee, confused, nfpa, 300, 125, regulations, poland, gryfów, reasons, save, underbuild, shared, fashion, own, dedicated, regional, 115, shaped, feeders, kilovolts, central, run, fields, rows, accompanying, rare, together, bunkyō, platform, starting, attempted, moved, faulty, alternative, neighborhoods, perceived, ugliness, well, amounts, snow, ice, suggested, prone, hurricanes, blizzards, outages, routed, inexpensive, keep, multi, joists, held, middle, alloy, application, different, distribute, column, pairs, hanging, left, far, shoes, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, shortened, url, permanent, here, actions, talk, türkçe, português, پنجابی, bokmål, nynorsk, melayu, 한국어, jawa, 日本語, íslenska, indonesia, हिन्दी, עברית, فارسی, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, বাংলা, personal, special, pages, community, contribute, random, navigation, jump, content,
Text of the page (random words):
rod driven into the ground some countries ground every pole while others only ground every fifth pole and any pole with a transformer on it this provides a path for leakage currents across the surface of the insulators to get to ground preventing the current from flowing through the wooden pole which could cause a fire or shock hazard 4 5 it provides similar protection in case of flashovers and lightning strikes a surge arrester or lightning arrester may also be installed between the line ahead of the cutout and the ground wire for lightning protection the purpose of the device is to conduct extremely high voltages present on the line directly to ground if uninsulated conductors touch each other due to wind or fallen trees the resultant sparks can start wildfires to reduce this problem aerial bundled conductors are being introduced communication cables edit the communications cables are attached below the electric power lines in a vertical space along the pole designated the communications space 5 the communications space is separated from the lowest electrical conductor by the communication worker safety zone which provides room for workers to maneuver safely while servicing the communication cables avoiding contact with the power lines 5 the most common communication cables found on utility poles are copper or fibre optic cable foc for telephone lines and coaxial cable for cable television catv coaxial or optical fibre cables linking computer networks are also increasingly found on poles in urban areas the cable linking the telephone exchange to local customers is a thick cable lashed to a thin supporting cable containing hundreds of twisted pair subscriber lines each twisted pair line provides a single telephone circuit or local loop to a customer there may also be focs interconnecting telephone exchanges like electrical distribution lines communication cables connect to service drops when used to provide local service to customers other equipment edit utility poles may also carry other equipment such as street lights supports for traffic lights and overhead wires for electric trolleys and cellular network antennas they can also carry fixtures and decorations specific for certain holidays or events specific to the city where they are located solar panels mounted on utility poles may power auxiliary equipment where the expense of a power line connection is unwanted streetlights and holiday fixtures are powered directly from secondary distribution pole attachment hardware edit the primary purpose of pole attachment hardware is to secure the cable and associated aerial plant facilities to poles and to help facilitate necessary plant rearrangements an aerial plant network requires high quality reliable hardware to structurally support the distribution cable plant provide directional guying to accommodate lateral stresses created on the pole by pole line configurations and pole loading configuration provide the physical support and protection for drop cable plant from the pole to the customer premises transition cable plant from the aerial network to underground and buried plant provide the means for safe and effective grounding bonding and isolation connections for the metallic and dielectric components of the network functional performance requirements common to pole line hardware for utility poles made of wood steel concrete or fiber reinforced composite frc materials are contained in telcordia gr 3174 generic requirements for hardware attachments for utility poles 11 attachment hardware by pole type edit wood poles head of a 400 v pole in switzerland in europe insulators usually were attached directly at the pole the traditional wood pole material provides great flexibility during placement of hardware and cable apparatus holes are easily drilled to fit the exact hardware needs and requirements in addition fasteners such as lags and screws are easily applied to wood structures to support outside plant osp apparatus non wood poles there are three main non wood pole materials and structures on which the attachment hardware may be mounted concrete steel and fiber reinforced composite frc each material has intrinsic characteristics that need to be considered during the design and manufacture of the attachment hardware concrete poles several power