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the (241), #shorthand (137), and (110), systems (47), #system (45), for (43), writing (42), was (38), from (36), used (31), are (30), that (29), pitman (25), with (22), gregg (22), use (21), edit (21), this (20), script (20), new (20), were (19), his (19), which (17), other (16), archived (16), graham (16), also (16), original (15), short (13), japanese (13), notes (13), vowel (13), have (13), shorthands (13), articles (12), german (12), oclc (12), stenography (12), english (12), word (12), vowels (12), characters (12), published (12), method (11), century (11), based (11), common (11), however (11), some (11), wikipedia (10), language (10), all (10), first (10), speed (10), words (10), stenographic (10), alphabetic (10), but (10), geometric (10), john (9), gabelsberger (9), machine (9), more (9), has (9), expression (9), signs (9), symbols (9), using (8), cursive (8), written (8), see (8), there (8), pen (8), can (8), consonant (8), such (8), strokes (8), like (8), chinese (8), many 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of gregg graham or cross s eclectic shorthand without actually functioning like them 25 the kotani aka same vowel same direction or svsd or v type 26 system s strokes frequently cross over each other and in so doing form loops 27 japanese also has its own variously cursive form of writing kanji characters the most extremely simplified of which is known as sōsho the two japanese syllabaries are themselves adapted from the chinese characters both of the syllabaries katakana and hiragana are in everyday use alongside the chinese characters known as kanji the kanji being developed in parallel to the chinese characters have their own idiosyncrasies but chinese and japanese ideograms are largely comprehensible even if their use in the languages are not the same prior to the meiji era japanese did not have its own shorthand the kanji did have their own abbreviated forms borrowed alongside them from china takusari kooki was the first to give classes in a new western style non ideographic shorthand of his own design emphasis being on the non ideographic and new this was the first shorthand system adapted to writing phonetic japanese all other systems prior being based on the idea of whole or partial semantic ideographic writing like that used in the chinese characters and the phonetic approach being mostly peripheral to writing in general even today japanese writing uses the syllabaries to pronounce or spell out words or to indicate grammatical words furigana are written alongside kanji or chinese characters to indicate their pronunciation especially in juvenile publications furigana are usually written using the hiragana syllabary foreign words may not have a kanji form and are spelled out using katakana 28 the new sokki were used to transliterate popular vernacular story telling theater yose of the day this led to a thriving industry of sokkibon shorthand books the ready availability of the stories in book form and higher rates of literacy which the very industry of sokkibon may have helped create due to these being oral classics that were already known to most people may also have helped kill the yose theater as people no longer needed to see the stories performed in person to enjoy them sokkibon also allowed a whole host of what had previously been mostly oral rhetorical and narrative techniques into writing such as imitation of dialect in conversations which can be found back in older gensaku literature but gensaku literature used conventional written language in between conversations however 29 korea edit shorthand for the native korean alphabet hangul saw limited use before the 1945 liberation of korea it only began to see practical use after that various systems were developed in the 1940s and 1950s after the 1948 establishment of south korea the national assembly had its stenographers adopt a variety of styles in 1969 the parliamentary style hangul shorthand 의회식 議會式 uihoesik was developed and became the widespread standard although other standards continued to be used the need for hangul shorthand faded with the rise of computerized stenography in the 1990s 30 oceania edit in new zealand cleric herbert w williams produced a book for writing māori shorthand in 1896 31 classification edit geometric and script like systems edit shorthands that use simplified letterforms are sometimes termed stenographic shorthands contrasting with alphabetic shorthands below stenographic shorthands can be further differentiated by the target letter forms as geometric script and semi script or elliptical geometric shorthands are based on circles parts of circles and straight lines placed strictly horizontally vertically or diagonally the first modern shorthand systems were geometric examples include pitman shorthand boyd s syllabic shorthand samuel taylor s universal stenography the french prévost delaunay and the duployé system adapted to write the kamloops wawa used for chinook jargon writing system 32 script shorthands are