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iranian culture islamic democracy islamic modernism islamic nationalism moderate conservatism realpolitik republicanism sovereigntism mosaddeghist groups anti clericalism anti communism anti imperialism freedom of the press iranian nationalism nationalization popular sovereignty pro americanism secular state social democracy sovereigntism opposition groups post 1979 anti clericalism anti islamism anti communism economic freedom iranian nationalism persian land reform secular state westernisation history persian constitutional revolution iranian enlightenment governments of mohammad mosaddegh chain murders of iran mohammad khatami s reforms iranian green movement woman life freedom movement protests 1979 international women s day 1999 2003 2009 2011 2012 2016 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2021 2022 2022 2023 2025 2026 intellectuals bakhtiar beheshti dehkhoda jahanbegloo kadivar kasravi kermani malkam khan shariati shayegan soroush tabatabai taleghani reformists aghajari malekian shabestari tajzadeh politicians alam alijani bakhtiar bazargan ebadi fatemi madani mosaddegh pahlavi i early sadighi sanjabi shariatmadari yazdi zaim reformists aref damad ebtekar khomeini hassan khomeini hussein karroubi khatami mohammad khatami mohammad reza mansouri mohtashami montazeri motahari mousavi nouri pezeshkian rafsanjani akbar rafsanjani faezeh rouhani saanei shahindokht zanjani zarif exile opposition bashirtash pahlavi reza commentators alinejad baghi boniadi ganji kar mohammadi nafisi sherkat reformists abdi hajjarian zeidabadi parties constitutionalist party freedom movement iran party iran novin party united republicans reformists association of combatant clerics executives of construction party union of islamic iran people party voice of the nation defunct democrat party muslim people s republic party national council of resistance of iran national democratic front national resistance movement of iran people s party radical movement of iran revival party revolutionary republican party of iran progressives social democratic party alliances iran national council national front reformists council for coordinating the reforms front reformists front organisations 7 aban front azadegan organization iran prosperity project reformists baran foundation omid iranian foundation media ayandegan iran international overseas tehran bureau reformists aftab yazd asr e maa asrar ayande ye no bahar ebtekar etemad ham mihan hambastegi hayat e no kalameh sabz khordad salam shargh yas e no zan related topics dialogue among civilisations gharbzadegi intellectual movements in iran iranian opposition shia opposition iranian pragmatists islamic feminism islamo leftism lgbtq rights in iran transgender rights liberal autocracy pahlavism lion and sun flag politics of iran anarchism conservatism socialism secularism in iran women s rights in iran feminism woman life freedom liberalism portal iran portal v t e part of a series on socialism in iran ideologies anarchism communism and marxism leninism marxism leninism maoism trotskyism democratic socialism eco socialism islamic socialism shariatism left conservatism left wing nationalism liberal socialism revolutionary socialism social democracy mosaddeghism principles anti capitalism anti clericalism anti imperialism equal opportunity proletariat radical democracy redistribution republicanism social equality social justice solidarity history persian constitutional revolution persian socialist soviet republic siahkal incident iranian revolution 1988 executions people ahmadzadeh eskandari hekmat jazani mosaddegh rajavi maryam rajavi massoud sami shariati sultan zade parties active including banned communist party of iran council of nationalist religious activists iran party kurdistan free life party tudeh party of iran defunct azerbaijani democratic party communist party of persia comrades party democrat party jama jungle party iran unity party league of iranian socialists miro movement of god worshipping socialists social democratic party socialist party socialist revolutionary party toilers party of the iranian nation union and progress party alliances national council of resistance of iran national front united front of progressive parties organisations fedaian organisation fadaiyan e khalq 1980 1985 iranian people s fedai guerrillas mek mojahedin e khalq movement of militant muslims oipfg fip organization of communist revolutionaries organization of iranian people s fedaian peykar razmandegan union of communist militants union of iranian communists young communist league of persia media mardom mojahed related topics assembly of the forces of imam s line islamo leftism iranian land reform iranian opposition politics of iran conservatism liberalism monarchism religious nationalists secularism in iran socialism portal iran portal v t e the national front of iran persian جبهه ملی ایران romanized jebhe ye melli ye irân is an opposition political organization in iran 5 founded in 1949 by mohammad mosaddegh it is the country s oldest and arguably largest pro democracy group operating inside iran although it has never regained the prominence it enjoyed in the early 1950s 6 5 7 initially the national front was an umbrella organization for a broad coalition of forces with nationalist liberal democratic socialist bazaari secular and islamic tendencies that mobilized to successfully campaign for the nationalization of the iranian oil industry in 1951 the national front formed a government which was deposed by the 1953 iranian coup d état and subsequently repressed 8 members attempted to revive the national front in 1960 1965 and 1977 before 1953 and throughout the 1960s the national front was torn by strife between secular and religious elements 7 9 over time its coalition split into various squabbling factions with the national front gradually emerging as the leading organization of secular liberals 1 with nationalist members adhering to liberal democracy and social democracy 5 during the iranian revolution the front supported the overthrow of the monarchy and its replacement with an islamic republic 3 in the early years of the post revolutionary government it served as the primary symbol of the nationalist movement 10 it was banned in july 1981 although it is under constant surveillance and officially illegal it remains active inside iran 5 background edit the establishment of the national front followed the deposition of reza shah after the anglo soviet invasion of iran while the invasion caused much social and political suffering in iran it liberated iran from the yoke of reza shah s dictatorship and ushered in a new half sourced body of constitutional governance under the new shah mohammad reza pahlavi in which the people were more free to express their opinions 11 specifically the removal of reza shah from power gave way to freedom of public opinion the release of political convicts and the restoration of dignity to those who were excluded during the first pahlavi period 12 through this newfound relative freedom political parties began emerging across the country another contributing factor was the temporary absence of a superior political power for a portion of time following reza shah s deposition leading to the creation of various new centers of powers in the country this was manisfested in part through the creation of diverse political parties another consequence of this newfound