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f information processing performance which is considered the basis of general intelligence and is reflected in the individual general factor of intelligence in particular the level of fluid intelligence depends on this the capacity of short term memory c measured in bits depends according to the equation c s d on the quantities information processing speed s measured in bits per second and present moment duration d measured in seconds roughly equivalent to memory span or recall span in addition to the concept presented the erlangen school developed the easily administerable intelligence test kai for single and repeated administration including a self test version 17 later named the short test for general basic quantities of information processing kai which measures information processing speed as reading speed with the kai s and d can be measured in a few minutes from which the short term memory capacity can then be determined using the equation above these values can also be assigned to iq points 18 19 other cognitive processes edit cognitive processes include perception recognition imagining remembering thinking judging reasoning problem solving conceptualizing and planning these cognitive processes can emerge from human language thought imagery and symbols in addition to these specific cognitive processes many cognitive psychologists study language acquisition altered states of mind and consciousness visual perception auditory perception short term memory long term memory storage retrieval perceptions of thought and much more cognitive processes emerge through senses thoughts and experiences the first step is aroused by paying attention it allows processing of the information given cognitive processing cannot occur without learning they work hand in hand to fully grasp the information nature versus nurture edit nature versus nurture refers to the theory about how people are influenced 20 the nature mentality is around the idea that we are influenced by our genetics this involves all of our physical characteristics and our personality on the other hand nurture revolves around the idea that we are influenced by the environment and our experiences some believe that we are the way we are due to how we were raised in what type of environment we were raised in and our early childhood experiences this theory views humans as actively inputting retrieving processing and storing information context social content and social influences on processing are simply viewed as information nature provides the hardware of cognitive processing and information processing theory explains cognitive functioning based on that hardware individuals innately vary in some cognitive abilities such a memory span but human cognitive systems function similarly based on a set of memory stores that store information and control processes determine how information is processed the nurture component provides information input stimuli that is processed resulting in behavior and learning changes in the contents of the long term memory store knowledge are learning prior knowledge affects future processing and thus affects future behavior and learning quantitative versus qualitative edit information processing theory combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative development qualitative development occurs through the emergence of new strategies for information storage and retrieval developing representational abilities such as the utilization of language to represent concepts or obtaining problem solving rules miller 2011 increases in the knowledge base or the ability to remember more items in working memory are examples of quantitative changes as well as increases in the strength of connected cognitive associations miller 2011 the qualitative and quantitative components often interact together to develop new and more efficient strategies within the processing system current areas of research edit information processing theory is currently being used in the study of computer or artificial intelligence this theory has also been applied to systems beyond the individual including families and business organizations for example ariel 1987 21 applied information processing theory to family systems with sensing attending and encoding of stimuli occurring either within individuals or within the family system itself unlike traditional systems theory where the family system tends to maintain stasis and resists incoming stimuli which would violate the system s rules the information processing family develops individual and mutual schemes which influence what and how information is attended to and processed dysfunctions can occur both at the individual level as well as within the family system itself creating more targets for therapeutic change rogers p r et al 1999 utilized information processing theory to describe business organizational behavior as well as to present a model describing how effective and ineffective business strategies are developed in their study components of organizations that sense market information are identified as well as how organizations attend to this information which gatekeepers determine what information is relevant important for the organization how this is organized into the existing culture organizational schemas and whether or not the organization has effective or ineffective processes for their long term strategy cognitive psychologists kahnemen and grabe noted that learners has some control over this process selective attention is the ability of humans to select and process certain information while simultaneously ignoring others this is influenced by many things including what the information being processed means to the individual the complexity of the stimuli based partially on background knowledge ability to control attention varies based on age hyperactivity etc some research has shown that individuals with a high working memory are better able to filter out irrelevant information in particular one study on focusing on dichotic listening followed participants were played two audio tracks one in each ear and were asked to pay attention only to one it was shown that there was a significant positive relationship between working memory capacity and ability of the participant to filter out the information from the other audio track 22 implications for teaching edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 2023 learn how and when to remove this message some examples of classroom implications of the information processing theory include method example use mnemonics to aid students in retaining information for later use as well as strengthening the students remembering skills while teaching the order of operations in mathematics use the mnemonic please excuse my dear aunt sally to symbolize the six steps when teaching a specific lesson use many different teaching styles and tools in social studies if the lesson is on the rwandan genocide lecture on the topic using many pictures watch the movie hotel rwanda and have a class discussion about the topic and the film pair students together to review the material covered when teaching a more abstract lesson place students into pairs and have each student teach their partner the material covered to further embed the information into long term memory break down lessons into smaller more manageable parts when teaching an intricate math equation walk the students through