based on the motions of ordinary handwriting the first system of this type was published under the title cadmus britanicus by simon bordley in 1787 however the first practical system was the german gabelsberger shorthand of 1834 this class of system is now common in all more recent german shorthand systems as well as in austria italy scandinavia the netherlands russia other eastern european countries and elsewhere script geometric or semi script shorthands are based on the ellipse semi script can be considered a compromise between the geometric systems and the script systems the first such system was that of george carl märes in 1885 however the most successful system of this type was gregg shorthand introduced by john robert gregg in 1888 gregg had studied not only the geometric english systems but also the german stolze stenography a script shorthand other examples include teeline shorthand and thomas natural shorthand the semi script philosophy gained popularity in italy in the first half of the 20th century with three different systems created by giovanni vincenzo cima erminio meschini and stenital mosciaro systems resembling standard writing edit some shorthand systems attempted to ease learning by using characters from the latin alphabet such non stenographic systems have often been described as alphabetic and purists who might claim that such systems are not true shorthand however these alphabetic systems do have value for students who cannot dedicate the years necessary to master a stenographic shorthand alphabetic shorthands cannot be written at the speeds theoretically possible with symbol systems 200 words per minute or more but require only a fraction of the time to acquire a useful speed of between 70 and 100 words per minute non stenographic systems often supplement alphabetic characters by using punctuation marks as additional characters giving special significance to capitalised letters and sometimes using additional non alphabetic symbols examples of such systems include stenoscript speedwriting and forkner shorthand however there are some pure alphabetic systems including personal shorthand superwrite easy script speed writing keyscript shorthand and yash3k which limit their symbols to a priori alphabetic characters these have the added advantage that they can also be typed for instance onto a computer pda or cellphone early editions of speedwriting were also adapted so that they could be written on a typewriter and therefore would possess the same advantage varieties of vowel representation edit shorthand systems can also be classified according to the way that vowels are represented alphabetic expression by normal vowel signs that are not fundamentally different from consonant signs e g gregg duployan mixed alphabetic expression of vowels and consonants by different kinds of strokes e g arends system for german or melin s swedish shorthand where vowels are expressed by upward or sideway strokes and consonants and consonant clusters by downward strokes abjad no expression of the individual vowels at all except for indications of an initial or final vowel e g taylor marked abjad expression of vowels by the use of detached signs such as dots ticks and other marks written around the consonant signs positional abjad expression of an initial vowel by the height of the word in relation to the line no necessary expression of subsequent vowels e g pitman which can optionally express other vowels by detached diacritics abugida expression of a vowel by the shape of a stroke with the consonant indicated by orientation e g boyd mixed abugida expression of the vowels by the width of the joining stroke that leads to the following consonant sign the height of the following consonant sign in relation to the preceding one and the line pressure of the following consonant sign e g most german shorthand systems machine shorthand systems edit traditional shorthand systems are written on paper with a stenographic pencil or a stenographic pen some consider that only handwritten systems can strictly speaking be called shorthand machine shorthand is also a common term for writing produced by a stenotype a specialized keyboard these are often used for court room transcripts and in live subtitling however there are other shorthand machines used worldwide including velotype palantype in the uk grandjean stenotype used extensively in france and french speaking countries michela stenotype used extensively in italy and stenokey used in bulgaria and elsewhere common modern english shorthand systems edit one of the most widely used forms of shorthand is still the pitman shorthand method described above which has been adapted for 15 languages 33 pitman s method was extremely popular at first and is still commonly used especially in the uk in the u s its popularity has been largely superseded by gregg shorthand developed by john robert gregg in 1888 in the uk the spelling based rather than phonetic teeline shorthand is now more commonly taught and used than pitman and teeline is the recommended system of