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51 98 22 e g commission v belgium 2000 c 478 98 holding that a law forbidding belgian residents getting securities of loans on the eurobond was unjustified discrimination it was disproportionate in preserving as belgium argued fiscal coherence or supervision see commission v united kingdom 2001 c 98 01 and commission v netherlands 2006 c 282 04 ag maduro s opinion on golden shares in kpn nv and tpg nv 2007 c 112 05 2010 c 171 08 1 2 tfeu art 345 see delors report report on economic and monetary union in the ec 1988 e g j stiglitz too important for bankers 11 june 2003 the guardian and j stiglitz the price of inequality 2011 ch 9 and 349 see r hale coercion and distribution in a supposedly non coercive state 1923 38 political science quarterly 472 rb reich saving capitalism for the many not the few 2015 chs 2 4 7 and 21 see for example s deakin and f wilkinson rights vs efficiency the economic case for transnational labour standards 1994 23 4 industrial law journal 289 see teu art 3 3 and directives and regulations issued under tfeu arts 101 109 and 145 172 1976 case 43 75 10 see louis k liggett co v lee 288 u s 517 1933 see tfeu part iii arts 26 197 further ao hirschmann exit voice and loyalty 1970 see british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 106 stating tfeu article 102 is aimed not only at practices which may cause prejudice to consumers directly but also at those which are detrimental to them through their impact on an effective competition structure tfeu art 169 tfeu art 169 3 and the cfreu art 38 1 2 see banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 case c 618 10 39 and océano grupo editorial and salvat editores 2000 c 240 98 to c 244 98 and 2000 ecr i 4941 25 product liability directive 1985 85 374 eec recital 1 and 6 pld 1985 arts 1 and 3 utccd 1993 93 13 ec and see h collins good faith in european contract law 1994 14 ojls 229 banco español de crédito sa v camino 2012 case c 618 10 see further for the history behind the parallel in german contract law bgb 307 münchener kommentar zum bürgerlichen gesetzbuch 307 rn 32 rwe ag v verbraucherzentrale nrw ev 2013 c 92 11 2013 c 488 11 2013 case c 415 11 2014 case c 34 13 tfeu art 147 tfeu art 153 1 see further o kahn freund hugo sinzheimer in labour law and politics in the weimar republic 1981 103 the technique of bourgeois society and its law is to cover social facts and factors of social existence with abstractions property contract legal person all these abstractions contain within them socially opposed and contradictory phenomena property used for production and property used for consumption agreements between equal parties and agreements between unequal parties capitalist and worker through abstraction it is possible to extend legal rules which are appropriate to the social phenomenon for which they were originally developed to other social phenomena thereby concealing the exercise of social power behind a veil of law a supiot beyond employment changes in work and the future of labour law in europe 2001 s deakin and f wilkinson the law of the labour market 2005 90 see the charter s text european social charter 1961 art 2 1 wtd 2003 art 7 referring to four weeks and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of weekly as meaning a seven day period the choice to phrase time off as weeks was interpreted by the uk supreme court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time rather than separate days in the uk context russell v transocean international resources ltd 2011 uksc 57 19 see further jm keynes economic possibilities of our grandchildren 1930 arguing a 15 hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared e g institutions for occupational retirement provision directive 2003 arts 11 12 17 18 e g pensions act 2004 ss 241 243 udhr art 24 holidays with pay convention 1970 no 132 and see also the european social charter 1961 art 2 1 wtd 2003 art 7 in the uk the implementing working time regulations 1998 state 5 6 weeks is needed although this is also 28 days as a week was originally taken to refer to a 5 day working week wtd 2003 arts 2 5 and 8 13 wtd 2003 arts 6 and 17 and pfeiffer v deutsches kreuz kreisverband waldshut ev 2005 c 397 01 boyle v equal opportunities commission 1998 c 411 96 requires pay be at least the same level as statutory sick pay safety and health at work directive 1989 art 11 see also the health and safety of atypical workers directive 1991 extends these protections to people who do not have typical full time or permanent employment contracts 2010 c 555 07 echr art 11 this codified traditions in democratic member states before world war ii see for example crofter hand woven harris tweed co ltd v veitch 1941 ukhl 2 2002 echr 552 2008 echr 1345 demir and baykara v turkey 2008 echr 1345 see further enerji yapi yol sen v turkey 2009 application no 68959 01 2007 c 438 05 2007 c 319 05 and c 319 06 e g the rome i regulation 1991 c 