Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
copper, pressure, processes, silicate, oil, process, wood, history, arsenate, cca, other, sodium, spray, natural, and, non, treatments, preservation, contents, hazards, chemical, application, see, also, references, external, links, micronized, naphthenate, chromated, compounds, borate, pti, potassium, bifenthrin, fire, retardant, treated, borne, emulsions, epoxy, new, technologies, introduction, incising, microwaving, charring, miscellaneous, alkaline, quaternary, azole, coal, tar, creosote, linseed, light, organic, solvent, preservatives, losp, biological, modified, timber, acetylation, of, plating, naturally, rot, resistant, woods, extractives, tung, heat, mud, treatment, brush, dipping, steeping, kyanizing, gedrian, bath, preservative, precipitation, full, cell, fluctuation, boucherie, high, sap, displacement, system,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (495), and (294), wood (263), for (112), with (103), are (87), copper (82), timber (71), #preservative (69), this (61), edit (59), from (58), treatment (57), #treated (55), used (51), use (50), pressure (48), that (46), process (45), preservatives (36), has (33), not (33), cca (30), processes (30), which (29), been (28), can (28), have (27), into (27), such (27), these (27), was (26), also (26), products (24), other (23), water (23), retrieved (22), doi (22), may (21), applications (21), preservation (20), non (20), oil (20), but (20), under (19), natural (19), protection (19), chemical (19), resistant (19), archived (18), ground (18), more (18), creosote (18), plane (17), most (17), contact (16), treatments (16), awpa (16), based (16), there (16), they (16), using (15), international (15), building (15), applied (15), where (15), its (15), than (15), species (15), all (14), fire (14), compounds (14), environmental (13), should (13), acetylation (13), pdf (13), impregnation (13), australia (13), developed (13), during (13), naphthenate (13), many (13), pti (13), azole (13), lumber (12), properties (12), decay (12), 2015 (12), general (12), new (12), method (12), europe (12), penetration (12), solution (12), march (11), pine (11), original (11), united (11), residential (11), some (11), still (11), industrial (11), acq (11), safety (10), structural (10), green (10), american (10), heat (10), tar (10), sodium (10), silicate (10), arsenate (10), organic (10), durability (10), borate (10), protect (10), material (10), epa (10), achieved (10), like (10), however (10), retention (10), life (10), longer (10), both (10), above (10), years (10), association (9), modification (9), issn (9), production (9), application (9), effective (9), extractives (9), first (9), product (9), rot (9), resistance (9), industry (9), common (9), moisture (9), today (9), chemicals (9), states (9), will (9), posts (9), spray (9), certain (9), construction (8), woods (8), history (8), ties (8), arsenic (8), 2018 (8), 2017 (8), technologies (8), review (8), high (8), against (8), attack (8), required (8), incising (8), since (8), standard (8), poles (8), cell (8), known (8), treating (8), when (8), bath (8), long (8), one (8), their (8), biological (8), wikipedia (7), available (7), machine (7), red (7), railroad (7), temperature (7), heartwood (7), bibcode (7), performance (7), materials (7), present (7), coatings (7), class (7), zinc (7), chromated (7), then (7), tree (7), system (7), through (7), after (7), possible (7), solvent (7), commonly (7), commercial (7), similar (7), generally (7), less (7), levels (7), well (7), retardant (7), particles (7), wayback (6), links (6), national (6), carving (6), miter (6), clamp (6), spruce (6), fir (6), log (6), bamboo (6), acid (6), standards (6), 2016 (6), technology (6), journal (6), pmid (6), environmentally (6), naturally (6), durable (6), 2012 (6), september (6), methods (6), components (6), timbersil (6), quaternary (6), waste (6), recent (6), research (6), surfaces (6), insect (6), hot (6), america (6), often (6), those (6), made (6), usually (6), various (6), practice (6), over (6), sap (6), modified (6), boucherie (6), timbers (6), sapwood (6), out (6), only (6), full (6), changes (6), vacuum (6), higher (6), light (6), because (6), 19th (6), century (6), two (6), cells (6), result (6), very (6), steeping (6), due (6), low (6), borne (6), were (6), cost (6), main (6), although (6), even (6), metal (6), free (6), exposed (6), systems (6), service (6), concerns (6), micronized (6), toggle (5), code (5), site (5), page (5), articles (5), drying (5), paint (5), surface (5), fence (5), board (5), cross (5), totara (5), australian (5), douglas (5), liquid (5), utility (5), science (5), s2cid (5), world (5), mechanical (5), potassium (5), 2008 (5), antimicrobial (5), july (5), associated (5), market (5), envelope (5), limited (5), food (5), pesticides (5), impregnated (5), termites (5), results (5), zealand (5), brush (5), charring (5), called (5), north (5), widespread (5), necessary (5), significantly (5), costs (5), patented (5), consists (5), before (5), place (5), between (5), within (5), solutions (5), losp (5), lower (5), cases (5), better (5), baths (5), cold (5), layer (5), dipping (5), brushing (5), coal (5), modern (5), being (5), mud (5), insects (5), widely (5), while (5), soil (5), improve (5), including (5), hulls (5), now (5), sold (5), toxic (5), recommended (5), began (5), trade (5), agricultural (5), does (5), public (5), structures (5), biocide (5), hazards (5), add (4), contents (4), search (4), commons (4), last (4), cs1 (4), maint (4), 2014 (4), short (4), category (4), woodworking (4), frame (4), combination (4), impact (4), tools (4), laminated (4), engineered (4), cedar (4), carpentry (4), wooden (4), black (4), nano (4), information (4), agency (4), toxicity (4), john (4), mantanis (4), 010 (4), 1007 (4), munir (4), belloncle (4), irle (4), federighi (4), 2003 (4), color (4), potential (4), 1016 (4), salt (4), termite (4), pmc (4), 3390 (4), bio (4), stable (4), ammonium (4), factors (4), effects (4), environment (4), apvma (4), heavy (4), steel (4), grain (4), japan (4), adopted (4), depths (4), larger (4), incisions (4), type (4), day (4), large (4), along (4), holes (4), uniform (4), number (4), oils (4), end (4), few (4), takes (4), found (4), trees (4), equipment (4), period (4), salts (4), strength (4), patent (4), described (4), cylinders (4), around (4), preserving (4), reaction (4), commercialization (4), seasoned (4), time (4), depending (4), kyan (4), content (4), minimal (4), several (4), suitable (4), provide (4), determined (4), introduced (4), effectively (4), introduction (4), netherlands (4), reduce (4), amount (4), article (4), different (4), ship (4), huon (4), marine (4), preserve (4), formulations (4), acetylated (4), groups (4), include (4), physical (4), insecticide (4), bifenthrin (4), untreated (4), pentachlorophenol (4), names (4), safe (4), appearance (4), approved (4), require (4), leaching (4), alkaline (4), wolmanized (4), field (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), about (3), registered (3), categories (3), copy (3), title (3), minor (3), problems (3), org (3), authority (3), control (3), techniques (3), sawing (3), chainsaw (3), wax (3), thermal (3), hammer (3), veneer (3), hand (3), saw (3), flooring (3), framing (3), particle (3), oak (3), merbau (3), kauri (3), forestry (3), yakisugi (3), forest (3), dry (3), distillation (3), see (3), fuel (3), pole (3), aluminum (3), resources (3), pesticide (3), external (3), off (3), corrosion (3), handbook (3), 2011 (3), springer (3), 2023 (3), dimensional (3), stability (3), january (3), extracts (3), december (3), 2013 (3), hinokitiol (3), muhammad (3), tanveer (3), pailhories (3), hélène (3), eveillard (3), matthieu (3), mark (3), aviat (3), florence (3), michel (3), christophe (3), 2020 (3), antibiotics (3), link (3), cite (3), western (3), peter (3), george (3), paints (3), 2010 (3), chemistry (3), esters (3), derived (3), soluble (3), biodegradation (3), oxide (3), department (3), report (3), 2004 (3), kartal (3), slowly (3), incision (3), vary (3), spread (3), making (3), deeper (3), sawed (3), useful (3), cylinder (3), displacement (3), onto (3), waterborne (3), thus (3), days (3), little (3), impregnate (3), state (3), 1838 (3), leaves (3), drawn (3), fluctuation (3), exceed (3), chloride (3), bethell (3), burnett (3), white (3), permanent (3), absorption (3), further (3), conditions (3), scale (3), special (3), addition (3), repeated (3), precipitation (3), canada (3), cycle (3), ranges (3), periods (3), kyanizing (3), soak (3), three (3), left (3), least (3), requires (3), unless (3), term (3), numerous (3), existing (3), specific (3), internal (3), beyond (3), soils (3), furniture (3), weather (3), heating (3), form (3), below (3), tung (3), another (3), concentrations (3), growth (3), specialty (3), commercially (3), times (3), decks (3), european (3), though (3), plating (3), metallic (3), did (3), come (3), company (3), facilities (3), types (3), hydroxyl (3), acetic (3), any (3), contains (3), especially (3), technique (3), order (3), certification (3), alcohol (3), growing (3), epoxy (3), losps (3), permethrin (3), propiconazole (3), tebuconazole (3), treat (3), section (3), major (3), elsewhere (3), linseed (3), originally (3), consumer (3), flame (3), marketed (3), boron (3), currently (3), stabilizer (3), health (3), leached (3), fungal (3), borates (3), study (3), exposure (3), increasing (3), fungicide (3), chromium (3), consumers (3), read (3), containing (3), federal (3), licensing (3), instead (3), quat (3), particulate (3), uses (3), msds (3), subsection (3), languages (2), privacy (2), policy (2), additional (2), terms (2), apply (2), wikimedia (2), inc (2), august (2), 2026 (2), location (2), missing (2), publisher (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), pov (2), description (2), wikidata (2), engineering (2), wikiproject (2), panel (2), splitting (2), whipsaw (2), society (2), federation (2), workers (2), stain (2), varnish (2), bending (2), parquetry (2), marquetry (2), intarsia (2), chamfer (2), groove (2), rebate (2), tenon (2), finger (2), coping (2), box (2), router (2), jointer (2), japanese (2), compass (2), bow (2), thickness (2), speed (2), hardness (2), test (2), axe (2), plastic (2), composite (2), plywood (2), mdf (2), hardboard (2), teak (2), african (2), eucalyptus (2), blackwood (2), birch (2), hard (2), larch (2), cypress (2), soft (2), turning (2), shingle (2), processing (2), reclaimed (2), split (2), sawdust (2), lignin (2), cellulose (2), paper (2), fiberboard (2), fibers (2), oriented (2), strand (2), joist (2), parallel (2), truss (2), siding (2), post (2), plate (2), house (2), beam (2), miscellaneous (2), case (2), studies (2), 2007 (2), february (2), grid (2), walford (2), uhlig (2), sandberg (2), kutnar (2), 908 (2), 3832 (2), ifor2380 (2), 895 (2), iforest (2), 978 (2), 030 (2), isbn (2), 2019 (2), poultry (2), 1515 (2), holzforschung (2), costa (2), 142 (2), william (2), benign (2), biocidal (2), extract (2), 535 (2), 32847132 (2), 7558063 (2), antibiotics9090535 (2), experimental (2), parameters (2), influence (2), observed (2), response (2), quercus (2), petraea (2), kingdom (2), s00226 (2), 011 (2), singh (2), characteristics (2), 2021 (2), bottom (2), 1961 (2), 2024 (2), april (2), bioresources (2), dimensionally (2), presented (2), rowell (2), june (2), forests (2), billion (2), 2027 (2), alleged (2), investigation (2), lawsuit (2), action (2), com (2), carr (2), jenny (2), duggan (2), humphrey (2), david (2), platts (2), james (2), tyndall (2), edward (2), 1071 (2), arylspiroborate (2), 2005 (2), protectants (2), outdoor (2), sized (2), pinus (2), rural (2), affairs (2), 2006 (2), veterinary (2), medicines (2), icc (2), council (2), fpl (2), agriculture (2), alternatives (2), services (2), scs (2), preferable (2), nanocompounds (2), elsevier (2), 0964 (2), 8305 (2), ibiod (2), 140 (2), biodeterioration (2), nami (2), clausen (2), leach (2), 2009 (2), nanometals (2), affect (2), fungi (2), richardson (2), references (2), dust (2), metals (2), weathering (2), across (2), loose (2), traditional (2), alternative (2), area (2), university (2), microwaving (2), smaller (2), dimensions (2), become (2), considered (2), error (2), laser (2), needles (2), each (2), year (2), unfortunately (2), areas (2), shown (2), maximum (2), sufficient (2), four (2), radial (2), 079 (2), 1911 (2), obtained (2), produced (2), abbreviated (2), cap (2), engine (2), placed (2), stump (2), freshly (2), cut (2), elevated (2), covering (2), caps (2), container (2), tend (2), penetrate (2), manner (2), usage (2), countries (2), hawaii (2), france (2), consisted (2), attaching (2), bark (2), seconds (2), claims (2), best (2), specialized (2), therefore (2), much (2), leaving (2), concentration (2), employed (2), basis (2), applying (2), closed (2), spirit (2), carrier (2), carried (2), advantages (2), controlled (2), adapted (2), disadvantages (2), throughout (2), same (2), frequently (2), excess (2), involves (2), reacts (2), discontinued (2), immersing (2), successive (2), changed (2), created (2), occurs (2), significant (2), hours (2), average (2), finds (2), 230 (2), gedrian (2), depth (2), somewhat (2), decreases (2), removed (2), tank (2), continue (2), reach (2), great (2), allowed (2), receive (2), directly (2), level (2), minutes (2), spraying (2), quantities (2), developments (2), coats (2), until (2), coat (2), dried (2), soaked (2), primarily (2), involve (2), means (2), variety (2), bored (2), revolution (2), sleepers (2), early (2), ensure (2), without (2), always (2), bacterial (2), buried (2), help (2), them (2), build (2), walls (2), clay (2), vietnam (2), rate (2), pests (2), typically (2), could (2), vapour (2), increase (2), specifically (2), modulus (2), cause (2), upon (2), cladding (2), expected (2), volatile (2), make (2), ships (2), penetrates (2), thin (2), makes (2), substances (2), responsible (2), act (2), studied (2), proposed (2), tannins (2), polyphenols (2), extremely (2), ago (2), decking (2), too (2), good (2), eastern (2), locust (2), coast (2), redwood (2), mined (2), ancient (2), puriri (2), ironbark (2), mainly (2), providing (2), repellent (2), measure (2), reason (2), easily (2), filed (2), stamm (2), tarkow (2), published (2), name (2), done (2), swelling (2), hydroxyls (2), comes (2), absorb (2), benefits (2), extended (2), issues (2), anhydride (2), structure (2), why (2), initiates (2), sites (2), reasons (2), bridge (2), biopolymers (2), resins (2), creates (2), manufactured (2), furfuryl (2), fast (2), softwood (2), polymer (2), particularly (2), strong (2), nobelwood (2), voc (2), compound (2), formulation (2), emulsions (2), outer (2), manufacturers (2), blue (2), dye (2), colored (2), ongoing (2), importance (2), virtually (2), penta (2), nexgen (2), agent (2), provides (2), surrounding (2), remains (2), environments (2), plant (2), raised (2), sunlight (2), markets (2), glass (2), top (2), carbonate (2), imparts (2), producers (2), substantially (2), normal (2), corrosive (2), interest (2), amounts (2), oxides (2), brand (2), humans (2), rather (2), susceptible (2), restricting (2), agents (2), likely (2), cuhdo (2), chromate (2), acza (2), approval (2), permitted (2), highway (2), classified (2), restricted (2), human (2), posed (2), risks (2), dismantling (2), removal (2), issued (2), 2002 (2), direct (2), previously (2), voluntary (2), agreement (2), risk (2), community (2), varying (2), ultraviolet (2), tradename (2), shall (2), instructions (2), precautions (2), regarding (2), southern (2), calculated (2), excellent (2), hazard (2), requirements (2), denoted (2), brands (2), dissolved (2), equivalent (2), wide (2), following (2), restrictions (2), governed (2), determine (2), volume (2), uptake (2), μca (2), epp (2), micro (2), mcq (2), mca (2), cis (2), communicate (2), handling (2), data (2), sheets (2), current (2), appropriate (2), personal (2), measures (2), citation (2), needed (2), practices (2), regulatory (2), operations (2), projects (2), aimed (2), degradation (2), biotic (2), here (2), upload (2), file (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, legal, contacts, disclaimers, text, you, agree, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, webarchive, template, matches, https, index, php, wood_preservation, oldid, 1367213289, latvia, czech, republic, gnd, databases, frameless, rift, quarter, flat, sawmill, hewing, mill, conversion, framers, guild, engravers, carvers, caricature, british, architectural, woodwork, institute, woodturners, organizations, finishing, steam, stripper, lacquer, french, polish, adhesive, purfling, oystering, edge, banding, binding, piecing, ovolo, ogive, ogee, bevel, bead, profiles, tongue, splice, scarf, rabbet, mortise, mason, lap, knee, headed, halved, dovetail, dado, crown, thorns, butterfly, butt, bridle, biscuit, birdsmouth, joints, geometry, surform, spokeshave, smoothing, shoulder, scrub, razee, moulding, jack, grooving, fore, block, bedrock, planes, scroll, ripsaw, keyhole, jigsaw, fretsaw, crosscut, circular, bucksaw, bandsaw, backsaw, saws, sawbuck, pipe, holdfast, gripe, band, clamps, workbench, scribe, winding, sticks, warrington, vise, planer, try, carpenters, square, shaving, horse, shaper, sandpaper, rasp, milling, mallet, janka, driver, hinge, bender, gauge, gimlet, float, drill, drawknife, chisel, burnisher, adze, abrasives, osb, glue, zebrano, willow, wenge, walnut, utile, sapele, rubberwood, rosewood, quebracho, ramin, ovankol, purpleheart, poplar, plum, pear, padauk, meranti, maple, mahogany, lovoa, linden, lime, basswood, lignum, vitae, jelutong, jarrah, iroko, ipê, imbuia, idigbo, hornbeam, hickory, hazel, elm, ebony, cumaru, cocobolo, chestnut, cherry, cedrela, camphor, bubinga, boxwood, bilinga, beech, balsa, avodire, aspen, apple, ash, anigre, andiroba, alder, afromosia, yew, rimu, juniper, cedrus, calocedrus, woodturning, whittling, treen, spindle, shipbuilding, weaving, segmented, root, relief, pyrography, pallet, crafting, millwork, luthier, kohlrosing, khatam, fretwork, ébéniste, chip, certosina, caning, cabinetry, bush, arrow, boat, styles, glossary, overviews, recycling, papermaking, mulch, list, destructive, certified, biomass, masts, tanbark, rail, brandy, potash, dugout, canoe, clapboard, billet, bavin, historical, woodchips, wool, flour, tall, ramial, chipped, liquor, barkdust, gas, tannin, sandalwood, pitch, pyroligneous, methanol, lye, smoke, dyes, cellulosic, ethanol, hemicellulose, derivatives, rayon, pulpwood, pulp, paperboard, corrugated, cardboard, pellet, firewood, firelog, biochar, charcoal, fuelwood, insulated, straw, masonite, lvl, glued, treenail, stud, sill, rafter, purlin, plank, panelling, molding, cabin, lath, flitch, cruck, cls, bressummer, batten, committee, alsc, formerly, preservers, mineral, albite, medicine, guide, selected, center, quest, diy, ltd, merchants, yard, winston, revie, third, edition, wiley, sons, italian, sivilculture, ecology, sisef, 