the national council for the training of journalists with an overall speed of 100 words per minute necessary for certification other less commonly used systems in the uk are pitman 2000 pitmanscript speedwriting and gregg teeline is also the most common shorthand method taught to new zealand journalists whose certification typically requires a shorthand speed of at least 80 words per minute in nigeria shorthand is still taught in higher institutions of learning especially for students studying office technology management and business education needs update notable shorthand systems edit for a more comprehensive list see list of shorthand systems chandler shorthand mary chandler atherton 34 current shorthand henry sweet 35 duployan shorthand émile duployé 36 eclectic shorthand j g cross 37 gabelsberger shorthand franz xaver gabelsberger 38 deutsche einheitskurzschrift 39 german unified shorthand which is based on the ideas of systems by gabelsberger stolze faulmann and other german system inventors gregg shorthand john robert gregg 40 munson shorthand james eugene munson 41 personal shorthand originally called briefhand 42 pitman shorthand isaac pitman 43 speedwriting emma dearborn 44 teeline shorthand james hill 45 tironian notes marcus tullius tiro 46 see also edit writing portal abbreviation shortened form of a word or phrase acronym abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase autocomplete computing feature predicting ending to a word a user is typing breviograph type of abbreviation captioned telephone assisted voice to text system closed captioning process of displaying interpretive texts to screens court reporter person who records live court testimony internet slang slang terms and languages used on the internet interpreting notes interpreters working notes modi script historical script used in the maratha empire quikscript alternative english language alphabet scribal abbreviation abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes shavian alphabet phonemic featural alphabet for english speech to text reporter human occupation stenomask microphone in a soundproof mask stenotype specialized typewriter or chorded keyboard for recording in shorthand transcript law written record of spoken language especially in the context of court proceedings references edit https upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons 5 5c shorthand_made_easy _a_simplified_system_of_english_stenography_on_the_principles_of_w _stolze_ 28ia_shorthandmadeeas00kauf 29 pdf simplified shorthand system mccay kelly minot all the world writes short hand the phenomenon of shorthand in seventeenth century england book history 24 no 1 2021 1 36 pepys samuel latham robert matthews william 1970 the diary of samuel pepys a new and complete transcription bell hyman isbn 978 0 7135 1551 0 volume i pp xlvii liv for thomas shelton s shorthand system and pepys use of it norman jeremy m the acropolis stone the earliest example of shorthand history of information retrieved 24 october 2023 apprenticeship to a shorthand writer papyri retrieved 2021 12 07 su_yi168 阿原 原创 漢語速記的發展及三個高潮的出現 阿原的日志 网易博客 163 com archived from the original on 2016 03 04 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link 中国速记的发展简史 archived 2009 11 12 at the wayback machine 迎接中国速记110年 颜廷超 archived december 28 2010 at the wayback machine 教授弋乂_新浪博客 sina com cn archived from the original on 2016 02 08 richard s westfall 1963 short writing and the state of newton s conscience 1662 notes and records of the royal society volume 18 issue 1 royal society pp 10 16 mckenzie andrea secret writing and the popish plot deciphering the shorthand of sir george treby huntington library quarterly 84 no 4 2021 783 824 new world s record for shorthand speed pdf the new york times december 30 1922 archived pdf from the original on 2018 09 26 guide to the john robert gregg papers pdf manuscripts and archives division new 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02 10 housiki okoshi yasu archived from the original on 2016 03 03 速記文字文例 okoshi yasu archived from the original on 2016 03 03 sokkidou jp ocn archived from the original on 2013 05 22 sokkidou ocn p 60 archived from the original on 2013 05 22 steno nifty archived from the original on 2016 03 04 miller j scott 1994 japanese shorthand and sokkibon monumenta nipponica 49 4 sophia university 471 87 doi 10 2307 2385259 jstor 2385259 p 473 for the origins of modern japanese shorthand miller 1994 pp 471 87 홍윤표 2019 12 13 한글 hangul in korean ebook ed 세창출판사 pp 108 109 isbn 978 89 8411 924 6 williams herbert w 1896 a system of shorthand for maori wellington samuel costall anderson van 2010 09 24 proposal to include duployan script and shorthand format controls in ucs pdf iso iec jtc1 sc2 wg2 retrieved 2024 06 25 the joy of pitman shorthand pitmanshorthand homestead com archived from the original on 2011 05 15 howe julia ward graves mary hannah 1904 mary alderson atherton sketches of representative women of new england new england...
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