6 90 statute for a european company regulation 2001 no 2157 2001 statute for a european company regulation 2001 art 3 employee involvement directive 2001 annex see for example bce inc v 1976 debentureholders 2008 3 scr 560 contrast lubbe v cape plc 2000 ukhl 41 and chandler v cape plc 2012 ewca civ 525 see the thirteenth company law directive 2004 2004 25 ec insolvency regulation ec 1346 2000 centros ltd v erhversus og selkabssyrelsen 1999 c 212 97 kamer van koophandel en fabrieken voor amsterdam v inspire art ltd 2003 c 167 01 1 2 see ld brandeis other people s money and how the bankers use it 1914 and e mcgaughey does corporate governance exclude the ultimate investor 2016 16 1 journal of corporate law studies 221 see m gold worker directors in the uk and the limits of policy transfer from europe since the 1970s 2005 20 historical studies in industrial relations 29 35 dodd frank wall street reform and consumer protection act 2010 957 inserting securities exchange act 1934 6 b 10 institutions for occupational retirement provision directive 2003 2003 41 ec ucits directive 2009 art 19 3 o see n moloney eu securities and financial markets regulation 3rd edn 2014 on the original conception of the need for securities market regulation see aa berle and gc means the modern corporation and private property 1932 part iii ucits v directive 2014 91 eu 2004 39 ec art 18 on conflicts of interest 2011 61 eu art 3 2 2011 61 eu respectively arts 22 23 13 and annex ii 14 and 30 eur lex 32009l0138 en eur lex eur lex europa eu 2004 case t 201 04 1052 konkurrensverket v teliasonera sverige 2011 c 52 09 22 glaxosmithkline services unlimited v commission 2009 c 513 06 63 british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 106 europemballage corporation and continental can company inc v commission 1973 case 6 72 26 also teu art 3 3 states the eu s goals as aiming at full employment and social progress and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment höfner and elser v macrotron gmbh 1991 c 41 90 see federación española de empresas de tecnología sanitaria fenin v commission 2003 t 319 99 opinion of ag jacobs in albany international bv v stichting bedrijfspensioenfonds textielindustrie 1999 c 67 96 tfeu art 49 distinguishes the right of establishment for self employed persons from the right to set up and manage undertakings transfers of understakings directive 2001 23 ec art 1 b defines an economic entity as an organised grouping of resources contrast fnv kunsten informatie en media v staat der nederlanden 2014 c 413 13 and clarification that solo self employed persons will not be subject to competition law in communication from the commission guidelines on the application of union competition law to collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self employed persons 2022 c 374 02 see the clayton act 1914 s 6 ilo freedom of association and protection of the right to organise convention 1948 no 87 which protects anyone including self employed who works for a living echr article 11 freedom of association subject only to proportionate restrictions in a democracy wouters v algemene raad van de nederlandsche orde van advocaten 2002 c 309 99 2002 ecr i 1577 meca medina and majcen v commission 2006 c 519 04 p 2006 ecr i 6991 see societe technique miniere v maschinenbau ulm gmbh 1996 ecr 234 249 and javico international and javico ag v yves saint laurent parfums sa 1998 ecr i 1983 25 see courage ltd v crehan 2001 c 453 99 the matters to be taken into account include the economic and legal context and the respective bargaining power and conduct of the two parties to the contract akzo chemie bv v commission 1991 c 62 86 60 cf hoffmann la roche co ag v commission 1979 case 85 76 41 very large shares are in themselves evidence of a dominant position british airways plc v commission 2003 t 219 99 211 224 225 given the nearest rival only had a 5 5 market share società italiana vetro spa v commission 1992 t 68 89 358 compagnie maritime belge transports sa v commission 2000 c 395 96 41 45 viho europe bv v commission 1996 c 73 95 16 europemballage corp and continental can co inc v commission 1973 case 6 72 26 list in treaties not an exhaustive enumeration united brands co v commission 1978 case 27 76 250 252 comp c 1 36 915 deutsche post ag interception of cross border mail 25 july 2001 para 166 akzo chemie bv v commission 1991 c 62 86 71 72 france telecom sa v commission 2009 c 202 07 2012 c 457 10 p 98 and 132 1 2 curia documents curia europa eu 1974 cases 6 7 73 2004 case t 201 04 british airways plc v commission 2007 c 95 04 68 2004 case t 201 04 2017 c 413 14 2022 t 286 09 renv merger regulation 2004 139 2004 ec arts 1 and 2 3 e g tetra laval bv v commission 2002 t 5 02 155 e g m bajgar g berlingieri s calligaris c criscuolo and j timmis industry concentration in europe and north america january 2019 oecd productivity working paper no 18 2 2014 c 434 13 e g ici ltd v commission 1972 cases 48 57 69 66 ceced 2000 oj