1971, 7458, biogeosciences, chapter, cham, publishing, 906, 257902863, 2522, 8692, 81314, 81315, 899, handbooks, 92806290, 0043, 9339, 1017, s0043933918000909, litter, niemz, effect, change, walter, gruyter, gmbh, 546, 0018, 3830, 080, 539, bekhta, brocco, victor, fassina, paes, juarez, benigno, lais, gonçalves, brazolin, sérgio, arantes, marina, donária, chaves, 2099, jclepro, 074, 2017jcpro, 2093b, 2093, cleaner, junyi, shen, pang, song, gao, yun, xiao, guoyong, shujun, yingqian, s35, 25078835, s1001, 0742, 60621, 2013jenvs, 25s, 32h, s32, sciences, binbuga, nursen, ruhs, christopher, hasty, julia, henry, schultz, tor, developing, understanding, 269, 97166844, 038, 264, syofuna, banana, nakabonge, 163, 4067, s0718, 221x2012000200003, 155, maderas, ciencia, tecnología, efficiency, silveira, amanda, santini, elio, kulczynski, stela, trevisan, rômulo, wastowski, arci, gatto, darci, 3038, 29236851, 1590, 0001, 3765201720170485, 3031, anais, academia, brasileira, ciências, tannic, acacia, mearnsii, book, jones, dennis, brischke, christian, duxford, 9780081009925, morris, paul, stirling, rod, 1002, 15869687, 0459, 991, tripti, adya, protectant, 870, 16934998, 0448, 2012wdst, 851s, 851, dubreil, laurence, 225, 32370037, 7277147, antibiotics9050225, testing, october, goldstein, dreher, 1964, furfurylation, scaled, bert, kattenbroek, ratering, ferry, bongers, francesco, leicher, hal, stebbins, conference, istanbul, turkey, roger, zelinka, samuel, altgen, michael, emmerich, lukas, guigo, nathanael, keplinger, tobias, kymäläinen, maija, thybring, emil, thygesen, lisbeth, 2022, mdpi, 1004, 1999, 4907, f13071004, 2022fore, 1004z, functionalization, dick, andreja, surpass, cmi, defective, lawyers, california, timbersilwood, 1423, ch10132, naphthalene, diol, biphenol, hydroxy, naphthoic, organo, 901, ch05226, anrcatalog, ucdavis, edu, selecting, substitutes, exposures, tspace, library, utoronto, affecting, distribution, lykidis, charalampos, adamopoulos, stergios, kalafata, konstantina, brown, informa, 244, 1748, 0272, 1080, 17480272, 834969, 242, nigra, arabatzis, ioannis, gov, iccsafe, www, store, web, 618, lebow, stan, fed, pubs, acs, administration, preferred, apr, global, terzi, evren, papadopoulos, evaluation, mold, 144, 2014ibibi, 140m, carol, frederick, 1467, 2025, 20730119, 2920403, 1931, 7573, s11671, 9662, 2010nrl, 1464c, 1464, nanoscale, letters, weatherability, unique, leachability, efficacy, 495, 007, 2009ibibi, 490k, 490, sep, questions, answers, sealant, interim, landcaster, 1978, resin, nanotoxicology, leaky, homes, crisis, conservation, restoration, waterlogged, proof, ignited, held, moved, charred, cleaned, remove, bits, expose, iron, literally, shō, sugi, ban, burner, increases, microwave, concern, adversely, conducted, cooperative, centre, melbourne, permeability, heavily, modernised, manufacturing, ross, wye, merchant, trading, 1945, wider, visible, spokes, approximately, spoke, conventional, round, needle, figures, originate, 1998, prices, important, unsatisfactory, weathered, positions, machines, consist, essentially, revolving, drums, fitted, teeth, lasers, burn, tangential, direction, tested, 1912, shallow, slit, 1950s, butts, prepared, side, allow, transport, region, incise, philippines, hpsd, thick, mild, secured, sets, bolts, diesel, regulator, capacity, forced, placing, unpeeled, declining, skids, slightly, fastening, watertight, boring, ends, inserting, sulfate, satisfactorily, hydrostatic, forces, lengthwise, pushing, completely, considerable, experienced, revival, rica, bangladesh, india, approach, bag, standing, branches, attached, thereby, injecting, stream, transpiration, upward, trunk, contrary, static, empty, dynamic, inside, inconsistent, reverse, pit, closure, investment, incurred, intent, keep, absorbed, desired, changing, development, covered, his, injection, improvements, burnettizing, viscosity, varied, initial, energy, biggest, find, differ, details, loaded, tram, cars, set
Text of the page (random words):