an example step by step after each step pause for questions to ensure everyone understands assess the extent of the prior knowledge students have about the upcoming material after each test have a pre test about the next chapter to get an understanding of how much prior knowledge the students have give students feedback on each assignment as a reinforcement when returning a graded paper ensure there are both positive and negative comments on each paper this will assist the students in bettering their future work as well as keep them motivated in their studies connect new lessons back to old lessons and real life scenarios when teaching a lesson about the industrial revolution tie it back to your own town and buildings or areas that exist because of that time period allow for over learning play games like trivial pursuit and jeopardy to encourage extra learning especially as a review within the classroom references edit psychology sixth edition worth publishers 2010 isbn missing page needed berk laura e 2018 development through the lifespan pearson isbn 978 0 13 441969 5 page needed 1 2 çeliköz nadir erisen yavuz sahin mehmet august 2019 cognitive learning theories with emphasis on latent learning gestalt and information processing theories journal of educational and instructional studies in the world 9 3 18 33 eric ed598366 predatory publication 1 2 miller george a 1956 the magical number seven plus or minus two some limits on our capacity for processing information psychological review 63 2 81 97 doi 10 1037 h0043158 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 002c 4646 b pmid 13310704 tulving endel 2002 episodic memory and common sense how far apart episodic memory new directions in research pp 269 288 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198508809 003 0015 isbn 978 0 19 850880 9 gilchrist amanda l cowan nelson naveh benjamin moshe october 2009 investigating the childhood development of working memory using sentences new evidence for the growth of chunk capacity journal of experimental child psychology 104 2 252 265 doi 10 1016 j jecp 2009 05 006 pmc 2752294 pmid 19539305 cowan nelson morey candice c chen zhijian 2007 the legend of the magical number seven tall tales about the mind and brain separating fact from fiction pp 45 59 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780198568773 003 0005 isbn 978 0 19 856877 3 baddeley alan d hitch graham 1974 working memory psychology of learning and motivation vol 8 pp 47 89 doi 10 1016 s0079 7421 08 60452 1 isbn 978 0 12 543308 2 atkinson r c shiffrin r m 1977 human memory a proposed system and its control processes human memory pp 7 113 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 121050 2 50006 5 isbn 978 0 12 121050 2 1 2 3 goldstein e bruce 2020 cognitive psychology connecting mind research and everyday experience cengage learning asia pte limited isbn 978 981 4888 07 3 oclc 1128203170 page needed 1 2 wongupparaj peera kumari veena morris robin g 2015 the relation between a multicomponent working memory and intelligence the roles of central executive and short term storage functions intelligence 53 166 180 doi 10 1016 j intell 2015 10 007 baddeley a 2010 working memory current biology 20 4 r136 r140 bibcode 2010cbio 20 r136b doi 10 1016 j cub 2009 12 014 pmid 20178752 baddeley alan david della sala sergio 1996 working memory and executive control philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b biological sciences 351 1346 1397 1404 doi 10 1098 rstb 1996 0123 jstor 3069185 pmid 8941951 baddeley alan 1992 working memory science 255 5044 556 559 doi 10 1126 science 1736359 pmid 1736359 miyake akira friedman naomi p emerson michael j witzki alexander h howerter amy wager tor d 2000 the unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks a latent variable analysis cognitive psychology 41 49 100 doi 10 1006 cogp 1999 0734 pmid 10945922 baddeley alan d hitch graham j 2019 the phonological loop as a buffer store an update cortex 112 91 106 doi 10 1016 j cortex 2018 05 015 pmid 29941299 siegfried lehrl adolf gallwitz lothar blaha bernd fischer 1991 theorie und messung der geistigen leistungsfähigkeit mit dem kurztest kai die allgemeinen basisgrössen der informationsverarbeitung ebersberg vless isbn 3 88562 041 3 citation cs1 maint multiple names authors list link page needed lehrl siegfried fischer bernd 1988 the basic parameters of human information processing their role in the determination of intelligence personality and individual differences 9 5 883 896 doi 10 1016 0191 8869 88 90006 2 lehrl siegfried fischer bernd 1990 a basic information psychological parameter bip for the reconstruction of concepts of intelligence european journal of personality 4 4 259 286 doi 10 1002 per 2410040402 william f patry 2012 how to fix copyright oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 992111 9 page needed ariel shlomo fall 1987 an information processing theory of family dysfunction psychotherapy theory research practice training 24 3s 477 495 doi 10 1037 h0085745 engle randall w 2002 working memory capacity as executive attention current directions in psychological science 11 19 23 doi 10 1111 1467 8721 00160 further reading edit rogers patrick r miller alex judge william q 1999 using information processing theory to understand planning performance relationships in the context of strategy strategic management journal 20 6 567 577 doi 10 1002 sici 1097 0266 199906 20 6 567 aid smj36 3 0 co 2 k atkinson r c shiffrin r m 1968 human memory a proposed system and its control processes psychology of learning and motivation vol 2 pp 89 195 doi 10 1016 s0079 7421 08 60422 3 isbn 978 0 12 543302 0 miller george a 2003 the cognitive revolution a historical perspective trends in cognitive sciences 7 3 141 144 doi 10 1016 s1364 6613 03 00029 9 pmid 12639696 miller george a 1956 the magical number seven plus or minus two some limits on our capacity for processing information psychological review 63 2 81 97 doi 10 1037 h0043158 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 002c 4646 b pmid 13310704 shaki samuel gevers wim 2011 cultural characteristics dissociate magnitude and ordinal information processing journal of cross cultural psychology 42 4 639 650 doi 10 1177 0022022111406100 hdl 2013 ulb dipot oai dipot ulb ac be 2013 55405 hamamura takeshi meijer zita heine steven j kamaya kengo hori izumi 2009 approach avoidance motivation and information processing a cross cultural analysis personality and social psychology bulletin 35 4 454 462 doi 10 1177 0146167208329512 pmid 19164704 proctor robert w vu kim phuong l 2006 the cognitive revolution at age 50 has the promise of the human information processing approach been fulfilled international journal of human computer interaction 21 3 253 284 doi 10 1207 s15327590ijhc2103_1 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title information_processing_theory oldid 1364021955 category cognitive psychology hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles lacking in text citations from september 2025 all articles lacking in text citations pages with missing isbns wikipedia articles needing page number citations from january 2026 articles with sources from predatory publications articles with excerpts cs1 maint multiple names authors list articles needing additional references from september 2023 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 14 july 2026 at 01 04 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