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western part of nebraska 5 in a prehistoric period nebraska was home to the arikara who spoke a caddoan language as did the pawnee after 1823 they returned from present day north dakota to live with the skidi pawnee for two years 6 the kiowa once occupied western nebraska 7 the eastern range of the algonquian speaking cheyenne included western nebraska after the comanche who had formerly lived in the territory had moved south toward texas 8 the great sioux nation including the ihanktowan ihanktowana and the lakota located to the north and west used nebraska as a hunting and skirmish ground although they did not have any long term settlements in the state 9 10 the omaha belong to the siouan language family of the dhegihan branch and have been located along the missouri river in northeastern nebraska since the late 17th century after having migrated from eastern areas together with other tribes originally living along the ohio and wabash rivers to the east the omaha along with the dhegihan ponca moved into nebraska in the 1670s other siouan dheigihan tribes who moved west from the ohio river about then were the osage kansa and quapaw who settled to the southwestern part of the territory at that point the ponca split and the omaha settled on bow creek in present day cedar county 11 before 1700 the iowa a siouan people whose language was chiwere moved from the red pipestone quarry into nebraska 12 european exploration 1682 1853 edit main articles new france louisiana new france french people in nebraska french and indian war treaty of paris 1763 new spain louisiana new spain treaty of aranjuez 1801 louisiana purchase district of louisiana louisiana territory and missouri territory crow dog a brulé native american in 1898 several explorers from across europe explored the lands that became nebraska in 1682 rené robert cavelier sieur de la salle claimed the area first when he named all the territory drained by the mississippi river and its tributaries for france naming it the louisiana territory in 1714 etienne de bourgmont traveled from the mouth of the missouri river in missouri to the mouth of the platte river which he called the nebraskier river becoming the first person to approximate the state s name in 1720 spaniard pedro de villasur led an overland expedition that followed an indian trail from santa fe to nebraska in a battle with the oto and pawnee villasur and 34 members of his party were killed near the juncture of the loup and platte rivers just south of present day columbus nebraska the survivors included twelve or thirteen spanish soldiers and more than fifty pueblo and apache allies spanish influence over the region would never recover 13 with the goal of reaching santa fe by water a pair of french canadian explorers named pierre and paul mallet reached the mouth of what they named the platte river in 1739 they ended up following the south fork of the platte into colorado in 1762 by the treaty of fontainebleau after france s defeat by great britain in the seven years war france ceded its lands west of the mississippi river to spain causing the future nebraska to fall under the rule of new spain based in mexico and the southwest in 1795 jacques d eglise traveled the missouri river valley on behalf of the spanish crown searching for the elusive northwest passage d eglise did not go any further than central north dakota early european settlements edit a group of st louis merchants collectively known as the missouri company funded a series of trading expeditions along the missouri river in 1794 jean baptiste truteau established a trading post 30 miles up the niobrara river a scotsman named john mckay established a trading post on the west bank of the missouri river in 1795 the post called fort charles was located south of present day dakota city nebraska in 1803 the united states purchased the louisiana territory from france for 15 000 000 what became nebraska was under the rule of the united states for the first time in 1812 president james madison signed a bill creating the missouri territory including the present day state of nebraska manuel lisa a spanish fur trader from new orleans built a trading post called fort lisa in the ponca hills in 1812 his effort befriending local tribes is credited with thwarting british influence in the area during the war of 1812 the u s army established fort atkinson near today s fort calhoun in 1820 in order to protect the area s burgeoning fur trade industry in 1822 the missouri fur company built a headquarters and trading post about nine miles north of the mouth of the platte river and called it bellevue establishing the first town in nebraska in 1824 jean pierre cabanné established cabanne s trading post for john jacob astor s american fur company near fort lisa at the confluence of ponca creek and the missouri river it became a well known post in the region in 1833 moses p merill established a mission among the otoe indians the moses merill mission was sponsored by the baptist missionary union the presbyterian missionary john dunbar built a settlement by the pawnee indian s main village in 1841 by modern day fremont nebraska the settlement grew quickly as government financed teachers blacksmiths and farmers joined the pawnees and dunbar but the settlement disappeared practically overnight when lakota raids scared the gathered whites off the plains 14 in 1842 john c frémont completed his exploration of the platte river country with kit carson in bellevue he sold his mules and government wagons at auction in there on this mapping trip frémont used the otoe word nebrathka to designate the platte river platte is from the french word for flat the translation of ne brath ka meaning land of flat waters 15 1854 1867 edit territorial period edit main articles kansas nebraska act and nebraska territory further information nebraska territorial legislature 1859 map of route from sioux city iowa through nebraska to gold fields of wyoming partially following old mormon trails the kansas nebraska act of 1854 established the 40th parallel north as the dividing line between the territories of kansas and nebraska as such the original territorial boundaries of nebraska were much larger than today the territory was bounded on the west by the continental divide between the pacific and atlantic oceans on the north by the 49th parallel north the boundary between the united states and canada and on the east by the white earth and missouri rivers however the creation of new territories by acts of congress progressively reduced the size of nebraska most settlers were farmers but another major economic activity involved support for travelers using the platte river trails after gold was discovered in wyoming in 1859 a rush of speculators followed overland trails through the interior of nebraska the missouri river towns became important terminals of an overland freighting business that carried goods brought up the river in steamboats over the plains to trading posts and army forts in the mountains stagecoaches provided passenger mail and express service and for a few months in 1860 1861 the famous pony express provided mail service many wagon trains trekked through nebraska on the way west they were assisted by soldiers at ft kearny and other army forts guarding the platte river road between 1846 and 1869 fort commanders assisted destitute civilians by providing them with food and other supplies while those who could afford it purchased supplies