use and 0 40 lb cu ft 6 4 kg m 3 for ground contact chemical specialties inc csi now viance received u s environmental protection agency s presidential green chemistry challenge award in 2002 for commercial introduction of acq its widespread use has eliminated major quantities of arsenic and chromium previously contained in cca copper azole edit copper azole preservative denoted as ca b and ca c under american wood protection association awpa standards is a major copper based wood preservative that has come into wide use in canada the us europe japan and australia following restrictions on cca its use is governed by national and international standards which determine the volume of preservative uptake required for a specific timber end use copper azole is similar to acq with the difference being that the dissolved copper preservative is augmented by an azole co biocide like organic triazoles such as tebuconazole or propiconazole which are also used to protect food crops instead of the quat biocide used in acq 11 the azole co biocide yields a copper azole product that is effective at lower retentions than required for equivalent acq performance the general appearance of wood treated with copper azole preservative is similar to cca with a green colouration copper azole treated wood is marketed widely under the preserve ca and wolmanized brands in north america and the tanalith brand across europe and other international markets the awpa standard retention for ca b is 0 10 lb cu ft 1 6 kg m 3 for above ground applications and 0 21 lb cu ft 3 4 kg m 3 for ground contact applications type c copper azole denoted as ca c has been introduced under the wolmanized and preserve brands the awpa standard retention for ca c is 0 06 lb cu ft 0 96 kg m 3 for above ground applications and 0 15 lb cu ft 2 4 kg m 3 for ground contact applications copper naphthenate edit copper naphthenate invented in denmark in 1911 has been used effectively for many applications including fencepost canvas nets greenhouses utility poles railroad ties beehives and wooden structures in ground contact copper naphthenate is registered with the epa as a non restricted use pesticide so there is no federal applicators licensing requirements for its use as a wood preservative copper naphthenate can be applied by brush dip or pressure treatment the university of hawaii has found that copper naphthenate in wood at loadings of 1 5 lb cu ft 24 kg m 3 is resistant to formosan termite attack on february 19 1981 the federal register outlined the epa s position regarding the health risks associated with various wood preservatives as a result the national park service recommended the use of copper naphthenate in its facilities as an approved substitute for pentachlorophenol creosote and inorganic arsenicals a 50 year study presented to awpa in 2005 by mike freeman and douglas crawford says this study reassessed the condition of the treated wood posts in southern mississippi and statistically calculated the new expected post life span it was determined that commercial wood preservatives like pentachlorophenol in oil creosote and copper naphthenate in oil provided excellent protection for posts with life spans now calculated to exceed 60 years surprisingly creosote and penta treated posts at 75 of the recommended awpa retention and copper naphthenate at 50 of the required awpa retention gave excellent performance in this awpa hazard zone 5 site untreated southern pine posts lasted 2 years in this test site 12 the awpa m4 standard for the care of preservative treated wood products reads the appropriateness of the preservation system for field treatment shall be determined by the type of preservative originally used to protect the product and the availability of a field treatment preservative because many preservative products are not packaged and labeled for use by the general public a system different from the original treatment may need to be utilized for field treatment users shall carefully read and follow the instructions and precautions listed on the product label when using these materials copper naphthenate preservatives containing a minimum of 2 0 copper metal are recommended for material originally treated with copper naphthenate pentachlorophenol creosote creosote solution or waterborne preservatives 13 the m4 standard has been adopted by the 14 international code council s icc 2015 international building code ibc section 2303 1 9 preservative treated wood and 2015 international residential code irc r317 1 1 field treatment the american association of state highway and transportation officials aashto has also adopted the awpa m4 standard a waterborne copper naphthenate is sold to consumers under the tradename qnap 5w oilborne copper naphthenates with 1 copper as metal solutions are sold to consumers under the tradenames copper green and wolmanized copper coat a 2 copper as metal solution is sold under the tradename tenino chromated copper arsenate cca edit main article chromated copper arsenate in cca treatment copper is the primary fungicide arsenic is a secondary fungicide and an insecticide and chromium is a fixative which also provides ultraviolet uv light resistance recognized for the greenish tint it imparts to timber cca is a preservative that was very common for many decades in the pressure treatment process an aqueous solution of cca is applied using a vacuum and pressure cycle and the treated wood is then stacked to dry during