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killed or mutilated the railway line was strewn with their corpses they were deprived of about 15 000 rifles some 70 machine guns and a score of artillery pieces joseph stalin 26 27 march 1918 transcaucasian counter revolutionaries under a socialist mask marxists internet archive dear comrade shahumyan many thanks for the letter we are delighted by your firm and decisive policy do unite with it a most cautious diplomacy which is doubtlessly made necessary by the present most difficult situation and we shall win the difficulties are unfathomable up to now we have been saved by the contradictions and conflicts and the struggle among imperialists be able to use these conflicts now it is necessary to learn diplomacy best wishes and greetings to all the friends v ulyanov lenin stepan shahumyan статьи и речи bakinskii rabochii articles and speeches of the bolshevik extraordinary commissar for the caucasus 1924 p 224 peter hopkirk alarmed by the growing military strength of the armenians to which british support had undoubtedly contributed the baku muslims had secretly sought help from their co religionists elsewhere among those who responded were units of the all muslim savage division which had until the revolution formed part of the tsarist forces flush with their success in overthrowing the bolshevik garrison at the caspian port of lenkoran some detachments now set sail for baku their arrival on march 30 caused great consternation among both bolsheviks and armenians when officials were sent down to the dockside to try to discover what their intentions were they were driven back by gunfire a number of them being killed eventually the newcomers were disarmed by a stronger bolshevik force but when more units of the savage division arrived on april 1 in macdonell s words the baku cauldron boiled over no one really knows who fired the first shot but very soon it had become a battlefield with trenches and barricades being hastily prepared everywhere peter hopkirk claims of the peace delegation of the republic of caucasian azerbaijan presented to the peace conference in paris paris 1919 pp 18 19 the contents of the ultimatum presented by the bolsheviks and accepted by the musavat we demand the immediate end of the military activity opened against soviet power in the city of baku we demand the immediate surrender of fortified posts and the destruction of trenches in order to avoid repetition in the future of such acts the committee of revolutionary defense demands 1 open and unconditional recognition of the power of the baku soviet of workers soldiers and sailors deputies and the complete subordination to all its orders 2 the savage division as a counterrevolutionary military units cannot be tolerated with the bounds of baku and its districts other national moslem military units as well as armenian ones should be either led out of the city or subordinated completely to the soviet whole armed population must be under the control and check of the soviet 3 we demand the acceptance of immediate measures to open the railroads from baku to tbilisi and from baku to petrovsk suny 1972 pp 217 221 the leaders of the tartars at baku were convinced that they would easily disarm the armenian soldiers because they were somewhat shut up in baku but they were sadly mistaken in their calculations after a bloody battle which lasted a whole week the armenians remained masters of the city and its oil wells they suffered a loss of nearly 2 500 killed while tartars lost more than 10 000 the commander of the military forces of the armenians was the same general bagradouni who although he lost both of his legs during the fight continued his duties until september 14 when the armenians and the small number of englishmen who came to their assistance were forced to abandon baku to the superior forces of the turco tartars and retreat toward the city of enzeli in the northern caucasus pasdermadjian 1918 pp 193 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 hopkirk peter 1994 like hidden fire the plot to bring down the british empire new york kodansha globe pp 281 283 287 isbn 1 56836 127 0 1 2 pasdermadjian 1918 pp 193 1 2 3 4 5 6 altstadt 1992 pp 86 1 2 smith 2001 p 228 the results of the march events were immediate and total for the musavat several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting up to 12 000 muslim civilians perished thousands of others fled baku in a mass exodus 1 2 new republics in the caucasus the new york times current history 11 2 492 march 1920 1 2 3 4 michael smith pamiat ob utratakh i azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo traumatic loss and azerbaijani national memory azerbaidzhan i rossiia obshchestva i gosudarstva azerbaijan and russia societies and states in russian sakharov center archived from the original on 1 april 2020 retrieved 21 august 2011 1 2 de waal thomas 2010 the caucasus an introduction oxford university press p 62 isbn 978 0 19 539976 9 in the so called march days of 1918 baku descended into