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3 11th century john climacus the ladder of divine ascent copied by nikrai 1160 jruchi gospels 13th century mokvi gospel nca q 902 1300 vani four gospels nca a 1335 12th 13th cc mkhedruli script examples edit royal charter of king bagrat iv of georgia royal charter of king george ii of georgia royal charter of king david iv of georgia royal charter of king george iii of georgia royal charter of queen tamar of georgia royal charter of king george iv of georgia royal charter of king george v of georgia see also edit armazic language bashplemi lake tablet notes edit dated per bir el qutt inscriptions archaeologically documented oldest found georgian inscription exact date of introduction is unclear 1 2 ჳ and უ have the same numeric value 400 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 unicode standard v 6 3 u10a0 p 3 1 2 shanidze 2000 p 444 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 seibt werner 8 september 2011 the creation of the caucasian alphabets as phenomenon of cultural history via academia edu machavariani 2011 p 329 sfn error no target citerefmachavariani2011 help hüning vogl moliner 2012 p 299 georgian alphabet granted cultural heritage status agenda ge 10 march 2015 archived from the original on 1 december 2016 retrieved 30 november 2016 living culture of three writing systems of the georgian alphabet representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity unesco archived from the original on 3 december 2016 retrieved 30 november 2016 1 2 3 hewitt 1995 p 4 west 2010 p 230 archaeological work in the last decade has confirmed that a georgian alphabet did exist very early in georgia s history with the first examples being dated from the fifth century c e chilashvili levan 2004 ნეკრესის უძველესი ქართული წარწერები და ქართული დამწერლობის ისტორიის საკითხები the ancient georgian inscriptions of nekresi and questions of the history of georgian writing in georgian tbilisi georgian national museum georgian academy of sciences pp 17 18 isbn 99940 0 220 1 fähnrich heinz 2013 die ältesten georgischen inschriften the oldest georgian inscriptions leiden boston pp 190 193 isbn 978 9004249219 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link rapp 2003 p 19 footnote 43 the date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial i cannot support chilashvili s dubious hypothesis rayfield 2013 1 2 rapp 2010 p 139 kemertelidze 1999 pp 228 229 koryun 1981 the life of mashtots translated by norehad bedros archived from the original on 27 september 2011 retrieved 24 april 2018 via armenianhouse org rayfield 2013 p 19 the georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre christian origin for the major archaeological monument of the 1st century 4ix the bilingual armazi gravestone commemorating serafua daughter of the georgian viceroy of mtskheta is inscribed in greek and aramaic only it has been believed and not only in armenia that all the caucasian alphabets armenian georgian and caucaso albanian were invented in the 4th century by the armenian scholar mesrop mashtots the georgian chronicles the life of kartli assert that a georgian script was invented two centuries before christ an assertion unsupported by archaeology there is a possibility that the georgians like many minor nations of the area wrote in a foreign language persian aramaic or greek and translated back as they read bowersock brown grabar 1999 p 289 alphabets mastoc was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity through partition and its newly acquired christian faith through sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism by preaching in armenian he was able to undermine and co opt the discourse founded in native tradition and to create a counterweight against both byzantine and syriac cultural hegemony in the church mastoc also created the georgian and caucasian albanian alphabets based on the armenian model acharian hrachia 1984 հայոց գրերը the armenian script հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար in armenian yerevan hayastan publishing p 181 կասկածել կորյունի վրա նշանակում է առհասարակ ուրանալ պատմությունը to doubt koryun s account means to deny history itself acharian hrachia 1984 հայոց գրերը the armenian script հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար in armenian yerevan hayastan publishing p 391 408 հնարում է վրաց գրերը thomson 1996 pp xxii xxiii rapp 2003 p 450 there is also the claim advanced by koriwn in his saintly biography of mashtoc mesrop that the georgian script had been invented at the direction of mashtoc yet it is within the realm of possibility that this tradition repeated by many later armenian historians may not have been part of the original fifth century text at all but added after 607 significantly all of the extant mss containing the life of mashtoc were copied centuries after the split consequently scribal manipulation reflecting post schism especially anti georgian attitudes potentially contaminates all mss copied after that time it is therefore conceivable though not yet proven that valuable information about georgia transmitted