the process the mixture of oxides reacts to form insoluble compounds helping with leaching problems the process can apply varying amounts of preservative at varying levels of pressure to protect the wood against increasing levels of attack increasing protection can be applied in increasing order of attack and treatment for exposure to the atmosphere implantation within soil or insertion into a marine environment in the last decade concerns were raised that the chemicals may leach from the wood into surrounding soil resulting in concentrations higher than naturally occurring background levels a study cited in forest products journal found 12 13 of the chromated copper arsenate leached from treated wood buried in compost during a 12 month period once these chemicals have leached from the wood they are likely to bind to soil particles especially in soils with clay or soils that are more alkaline than neutral in the united states the us consumer product safety commission issued a report in 2002 stating that exposure to arsenic from direct human contact with cca treated wood may be higher than was previously thought on 1 january 2004 the environmental protection agency epa in a voluntary agreement with industry began restricting the use of cca in treated timber in residential and commercial construction with the exception of shakes and shingles permanent wood foundations and certain commercial applications this was in an effort to reduce the use of arsenic and improve environmental safety although the epa were careful to point out that they had not concluded that cca treated wood structures in service posed an unacceptable risk to the community the epa did not call for the removal or dismantling of existing cca treated wood structures in australia the australian pesticides and veterinary medicines authority apvma 15 restricted the use of cca preservative for treatment of timber used in certain applications from march 2006 cca may no longer be used to treat wood used in intimate human contact applications such as children s play equipment furniture residential decking and handrailing use for low contact residential commercial and industrial applications remains unrestricted as does its use in all other situations the apvma decision to restrict the use of cca in australia was a precautionary measure even though the report 16 found no evidence that demonstrated cca treated timber posed unreasonable risks to humans in normal use similarly to the us epa the apvma did not recommend dismantling or removal of existing cca treated wood structures in europe directive 2003 2 ec restricts the marketing and use of arsenic including cca wood treatment cca treated wood is not permitted to be used in residential or domestic constructions it is permitted for use in various industrial and public works such as bridges highway safety fencing electric power transmission and telecommunications poles in the united kingdom waste timber treated with cca was classified in july 2012 as hazardous waste by the department for the environment food and rural affairs 17 other copper compounds edit these include copper hdo bis n cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy copper or cuhdo copper chromate copper citrate acid copper chromate and ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate acza the cuhdo treatment is an alternative to cca acq and ca used in europe and in approval stages for united states and canada acza is generally used for marine applications borate edit boric acid oxides and salts borates are effective wood preservatives 18 and are supplied under numerous brand names throughout the world one of the most common compounds used is disodium octaborate tetrahydrate na 2 b 8 o 13 4h 2 o commonly abbreviated dot borate treated wood is of low toxicity to humans and does not contain copper or other heavy metals however unlike most other preservatives borate compounds do not become fixed in the wood and can be partially leached out if exposed repeatedly to water that flows away rather than evaporating evaporation leaves the borate behind so is not a problem even though leaching will not normally reduce boron concentrations below effective levels for preventing fungal growth borates should not be used where they will be exposed to repeated rain water or ground contact unless the exposed surfaces are treated to repel water 19 zinc borate compounds are less susceptible to leaching than sodium borate compounds but are still not recommended for below ground use unless the timber is first sealed 20 recent interest in low toxicity timber for residential use along with new regulations restricting some wood preservation agents has resulted in a resurgence of the use of borate treated wood for floor beams and