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ffected by labour exploitation 107 the global slavery index noted in 2016 that roughly 17 000 people were experiencing modern day slavery in canada 108 instances of human trafficking occur 90 of the time in metropolitan areas with 97 of victims being female 109 the criminal code of canada and the immigration and refugee protection act state that human trafficking is an offence but do not make a distinction specifically between sex trafficking or exploitation and other forms of human trafficking 105 109 according to public safety canada at risk groups of human trafficking include migrants and new immigrants lgbtq persons people with disabilities children in welfare systems and at risk youth 109 indigenous women and girls are disproportionately more affected by sex trafficking in canada however the discourse surrounding exploited indigenous women and girls is more frequently labelled as sex work as opposed to sex trafficking which has left many trafficked victims unaccounted for 110 offences related to sex trafficking in canada within recent years the canadian federal government has shifted its approach to sex trafficking away from an international perspective towards a domestic emphasis 111 this also includes the government s voicing of victims and witnesses along with a greater degree of attention to sex trafficking involving minors 111 on july 29 2020 the government of canada invested 19 million to combat human and sex trafficking in canada 112 this fund will be administered by two federal departments women and gender equality canada and public safety canada that will be responsible for the implementation of the government s five year national strategy to combat human trafficking 112 this federally collaborative approach to eradicate human trafficking will support those who are impacted 112 women and gender equality canada plan to distribute 14 million to this effort and 5 million will be funded through public safety canada 112 these efforts are designed to empower survivors deter trafficking altogether protect vulnerable populations and prosecute perpetrators in collaboration with both territories and provinces 109 the canadian centre to end human trafficking cceht is a nationally coordinated effort focused on ending human trafficking in canada through collective action and systemic change 113 the organization works with other nonprofits businesses and stakeholders to establish what the best practices are and ensure that no duplicate efforts are happening due to miscommunications between various actors 113 the cceht also provides services for survivors of sex trafficking in helping them return to society 113 many other organizations in canada aim to reduce sex trafficking as one of several objectives 114 initiatives exist at federal provincial and municipal levels 114 covenant house toronto leads a national campaign called traffick stop 115 traffick stop helps people develop skills to recognize the indicators of sex trafficking 115 this campaign aims to inform canadians about the existence of sex trafficking in canada and its prevalence 115 europe edit main article sex trafficking in europe in general countries who are members of the european union are destinations for individuals to be sex trafficked whereas the balkans and eastern europe are source and transit countries 91 transit countries are picked for their geographical location this is because the locations the traffickers pick usually have a weak border control the distance from the destination countries corrupt official or the organized crime groups are in on the sex trafficking 116 in 1997 alone as many as 175 000 young women from russia the former soviet union and eastern and central europe were sold as commodities in the sex markets of the developed countries in europe and the americas 117 the european union reported that from 2010 to 2013 30 146 individuals were identified and registered as human trafficking victims 118 of those registered 69 percent of the victims were sexually exploited and more than 1 000 were children 118 although many sex trafficked individuals are from outside of europe two thirds of the 30 146 victims were eu citizens 118 despite this high proportion of domestic sex slaves the most common ethnicities of women who are trafficked to the united kingdom are chinese brazilian and thai 91 moldova is a known country in europe for women children and men to be subjected to sex trafficking 119 girls from moldova become sex slaves starting at the age of 14 on average they have sex with 12 to 15 men per day 120 the national bureau of statistics in moldova says that in 2008 there were almost 25 000 victims of trafficking when the women from moldova are being trafficked for sex they are most likely to be sent to countries such as russia cyprus turkey and other middle western and eastern european countries 121 85 percent of the victims leave their country to find a better job to support their family but they are tricked into becoming a sex slave and are forced to become a prostitute 121 the international organization for migration iom asked victims what country they came from and 61 percent of the victims came from moldova 19 percent came from romania and the rest came from albania bulgaria russia and ukraine more than 60 percent of the victims had a secondary school education or better and their average age was 21 121 iran edit iran is a source transit and destination country for men women and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor iranian girls between the ages of 13 and 17 are targeted by traffickers for sale abroad younger girls may be forced into domestic service until their traffickers consider them old enough to be subjected to child sex trafficking an increase in the transport of girls from and through iran en route to other gulf states for sexual exploitation has been reported from 2009 to 2015 during the reporting period iranian trafficking networks subjected iranian girls to sex trafficking in brothels in the iraqi kurdistan region organized criminal groups kidnap or purchase and force iranian and immigrant children to work as beggars and street vendors in cities including tehran these children who may be as young as 3 are coerced through physical and sexual abuse and drug addiction reportedly many are purchased for as little as 150 122 dozens of girls from iran are brought to pakistan to be sold as sex slaves every day 123 most of these women have already been raped within the first 24 hours of their departure 124 it was also said in the tehran newspapers that senior figures from the government have been involved in buying selling and abusing young women and children runaway girls in iran are sought out for by the traffickers because it is incredibly easy to put them in the sex trafficking market since they have no home 123 there are about 84 000 women and girls in prostitution in tehran most of them are on the streets while others are in the 250 brothels 124 israel edit the trafficking of women into prostitution in israel increased in the early 1990s 125 in 2000 the knesset amended the penal law to prohibit sex trafficking in 2006 an anti trafficking law was enacted in 2001 israel was placed in u s state department trafficking in persons report tier 3 between 2002 and 2011 israel was placed in tier 2 since 2012 through the recent 2019 report israel has been ranked tier 1 full compliance with the tvpa s minimum standards 126 127 128 public health response edit healthcare