a mini civil war after the bolsheviks declared war on musavat party and then stood by as dashnak militias rampaged through the city killing azerbaijanis indiscriminately suny ronald grigor 1993 the revenge of the past nationalism revolution and the collapse of the soviet union stanford university press pp 41 42 isbn 0 8047 2247 1 buttino marco 1993 in a collapsing empire underdevelopment ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the soviet union volume 28 feltrinelli editor p 176 isbn 88 07 99048 2 violence increased during the civil war with massacres of azeri turks by the combined forced of armenian dashnaktsutiun party and the bolsheviks firuz kazemzadeh struggle for transcaucasia 1917 1921 new york philosophical library 1951 азербайджан и россия общества и государства old sakharov center ru archived from the original on 1 april 2020 retrieved 14 may 2013 tadeusz swietochowski russian azerbaijan 1905 1920 the shaping of a national identity in a muslim community cambridge university press 2004 isbn 0 521 52245 5 9780521522458 pp 116 118 the truly tragic turn of events came after acceptance of the ultimatum when the dashnakist allies of the bolsheviks took to looting burning and killing in the muslim sections of the city world and its peoples the middle east western asia and northern africa marshall cavendish 2006 p 786 isbn 0 7614 7571 0 muslims in baku revolted in march 1918 but their uprising was suppressed by the city s armenians de waal thomas 2003 black garden armenia and azerbaijan through peace and war nyu press p 100 isbn 0 8147 1945 7 when in march 1918 azerbaijanis revolted against the baku commune armenian dashnaks and bolshevik troops poured into the azerbaijani quarters of the city and slaughtered thousands suny ronald grigor 1993 the revenge of the past nationalism revolution and the collapse of the soviet union stanford university press p 42 isbn 0 8047 2247 1 after crushing a muslim revolt in the city the bolshevik led government with its small red guard was forced to rely on armenian troops led by dashnak officers cronin stephanie 2004 reformers and revolutionaries in modern iran new perspectives on the iranian left psychology press p 91 isbn 0 415 33128 5 after the march days the bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous baku commune in april 1918 1 2 shahumyan stepan 1959 letters 1896 1918 yerevan state publishing house of armenia pp 63 67 on one side were fighting the soviet red guard the red international army recently organized by us the red fleet which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time and armenian national units on the other side the muslim savage division in which there were quite a few russian officers and bands of armed muslims led by the musavat party for us the results of the battle were brilliant the destruction of the enemy was complete more than three thousand were killed on both sides 1 2 pasdermadjian 1918 p 193 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 suny 1972 pp 217 221 croissant michael 1998 the armenia azerbaijan conflict causes and implications greenwood publishing group p 14 isbn 0 275 96241 5 the oil rich city of baku had emerged as a stronghold of bolshevism shortly after the october russian revolution and friction between the bolsheviks and the pan turkic musavat party sparked a brief civil war in march 1918 suny ronald grigor 2019 the baku commune 1917 1918 class and nationality in the russian revolution princeton university press p 350 doi 10 1515 9780691198521 isbn 978 0 691 19852 1 1 2 michael p croissant the armenia azerbaijan conflict causes and implications p 14 isbn 0 275 96241 5 hovannisian richard g 1967 armenia on the road to independence 1918 berkeley university of california press p 227 isbn 0 520 00574 0 croissant michael p 1998 the armenia azerbaijan conflict causes and implications london praeger p 15 isbn 0 275 96241 5 van schendel willem zürcher erik jan 2001 identity politics in central asia and the muslim world i b tauris isbn 1 86064 261 6 page needed swietochowski tadeusz collins brian c 1999 historical dictionary of azerbaijan scarecrow press p 117 isbn 0 8108 3550 9 1 2 kazemzadeh 1950 pp 83 northcote 1922 pp 788 1 2 pasdermadjian 1918 pp 192 swietochowski 2004 pp 113 hovannisian armenia s road to independence pp 288 289 kazemzadeh 1950 pp 69 1 2 soviet russia published by russian soviet government bureau 1920 page 236 luigi villari fire and sword in the caucasus page 186 1 2 stepan shahumyan letters 1896 1918 state publishing house of armenia yerevan 1959 pp 63 67 altstadt 1992 pp 85 the russian revolution as national revolution tragic deaths and rituals of remembrance in muslim azerbaijan 1907 1920 jahrbücher für geschichte osteuropas vol 49 2001 минц и городецкого е 1940 документы по истории гражданской войны в ссср т первый этап гражданской войны vol 1 pp 282 283 swietochowski 2004 pp 115 g tchalkhouchian le livre rouge paris veradzenout 1919 pp 85 86 b baikov воспоминания о революции в закавказии memoirs of russian kadet in baku 1917 1920 p 122 