internal structural members researchers at csiro in australia have developed organoborates which are much more resistant to leaching while still providing timber with good protection from termite and fungal attack 21 22 the cost of the production of these modified borates will limit their widespread take up but they are likely to be suitable for certain niche applications especially where low mammalian toxicity is of paramount importance pti edit recent concerns about the health and environmental effects of metallic wood preservatives have created a market interest in non metallic wood preservatives such as propiconazole tebuconazole imidacloprid better known as pti the american wood protection association awpa standards for pti require a retention of 0 018 lb cu ft 0 29 kg m 3 for above ground use and 0 013 lb cu ft 0 21 kg m 3 when applied in combination with a wax stabilizer the awpa has not developed a standard for a pti ground contact preservative so pti is currently limited to above ground applications such as decks all three of the pti components are also used in food crop applications the very low required amounts of pti in pressure treated wood further limits effects and substantially decreases the freight costs and associated environmental impacts for shipping preservative components to the pressure treating plants the pti preservative imparts very little color to the wood producers generally add a color agent or a trace amount of copper solution so as to identify the wood as pressure treated and to better match the color of other pressure treated wood products the pti wood products are very well adapted for paint and stain applications with no bleed through the addition of the wax stabilizer allows a lower preservative retention plus substantially reduces the tendency of wood to warp and split as it dries in combination with normal deck maintenance and sealer applications the stabilizer helps maintain appearance and performance over time pti pressure treated wood products are no more corrosive than untreated wood and are approved for all types of metal contact including aluminum pti pressure treated wood products are relatively new to the market place and are not yet widely available in building supply stores however there are some suppliers selling pti products for delivery anywhere in the us on a job lot order basis sodium silicate edit sodium silicate is produced by fusing sodium carbonate with sand or heating both ingredients under pressure it has been in use since the 19th century it can be a deterrent against insect attack and possesses minor flame resistant properties however it is easily washed out of wood by moisture forming a flake like layer on top of the wood timber treatment technology llc markets timbersil a sodium silicate wood preservative the timbersil proprietary process surrounds the wood fibers with a protective non toxic amorphous glass matrix the result is a product the company calls glass wood which they claim is class a fire retardant chemically inert rot and decay resistant and superior in strength to untreated wood 23 timbersil is currently involved in litigation over its claims 24 25 potassium silicate edit there are a number of european natural paint fabricants that have developed potassium silicate potassium waterglass based preservatives they frequently include boron compounds cellulose lignin and other plant extracts they are a surface application with a minimal impregnation for internal use bifenthrin spray edit in australia a water based bifenthrin preservative has been developed to improve the insect resistance of timber as this preservative is applied by spray it only penetrates the outer 2 mm of the timber cross section concerns have been raised as to whether this thin envelope system will provide protection against insects in the longer term particularly when exposed to sunlight for extended periods fire retardant treated edit the fireproofing of wood utilizes a fire retardant chemical that remains stable in high temperature environments the fire retardant is applied under pressure at a wood treating plant like the preservatives described above or applied as a surface coating in both cases treatment provides a physical barrier to flame spread the treated wood chars but does not oxidize effectively this creates a convective layer that transfers flame heat to the wood in a uniform way which significantly slows the progress of fire to the material there are several commercially available wood based construction materials using pressure treatment such as those marketed in the united states and elsewhere under the trade names of firepro burnblock wood safe dricon d blaze and pyro guard as well as factory applied coatings under the trade names of pi...
|