poles made of concrete the most widespread use of concrete poles is in marine environments and coastal zones where excellent corrosion resistance is required to reduce the impact of sea water salt fog and corrosive soil conditions e g marsh their heavy weight also helps the concrete poles resist the high winds possible in coastal areas the various designs for concrete poles include tapered structures and round poles made of solid concrete pre stressed concrete spun cast or statically cast and a hybrid of concrete and steel the drilling of installed concrete poles is not feasible users may wish to have the attachment hardware cast into the concrete during the pole manufacture as a result of these operational difficulties banded hardware has become the more popular means to attach cable plant to concrete poles design criteria and requirements for concrete poles can be derived from various industry documents including but not limited to asce 111 aci 318 astm c935 and astm c1089 steel poles steel poles can provide advantages for high voltage lines where taller poles are required for enhanced clearances and longer span requirements tubular steel poles are typically made from 11 gauge galvanized steel with thicker 10 or 7 gauge materials used for some taller poles because of their higher strength and rigidity for tall tower type structures 5 gauge materials are used although steel poles can be drilled on site with an annular drill bit or standard twist drill it is not a recommended practice as with concrete poles bolt holes could be built into the steel pole during manufacture for use as general attachment points or places for steps to be bolted into the pole welding of attachment hardware or attachment ledges to steel poles may be a feasible alternate approach to help provide reliable attachment points however operational and practical hazards of welding in the field may make this process undesirable or uneconomical steel poles should meet industry specifications such as tia eia 222 g structural standard for antenna supporting structures and antennas current tia eia 222 structural standards for steel and tia eia rs 222 or an equivalent requirement set to help ensure a robust and good quality pole is being used fiber reinforced composite frc poles frc poles cover a family of pole materials that combine fiberglass fiber strength members with a cross linked polyester resin and a variety of chemical additives to produce a lightweight weather resistant structure frc poles are hollow and similar to the tubular steel poles with a typical wall thickness of 1 4 to 1 2 in 6 to 13 mm with an outer polyurethane coating that is 0 002 in 0 05 mm thin as with all the other non wood poles frc poles cannot be mounted with the traditional climbing hardware of hooks and gaffs frc poles can be pre drilled by the manufacturer or holes can be drilled on site attachments using lag bolts teeth nails and staples are unacceptable for frc poles through bolts are used instead of lag bolts for maximum bonding to the pole and to avoid loosening of hardware the relevant industry documents covering frc poles include astm d4923 ansi c136 20 opcs 03 02 and telcordia gr 3159 generic requirements for fiber reinforced composite frc concrete and steel utility poles 12 access edit pre apprentice lineman class climbing telephone poles in some countries such as the united kingdom utility poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds so that maintenance and repair workers can climb the pole to work on the lines in the united states such steps have been determined to be a public hazard and are no longer allowed on new poles citation needed linemen may use climbing spikes called gaffs to ascend wooden poles without steps on them in the uk boots fitted with steel loops that go around the pole known as scandinavian climbers are also used for climbing poles in the us linemen use bucket trucks for the vast majority of poles that are accessible by vehicle dead end poles edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2012 learn how and when to remove this message example of dead end riser poles the poles at the end of a straight section of utility line where the line ends or angles off in another direction are called dead end poles in the united states elsewhere they may be referred to as anchor or termination poles these must carry the lateral tension of the long straight sections of wire they are usually made with heavier construction the power lines are attached to the pole by horizontal strain insulators either placed on crossarms which are either doubled tripled or replaced with a steel crossarm to provide more resistance to the tension forces or attached directly to the pole itself dead end and other poles that support lateral loads have guy wires to support them the guys always have strain insulators inserted in their length to prevent any high voltages caused by electrical faults from reaching the lower portion of the cable that is accessible by the public in populated areas guy wires are often encased in a yellow plastic or wood tube with reflectors attached to their lower end so that they can be seen more easily reducing the chance of people and animals walking into them or vehicles