by pre schism armenian texts was excised by later post schism individuals greppin 1981 pp 449 456 thomson robert w 1991 the history of łazar pʻarpecʻi atlanta georgia pp 46 50 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link kemertelidze 1999 pp 229 230 the greek and the caucasian alphabets manuscripts gippert jost 2026 the greek and the caucasian alphabets manuscripts 3 march 2026 kemertelidze 1999 pp 228 haarmann 2012 p 299 1 2 daniels 1996 p 367 machavariani 2011 p 177 sfn error no target citerefmachavariani2011 help პალესტინის ქართული წარწერები pdf georgian soviet encyclopedia vol 7 1984 pp 651 652 შანიძე ა 1977 ბოლნისის წარწერები ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია vol 2 თბილისი pp 454 455 cite encyclopedia cs1 maint location missing publisher link დანელია კ სარჯველაძე ზ 1997 ქართული პალეოგრაფია თბილისი pp 218 219 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link მაჭავარიანი ე 1989 მწიგნობრობაჲ ქართული თბილისი cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link ინგოროყვა პ 1966 შოთა რუსთაველი მნათობი 3 116 machavariani 2011 pp 121 122 sfn error no target citerefmachavariani2011 help პატარიძე რ 1980 ქართული ასომთავრული თბილისი pp 151 260 261 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link ჯავახიშვილი ივ 1949 ქართული დამწერლობათა მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია თბილისი pp 185 187 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link მაჭავარიანი ე 1977 ქართული ანბანი თბილისი pp 5 6 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link მაჭავარიანი ელენე 2008 ასომთავრული ქართული ენა თბილისი pp 403 404 cite encyclopedia cs1 maint location missing publisher link სილოგავა ვ 2008 ასომთავრული ქართული ენა თბილისი pp 269 271 cite encyclopedia cs1 maint location missing publisher link ჯავახიშვილი ივ 1949 ქართული დამწერლობათა მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია თბილისი pp 124 126 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link machavariani 2011 p 120 sfn error no target citerefmachavariani2011 help machavariani 2011 p 129 sfn error no target citerefmachavariani2011 help ჯავახიშვილი ივ 1949 ქართული დამწერლობათა მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია თბილისი pp 127 128 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link mchedlidze 2013 p 105 1 2 დანელია კ სარჯველაძე ზ 1997 ქართული პალეოგრაფია თბილისი pp 218 219 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link აბრამიშვილი გ 1976 ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები მაცნე ისტ და არქეოლოგ სერია 2 170 დანელია კ სარჯველაძე ზ 1997 ქართული პალეოგრაფია თბილისი p 218 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link მაჭავარიანი ე 1977 ქართული ანბანი თბილისი cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link mchedlidze 2013 p 107 lasha kintsurashvili about georgian calligraphy archived from the original on 14 may 2012 retrieved 3 january 2012 gillam 2003 p 249 in georgian ილია მეორე ერს ქართული ენის დაცვისკენ კიდევ ერთხელ მოუწოდებს archived 2016 03 04 at the wayback machine საქინფორმ გე nakanishi 1990 p 22 gugushvili 1937 p 324 აბრამიშვილი გ ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები pp 170 171 katzner miller 2002 p 118 chambers encyclopedia 1901 p 165 putkaradze t 2006 development of the georgian writing system history of georgian language paragraph ii 2 1 5 1 2 everson michael gujejiani nika razmadze akaki 24 january 2016 proposal for the addition of georgian characters to the ucs pdf unicode technical committee document registry archived pdf from the original on 11 september 2017 retrieved 14 june 2018 მაჭავარიანი 1977 ქართული ანბანი თბილისი cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link 1 2 3 4 5 otar jishkariani praise of the alphabet 1986 tbilisi p 1 shanidze 1973 p 18 orbeliani sulkhan saba 1658 1725 met reveli elene kurtsik idze tsiala eds რაჲ ლექსიკონი ქართული national parliamentary library of georgia prepared based on autograph lists researched and supplemented with a glossary of definitions by ilia abuladze illustrated by giorgi lomidze merani archived from the original on 6 july 2024 mach avariani elene 1989 labadze o ed მწიგნობრობაჲ ქართული in georgian illustrated by r makharadze corrected by d t abutsadze georgian soviet encyclopedia p 41 1 2 ager simon 23 april 2021 bats alphabet pronunciation and language omniglot archived from the original on 24 april 2021 retrieved 12 june 2024 1 2 ager simon 23 april 2021 ossetian language alphabet and pronunciation omniglot archived from the original on 27 april 2021 retrieved 12 june 2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 everson michael melkadze ninell pentzlin karl yevlampiev ilya 17 february 2010 proposal for encoding georgian and nuskhuri letters for ossetian and abkhaz pdf unicode org archived pdf from the original on 6 july 2017 retrieved 24 april 2018 aronson 1990 pp 21 25 paolini cholokashvili 1629 mchedlidze 2013 p 110 the unicode standard version 17 0 0 chapter 7 europe i unicode consortium retrieved 14 september 2026 ingorokva pavle ქართული დამწერლობის ძეგლები ანტიკური ხანისა the monuments of ancient georgian script pdf archived from the