from post sutlers travelers also received medical care had access to blacksmithing and carpentry services for a fee and could rely on fort commanders to act as law enforcement officials fort kearny also provided mail services and by 1861 telegraph services moreover soldiers facilitated travel by making improvements on roads bridges and ferries the forts additionally gave rise to towns along the platte river route 16 the wagon trains gave way to railroad traffic as the union pacific railroad the eastern half of the first transcontinental railroad was constructed west from omaha through the platte valley it opened service to california in 1869 in 1867 colorado was split off and nebraska reduced in size to its modern boundaries was admitted to the union land changes edit on february 28 1861 colorado territory took portions of the territory south of 41 n and west of 102 03 w 25 w of washington dc 17 on march 2 1861 dakota territory took all of the portions of nebraska territory north of 43 n the present day nebraska south dakota border along with the portion of present day nebraska between the 43rd parallel north and the keya paha and niobrara rivers this land would be returned to nebraska in 1882 the act creating the dakota territory also included provisions granting nebraska small portions of utah territory and washington territory present day southwestern wyoming bounded by the 41st parallel north the 43rd parallel north and the continental divide on march 3 1863 idaho territory took everything west of 104 03 w 27 w of washington dc wagon train headed to california civil war edit main article nebraska in the american civil war governor alvin saunders guided the territory during the american civil war 1861 1865 as well as the first two years of the postbellum era he worked with the territorial legislature to help define the borders of nebraska as well as to raise troops to serve in the union army no battles were fought in the territory but nebraska raised three regiments of cavalry to help the war effort and more than 3 000 nebraskans served in the military capital changes edit the capital of the nebraska territory was at omaha during the 1850s there were numerous unsuccessful attempts to move the capital to other locations including florence and plattsmouth 18 in the scriptown corruption scheme ruled illegal by the united states supreme court in the case of baker v morton local businessmen tried to secure land in the omaha area to give away to legislators the capital remained at omaha until 1867 when nebraska gained statehood at which time the capital was moved to lincoln which was called lancaster at that point 1867 1900 edit statehood edit main articles admission to the union and list of u s states by date of admission to the union a constitution for nebraska was drawn up in 1866 there was some controversy over nebraska s admission as a state in view of a provision in the 1866 constitution restricting suffrage to white voters eventually on february 8 1867 the united states congress voted to admit nebraska as a state provided that suffrage was not denied to non white voters the bill admitting nebraska as a state was vetoed by president andrew johnson but the veto was overridden by a supermajority in both houses of congress nebraska became the first and to this day the only state to be admitted to the union by means of a veto override 19 20 all land north of the keya paha river which includes most of boyd county and a smaller portion of neighboring keya paha county was not originally part of nebraska at the time of statehood but was transferred from dakota territory in 1882 further information history of slavery in nebraska railroads edit land sales edit railroads played a central role in the settlement of nebraska 21 the land was good for farms and ranches but without transportation would be impossible to raise commercial crops the railroad companies had been given large land grants that were used to back the borrowings from new york and london that financed construction they were anxious to locate settlers upon the land as soon as possible ensuring there would be a steady outflow of farm products and a steady inflow of manufactured items purchased by the farmers railroads like union pacific also built towns that were needed to service the railroad itself with dining halls for passengers construction crews repair shops and housing for train crews these towns attracted cattle drives and cowboys 22 23 in the 1870s and 1880s civil war veterans and immigrants from europe came by the thousands to take up land in nebraska with this migratory influx helping to rapidly extend westward the frontier line of settlement despite severe droughts grasshopper plagues economic distress and other harsh conditions confronting the new settlers most of the great cattle ranches that had grown up near the ends of the trails from texas gave way to farms although the sand hills remained essentially a ranching country a land offer from the burlington and missouri river railroad 1872 the union pacific up land grant gave it ownership of 12 800 acres per mile of finished track the federal government kept every other section of land rendering a surplus of 12 800 acres to sell or give away to homesteaders the up s goal was not to make a profit but rather to build up a permanent clientele of farmers and townspeople who would form a solid basis for routine sales and purchases the up like other major lines opened sales offices in the east and in europe to advertise their lands heavily far away and abroad 24 offering attractive package rates for migrant farmers to sell out and moved their entire family and necessary agricultural tools to the new destination in 1870 the up sold rich nebraska farmland at five dollars an acre with one fourth down and the remainder in three annual installments it gave a 10 percent discount for cash 25 farmers could also homestead land getting it free from the federal government after five years or even sooner by paying 1 50 an acre sales were improved by offering large blocks to ethnic colonies of european immigrants germans and scandinavians for example could sell out their small farm back home and buy much larger farms for the same money european ethnics comprised half of the population of nebraska in the late 19th century 26 married couples were usually the homesteaders but single women were also eligible on their own 27 a typical development program was that undertaken by the burlington and missouri river railroad to promote settlement in southeastern nebraska during 1870 80 the company participated enthusiastically in the boosterism campaigns that drew optimistic settlers to the state the railroad offered farmers the opportunity to purchase land grant parcels on easy credit terms soil quality topography and distance from the railroad line generally determined railroad land prices immigrants and native born migrants sometimes clustered in ethnic based communities but mostly the settlement of railroad land was by diverse mixtures of migrants by deliberate campaigns land sales and a vast transportation network the railroads facilitated and accelerated the peopling and development of the great plains with railroads and water key to the potential for success in the plains environment 28 populism edit main article people s party united states populism was a farmers movement of the early 1890s that emerged in a period of simultaneous crises in agriculture and p...
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