political landscape was the emergence of iranian nationalism consisting of two major factors the fight against tyranny and internal corruption and the opposition to foreign interference the national front found its origins through these environmental underlying factors 13 mossadegh era 1949 1953 edit the national front had its roots in a protest against ballot rigging where mohammad mosaddegh led a peaceful procession from his house to the marble palace on 15 october 1949 threatened to take sanctuary in a major mosque or shrine and was eventually allowed into the palace with 19 other people where they stayed for four days the shah mohammad reza pahlavi eventually gave in and promised fair and honest elections 14 after the sit in the leaders of the protest formed the national front and elected mossadegh to be its chairman the national front was conceived to be a broad alliance of like minded associations rather than individuals as in a normal political party with the aim of strengthening democracy press freedom and constitutional government 14 the most important groups in the national front were the iran party the toilers party the national party and the tehran association of bazaar trade and craft guilds 15 16 soon after its founding the national front opposed the existing western domination and control of iran s natural resources and related revenues which began with colonialist concessions during the qajar era since the early 1910s iran s oil assets were dominated by the anglo iranian oil company aioc whose predecessor company in bought the concession from william knox d arcy 17 d arcy had negotiated the concession in 1901 with mozaffar ad din shah qajar the shah of iran who granted a 60 year petroleum search concession in a transaction in which the only money to change hands was a single personal payment to the shah by d arcy 18 in truth the british government owned 51 percent of shares in the aioc and by 1950 revenue generated by the abadan refinery a staple of the iranian oil concession was the british government s single largest overseas investment 19 even after acceding to a renegotiated arrangement with the shah s government in 1933 the aioc which later became bp persistently violated the terms of the concession agreement even as iran s movement for nationalization grew in the late 1940s the aioc remained obstinate 20 although aioc was highly profitable its iranian workers were poorly paid and lived in squalid conditions the goal of the national front was to nationalize iran s oil resources and to counteract british dominance of iran s internal affairs by initiating direct relations with the united states the national front became the governing coalition when it took office in april 1951 with mosaddegh elected prime minister mosaddegh s minister of foreign affairs hossein fatemi enforced the oil nationalization act passed by the majlis in march and ratified by the senate the act reluctantly signed by the shah called for nationalization of the assets held by aioc from which the government of iran had hitherto only received minimal compensation this led to british counter moves and the loss of nearly all oil incomes for both sides during the abadan crisis citation needed though nominally supportive of the united kingdom s position the united states refused to intervene directly after anglo french efforts to topple mossadegh s government and restore the status quo only resulted in increased instability and compounded financial loses the british government again sought american intervention u s president dwight d eisenhower reluctantly authorized the central intelligence agency cia to overthrow the mossadegh government in an event known as the 1953 iranian coup d état prior to the coup the national front was made up of four main parties the iran party which was founded in 1946 as a platform for iranian liberals including figures such as karim sanjâbi gholam hossein sadighi ahmad zirakzadeh and allah yar saleh the toilers party of the iranian nation a left wing party that advocated a non communist socialist iran led by mozzafar baghai and khalil maleki and the society of muslim warriors an islamic party led by âyatollâh âbol ghâsem kâšâni 21 second and third national front edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2020 learn how and when to remove this message in the aftermath of the 1953 coup the national front was outlawed and its highest ranking leaders arrested and brought before a military court the military coup established mohammad reza shah as the supreme leader of iran although nominal power was held by prime minister fazlollah zahedi who was paid by the cia to help overthrow mossadegh and strengthen the power of the monarchy in an atmosphere of police repression several former members of the national front mostly low ranking leaders established an underground network called the national resistance movement this group included future prime ministers mehdi bazargan and shapour bakhtiar and its aim was to reestablish democracy by campaigning for free and fair elections its activities were largely restricted to peacefully distributing flyers and attempting to regulate the 1954 majlis elections which in the end were rigged in favor of pro shah candidates it disintegrated under pressure from the state however the second national front was formed in 1960 which consisted of prominent people such as karim sanjabi mehdi bazargan allahyar saleh shapour bakhtiar adib boroumand asqar pârsâ dâryuš foruhar qolâm hosseyn sadiqi mohamad ali khonji and others its aim was to return mohammad mossadegh to the premiership and to reestablish the constitutional monarchy initially it seemed as if this organization was gaining in strength however the group s leaders fell into disagreements over questions such as the organization of the front tactics against the shah s regime and the form of government to which the national front ought to commit itself these disputes led to tension between the high ranking leaders and the student activists in 1961 bazargan mahmoud taleghani a prominent islamic cleric and others formed the freedom movement of iran fmi which was committed to a democratic state in which the islamic religion would play a substantial role in state and society as opposed to the more secular orientation of the national front another issue arose over the appointment in april 1961 of dr ali amini to the premiership it was widely believed that the shah had chosen amini under pressure from the kennedy administration in the united states partly for this reason the national front s leaders persistently refused to collaborate with or lend support to amini s government however political turmoil grew worse amini stepped down from the premiership in 1962 owing to his dispute with the shah over the former s plans to reduce the military budget in june the following year a huge religious uprising occurred in the cities of tehran qom mashad shiraz and varamin which was put down with ruthless force by the iranian army the unrest had been sparked by the arrest of ayatollah ruhollah khomeini a vocal critic of the shah and his program of land reforms and granting women the right to vote around this time the third national front was formed which consisted of the fmi religious nationalists melli mazhabis the iran nation party the party of dâryuš foruhar nation party of iran the society of iranian socialists led by khalil m...
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