crashing into them another means of providing support for lateral loads is a push brace pole a second shorter pole that is attached to the side of the first and runs at an angle to the ground if there is no space for a lateral support a stronger pole e g a construction of concrete or iron is used history edit from 1923 the oldest utility pole in japan still in use in the city of hakodate utility poles seen outside the gardner building in toledo ohio 1895 the system of suspending telegraph wires from poles with ceramic insulators was invented and patented by british telegraph pioneer william fothergill cooke cooke was the driving force in establishing the electrical telegraph on a commercial basis with charles wheatstone he invented the cooke and wheatstone telegraph and founded the world s first telegraph company the electric telegraph company telegraph poles were first used on the great western railway in 1843 when the cooke and wheatstone telegraph line was extended to slough the line had previously used buried cables but that system had proved troublesome with failing insulation 13 32 in britain the trees used for telegraph poles were either native larch or pine from sweden and norway poles in early installations were treated with tar but these were found to last only around seven years later poles were treated instead with creosote or copper sulphate for the preservative 13 80 utility poles were first used in the mid 19th century in america with telegraph systems in 1844 the united states congress granted samuel morse 30 000 equivalent to 1 036 600 in 2025 to build a 40 mile telegraph line between baltimore maryland and washington d c morse began by having a lead sheathed cable made after laying seven miles 11 km underground he tested it he found so many faults with this system that he dug up his cable stripped off its sheath bought poles and strung his wires overhead on february 7 1844 morse inserted the following advertisement in the washington newspaper sealed proposals will be received by the undersigned for furnishing 700 straight and sound chestnut posts with the bark on and of the following dimensions to wit each post must not be less than eight inches in diameter at the butt and tapering to five or six inches at the top six hundred and eighty of said posts to be 24 feet in length and 20 of them 30 feet in length in some parts of australia wooden poles are rapidly destroyed by termites so metal poles must be used instead and in much of the interior wooden poles are vulnerable to fire the oppenheimer pole is a collapsible wrought iron pole in three sections it is named after oppenheimer and company in germany but they were mostly manufactured in england under license 14 they were used on the australian overland telegraph line built in 1872 which connected the continent north to south directly through the centre and linked to the rest of the world through a submarine cable at darwin 15 the stobie pole was invented in 1924 by james cyril stobie of the adelaide electric supply company and first used in south terrace adelaide 16 one of the early bell system lines was the washington dc norfolk line which was for the most part square sawn tapered poles of yellow pine probably treated to refusal with creosote treated to refusal means that the manufacturer forces preservatives into the wood until it refuses to accept more but performance is not guaranteed 17 some of these were still in service after 80 years 18 the building of pole lines was resisted in some urban areas in the late 19th century citation needed and political pressure for undergrounding remains powerful in many countries in eastern europe russia and third world countries many utility poles still carry bare communication wires mounted on insulators not only along railway lines but also along roads and sometimes even in urban areas errant traffic being uncommon on railways their poles are usually less tall in the united states electricity is predominately carried on unshielded aluminum conductors wound around a solid steel core and affixed to rated insulators made from glass ceramic or poly telephone catv and focs are generally attached directly to the pole without insulators in the united kingdom much of the rural electricity distribution system is carried on wooden poles these normally carry electricity at 11 or 33 kv three phases from 132 kv substations supplied from pylons to distribution substations or pole mounted transformers wooden poles have been used for 132 kv for a number of years from the early 1980s one is called the trident they are usually used on short sections though the line from melbourne cambs to near buntingford herts is quite long the conductors on these are bare metal connected to the posts by insulators wood poles can also be used for low voltage distribution to customers poles in ottawa ontario canada today utility poles may hold much more than the uninsulated copper wire that they originally supported thicker cables holding many twisted pair coaxial cable or even fibre optic may be carried simple analogue repeaters or other outside plant equipment have long been mounted against poles and often new digital equipment for multiplexing demultiplexing or digital repeaters ...
|