l187 47 48 51 also philips osram 1994 oj l378 37 see further h collins the european civil code the way forward 2009 brussels i regulation 2012 1215 2012 rome i regulation ec 593 2008 arts 3 and 8 rome ii regulation ec no 864 2007 copyright term directive 2006 2006 116 ec art 1 copyright and information society directive 2001 29 eur lex 02015l2436 20151223 en eur lex eur lex europa eu european social charter 1961 arts 7 10 and 17 icescr 1966 art 13 2 c cf in the uk the higher education act 2004 ss 23 24 and 31 39 tuition fees and plans and higher education higher amount regulations 2010 regs 4 5a for and example see the french education code arts l712 1 to 7 governing bodies and higher education law 2019 art 90 academic council powers compare the oxford university statute iv and vi council regulations 13 of 2002 regs 4 10 majority elected council tracing back to oxford university act 1854 ss 16 and 21 and higher education governance scotland act 2016 ss 10 and 18 icescr 1966 art 13 2 c higher education shall be made equally accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education udhr 1948 art 26 free at least in the elementary and fundamental stages and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit european social charter 1961 arts 7 10 and 17 cf echr 1950 protocol 1 article 2 and the belgian linguistic case no 2 1968 1 ehrr 252 cfreu 2000 art 14 w rüegg et al a history of the university in europe 1992 vol 1 universities in the middle ages see further s garben eu higher education law the bologna process and harmonization by stealth 2011 commission v austria 2005 c 147 03 higher requirements for non austrians mainly germans were held invalid despite the alleged structural staffing and financial problems commission v belgium 2004 c 65 03 held invalid belgian university limits on foreign mainly french students see skovgaard petersen henrik december 2013 there and back again portability of student loans grants and fee support in a free movement perspective european law review 38 6 783 s2cid 140851472 r bidar v london borough of ealing 2005 c 209 03 under tfeu arts 18 21 france education code arts l712 1 to 7 french higher education law 2019 art 90 l crehan cleverlands the secrets behind the success of the world s education superpowers 2011 udhr 1948 art 25 icescr 1966 art 12 2 d european social charter 1961 art 13 cfreu 2000 art 35 echr 1950 arts 2 3 and 8 right to life see w beveridge social insurance and allied services 1942 cmd 6404 part vi 427 restoration of a sick person to health is a duty of the state and the sick person prior to any other consideration department of health nhs constitution for england 27 july 2015 art 1 2 access to nhs services is based on clinical need not an individual s ability to pay the uk s nhs since 2010 has suffered from substantial underfunding and increasing privatisation after the health and social care act 2012 ss 164 5 amending nhs act 2006 s 43a see germany sozialgesetzbuch v 1 6 12 20 and 138 germany health system review 2020 22 6 hsit 1 30 49 patients rights directive 2011 24 eu arts 4 8 see ehic decision 2003 751 ec no 189 2008 echr 453 d v united kingdom 1997 24 ehrr 423 udhr 1948 art 23 icescr 1966 art 7 e mcgaughey principles of enterprise law the economic constitution and human rights cambridge up 2022 ch 10 tfeu art 131 tfeu art 283 2 european central bank statute arts 10 11 tfeu art 282 and teu art 3 3 in the opec led 1970s energy crisis and the russia and opec led 2021 2022 global energy crisis tfeu art 282 and teu art 3 3 m roth employment as a goal of monetary policy of the european central bank 2015 ssrn com argues that the price stability objective cannot be interpreted in a way that conflicts with general eu goals statute of the european central bank art 19 statute of the european central bank art 18 1 2015 c 62 14 103 105 credit institutions directive 2013 36 eu arts 8 18 35 88 96 capital requirements regulation eu no 575 2013 arts 114 134 deposit guarantee directive 2014 49 eu see gross national income regulation eu 2019 516 arts 1 2 k raworth doughnut economics 2017 see the multilateral financial framework regulation 2020 2093 annex i treaty on stability coordination and governance in the economic and monetary union arts 3 4 pringle v government of ireland 2012 c 370 12 held the mechanism lawful despite a challenge that it exceeded the eu s competence for economic policy gross national income regulation eu 2019 516 arts 1 2 see previously gdp directive 89 130 eec now repealed see the proposals for an eu financial transaction tax and minor policies of an eu withholding tax and eu tax haven blacklist echr 1950 art 2 iccpr 1966 art 6 1 cfreu 2000 art 37 tfeu art 3 3 improvement of the environment iccpr 1966 art 1 2 and icescr 1966 art 1 2 see also tfeu art 194 requiring a functioning energy market security of supply energy efficiency and new and renewable forms of energy and network interconn...
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