achiq söz no 627 1918 cited in ratgauzer 1927 pp 143 alex marshall 2009 the caucasus under soviet rule volume 12 of routledge studies in the history of russia and eastern europe ed taylor francis p 89 isbn 9780415410120 swietochowski 2004 pp 116 г гасанов н саркисов статьи советская власть в баку в 1918 году бакинская коммуна историк марксист no 5 069 1938 41 baku in flames as battle rages 2 000 killed and 3 000 wounded in struggle between russians and mussulmans new york times 20 may 1918 p 2 retrieved 18 august 2011 1 2 land of eternal fires so the little republic of azerbaidjan is called its territorial dispute with armenia pdf new york times 19 october 1919 retrieved 22 august 2011 claims of the peace delegation of the republic of caucasian azerbaijan presented to the peace conference in paris paris 1919 pp 18 19 ratgauzer 1927 pp 144 richard pipes the formation of the soviet union communism and nationalism 1917 1923 p 200 russia and a divided azerbaijan a borderland in transition by tadeusz świętochowski columbia university press 1995 p 66 croissant michael p the armenia azerbaijan conflict causes and implications p 14 1 2 decree of president of republic of azerbaijan about genocide of azerbaijani people march 1998 pace written declaration recognition of the genocide perpetrated against the azeri population by the armenians parliamentary assembly of the council of europe doc 9066 2nd edition 14 may 2001 archived from the original on 7 june 2007 shahumyan stepan 1959 letters 1896 1918 yerevan state publishing house of armenia pp 63 67 on one side were fighting the soviet red guard the red international army recently organized by us the red fleet which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time and armenian national units on the other side the muslim savage division in which there were quite a few russian officers and bands of armed muslims led by the musavat party for us the results of the battle were brilliant the destruction of the enemy was complete more than three thousand were killed on both sides pasdermadjian 1918 p 193 de waal thomas 2010 the caucasus an introduction oxford university press p 62 isbn 978 0 19 539976 9 in the so called march days of 1918 baku descended into a mini civil war after the bolsheviks declared war on musavat party and then stood by as dashnak militias rampaged through the city killing azerbaijanis indiscriminately suny 1972 pp 217 221 croissant michael 1998 the armenia azerbaijan conflict causes and implications greenwood publishing group p 14 isbn 0 275 96241 5 the oil rich city of baku had emerged as a stronghold of bolshevism shortly after the october russian revolution and friction between the bolsheviks and the pan turkic musavat party sparked a brief civil war in march 1918 victor serge year one of the russian revolution 6 the truce and the great retrenchment www marxists org peter hopkirk like hidden fire kodansha 1995 tadeusz swietochowski russia and azerbaijan a borderland in transition isbn 0 231 07068 3 page needed swietochowski 2004 pp 119 1 2 marshall alex 2009 the caucasus under soviet rule taylor francis p 96 isbn 978 0 415 41012 0 1 2 kazemzadeh 1950 pp 143 144 b ishkhanian великие ужасы в городе баку tbilisi 1920 pp 28 30 quoted kazemzadeh 1950 pp 143 144 azerbaijan newspaper 6 december 1919 алиев г а мужественный борец за дело ленина за коммунизм к 100 летию со дня рождения с г шаумяна доклад на торжественном собрании посвященном 100 летию со дня рождения с г шаумяна баку 11 октября 1978 года баку 1978 с 16 stepan shahumyan letters 1896 1918 state publishing house of armenia yerevan 1959 pp 63 67 swietochowski 2004 pp 118 и сталин положение на кавказе www hrono ru 1 2 kazemzadeh 1950 pp 73 jean loris melikof la revolution russe et les nouvelles republiques transcaucasiennes paris felix alcan 1920 pp 115 117 1 2 3 4 5 herbert adams gibbons 1919 the new map of asia 1900 1919 published by the century co page 321 tadeusz swietochowski russia and azerbaijan a borderland in transition isbn 0 231 07068 3 kazemzadeh 1950 pp 75 ereignisse im märz april 1918 in aserbaidschan wissenschaftliche dienste des deutschen bundestages sachstand wd 1 3000 014 16 retrieved 7 june 2019 rüdiger kipke konfliktherd kaukasus aserbaidschan im fokus sowjet russischer und armenischer interessen 2015 s 7 8 j3784 2011 memorializing governor andrew m cuomo to proclaim saturday march 31 2012 as azerbaijani remembrance day in the state of new york the new york state senate 27 march 2012 retrieved 30 june 2012 new york state senate adopts resolution proclaiming march 31 as remembrance day of azerbaijanis subjected to genocide azertag state news agency 24 june 2012 retrieved 30 june 2012 nevada governor proclaims 31 march azerbaijani remembrance day news az retrieved 4 january 2011 bibliography edit kazemzadeh firuz 1950 the struggle for transcaucasia 1917 1921 anglo caspian press lted p 360 isbn 978 0 9560004 0 8 cite book isbn date incompatibility help alstatdt audrey l 1992 the azerbaijani t...
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