original pdf on 9 march 2012 1 2 shanidze 2003 fake vs true italics mark simonson 20 june 2005 georgian soviet encyclopedia vol 8 tbilisi 1984 p 231 cite encyclopedia cs1 maint location missing publisher link gillam 2003 p 252 aronson 1990 pp 30 31 hewitt george the abkhazians a handbook p 171 papşu murat september october 2006 çerkes adığe yazısının tarihçesi pdf nart i̇ki aylık düşün ve kültür dergisi in turkish archived from the original pdf on 14 december 2013 the circassian alphabet circassianweb com circassian family tree retrieved 24 march 2024 алироев и ю 1990 язык история и культура вайнахов чех инг изд полигр об ние книга p 85 алироев и ю 1999 чеченский язык академия p 24 халилов маджид шарипович 2004 грузинско дагестанские языковые контакты наука p 29 магомедов м г 2005 история аварцев дагестанский гос университет p 150 enwall 2010 pp 137 138 george 2009 p 104 enwall 2010 p 137 enwall 2010 pp 144 145 steffen james 31 october 2013 the cinema of sergei parajanov university of wisconsin pres isbn 978 0 299 29653 7 უნიკოდში ქართულის ასახვის ისტორია history of the georgian unicode archived 2014 03 09 at the wayback machine georgian unicode fonts by bpg infotech font contributors acknowledgements archived 2018 03 22 at the wayback machine unicode in georgian საქართველოში საინტერნეტო მისამართები მხედრული ანბანით დაიწერება archived 2016 01 22 at the wayback machine rustavi 2 unicode 11 0 0 unicode consortium 5 june 2018 archived from the original on 6 june 2018 retrieved 5 june 2018 mtavruli for perfect bicameral fonts bpg georgian fonts 24 february 2016 archived from the original on 26 january 2018 retrieved 15 august 2017 the unicode standard version 11 0 u110 1c90 pdf pdf unicode org archived pdf from the original on 8 may 2018 retrieved 25 march 2018 everson michael gujejiani nika vakhtangishvili giorgi razmadze akaki 24 june 2017 action plan for the complete representation of mtavruli characters pdf unicode technical committee document registry archived pdf from the original on 15 june 2019 retrieved 26 january 2018 7 europe i modern and liturgical scripts pdf the unicode standard version 11 0 core specification unicode consortium 5 june 2018 retrieved 8 june 2018 everson michael 20 february 2002 mac os georgian to unicode table evertype retrieved 7 december 2020 gippert jost 29 december 2025 georgian palaeography revisited dating undated manuscripts digital kartvelology 4 5 27 doi 10 62235 dk 4 2025 10506 issn 2720 8427 gippert jost 29 december 2025 georgian palaeography revisited dating undated manuscripts digital kartvelology 4 5 27 doi 10 62235 dk 4 2025 10506 issn 2720 8427 gippert jost 29 december 2025 georgian palaeography revisited dating undated manuscripts digital kartvelology 4 5 27 doi 10 62235 dk 4 2025 10506 issn 2720 8427 sources edit aronson howard isaac 1990 georgian a reading grammar columbus oh slavica publishers isbn 978 0 89357 207 5 bowersock glen warren brown peter grabar oleg 1999 late antiquity a guide to the postclassical world harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 51173 6 daniels peter t 1996 the world s writing systems oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 507993 7 enwall joakim 2010 turkish texts in georgian script sociolinguistic and ethno linguistic aspects in boeschoten hendrik rentzsch julian eds turcology in mainz otto harrassowitz verlag isbn 978 3 447 06113 1 george julie a 2009 the politics of ethnic separatism in russia and georgia palgrave macmillan us isbn 978 0 230 10232 3 gillam richard 2003 unicode demystified a practical programmer s guide to the encoding standard addison wesley professional isbn 978 0 201 70052 7 greppin john a c 1981 some comments on the origin of the georgian alphabet bazmavēp 139 449 456 gugushvili a 1937 allen william edward david gugushvili a eds the georgian alphabet georgica a journal of georgian and caucasian studies 4 5 324 331 haarmann harald 2012 ethnic conflict and standardisation in the caucasus in matthias hüning ulrike vogl olivier moliner eds standard languages and multilingualism in european history john benjamins publishing p 299 isbn 978 90 272 0055 6 hewitt b g 1995 georgian a structural reference grammar john benjamins publishing isbn 978 90 272 3802 3 hüning matthias vogl ulrike moliner olivier 2012 standard languages and multilingualism in european history john benjamins publishing isbn 978 90 272 0055 6 katzner kenneth miller kirk 2002 the languages of the world routledge isbn 978 1 134 53288 9 kemertelidze nino 1999 the origin of kartuli georgian writing alphabet in david cram andrew r linn elke nowak eds history of linguistics 1996 vol 1 traditions in linguistics worldwide john benjamins publishing company isbn 978 90 272 8382 5 machavariani elene 2012 georgian manuscripts issues of script and decoration tbilisi national academy of sciences of georgia press isbn 978 99940 34 46 8 mchedlidze tamaz 2013 the restored georgian alphabet vol i fulda germany fulda morfill w r 1901 georgia chambers s encyclopaedia a dictionary of universal knowledge vol 5 new ed london w r chambers pp 16...
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