interventions edit there are many public health initiatives that are being implemented to identify victims of sex trafficking there are few professionals that are likely to encounter victims of sex trafficking but healthcare providers are a unique group because they are more likely to come into contact with individuals that are still in captivity 129 the national human trafficking resource center provides guidelines to aid healthcare providers in identifying victims of sex trafficking they provide general guidelines to indicate human trafficking i e inconsistent scripted history unwillingness to answer questions about illness or injury etc but also includes indicators to home in on sex trafficking 130 in addition this network has created a framework for sex trafficking protocols in healthcare settings once a victim is suspected or identified the goal of the protocol is to provide those interacting with the patient step by step instructions on how to proceed once a potential trafficking victim has been identified 131 the goal of the toolkit is to provide a uniform medical response to trafficking the toolkit combines known policies and procedures with tenets of trauma informed care the toolkit is intended for the use of different healthcare providers such as community health workers social workers mental health counselors nurses and many others a second initiative was taken on by the centers for disease control they have started to implement new fields of data collection through international classification of diseases icd to better identify and categorize cases of sex trafficking the new fields are icd 10 cm codes these are further categorized into t codes and z codes the t codes are further subcategorized into specific diagnoses that are used to indicate suspected and confirmed cases of trafficking in addition z codes are also further categorized but will be used for examination or observation of trafficking victims for other reasons 132 physicians against the trafficking of humans path 133 is a program of the american medical women s association amwa that was started in 2014 with efforts to encourage medical professionals including physicians residents and medical students to become more aware of human trafficking 134 the initiative was initially brought into discussion by dr gayatri devi in 2012 the president of amwa at the time she identified human sex trafficking as a key issue to be addressed this discussion then progressed into forming a human trafficking committee to handle the issue path has since been creating content for hospitals and other medical facilities to use to educate professionals and students on the identification and advocacy for human trafficking path has also been featured in many media outlets such as politico 135 and tedx 136 there are three main tactics social workers use to aid in the recovery of sex trafficking survivors ecological strengths based and victim centered 137 using the ecological approach the social worker evaluates their client s current environment and goals for reintegration into the community by examining how justice systems legal and medical services impact their client they can help them look into areas of future employment gaining legal status and reuniting with family the strengths based approach aims to create a bond of trust between the social worker and their client to build confidence as well as autonomy and leadership skills lastly when using the victim centered approach social workers develop services and plans for the future specifically catered to their client s individual needs these services are developed through a survivor s lens which allows social workers to easily meet the needs of their clients all three methods have proven to be effective in the recovery of sex trafficking survivors 137 control tactics to facilitate intervention edit there are many control tactics used by sex traffickers to control their victims such as threats physical and sexual assault confiscating legitimate travel and immigration documents and threats against the victim s family 138 the university of minnesota duluth published the power and control wheel to help target domestic abuse intervention 139 the wheel identifies eight different mechanisms of power and control used on victims including intimidation emotional abuse isolation denying blaming and minimizing sexual abuse physical abuse using privilege economic abuse coercion and threats the wheel was developed to be used in counseling and education groups for victims of sex trafficking it breaks down the tactics used against victims so the cycle of violence may become visible and stopped citation needed abbreviated version of the power and control wheel another mechanism used to understand control is the bite model created by steven hassan the bite model describes four categories of coercion used on sex trafficking victims behavior control information control thought control and emotional control 140 he says that it is essential to understand the loss of identity victims experience to help them get out or recover from sex trafficking citation needed anti sex trafficking efforts edit history of international legislation edit see also sexual slavery and white slave trade international legislation against sex trafficking started with the international campaign against the so called white slave trade in the second half of the 19th century in anglophone countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries the phrase white slavery was used to refer to sexual enslavement of white women it was particularly associated with accounts of women enslaved in middle eastern harems for the purpose of concubinage such as the so called circassian beauties 141 provided by the circassian slave trade that was still ongoing in the early 20th century 142 many of the procurers and prostitutes who had accompanied the british and french troops to constantinople during the crimean war in the 1850s opened brothels in port said in egypt during the construction of the suez canal and these brothels was a destination for many victims of the white slave trade since they were under protection of the foreign consulates because of the capitulatory privileges until 1937 and therefore protected from the police 143 an international campaign against the white slave trade started in several countries in the west in the late 19th century in 1877 the first international congress for the abolition of prostitution took place in geneva in switzerland followed by the foundation of the international association of friends of young girls german internationale verein freundinnen junger mädchen or fjm french amies de la jeune fille after this national associations to combat the white slave trade was gradually founded in a number of nations such as the freundinnenverein in germany the national vigilance association in britain and vaksamhet in sweden 144 moral panic over the traffic in women rose to a peak in england in the 1880s after the exposure of the eliza armstrong case and the internationally infamous white slave trade affair in the 1880s 145 in 1899 the first international congress against white slave trade took place in london where the international bureau for the suppression of the traffic in women and children was founded to coordinate an international campaign and as a result of the campaign of the movement suggestions was put forward on how to combat the white slave trade in paris in 1902 which even...
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